Les relations mères-enfants lorsqu'un enfant enfreint une règle : étude de l'impact des stratégies visant à renforcer les règles et du climat interpersonnel

La documentation sur les pratiques parentales suggère qu’afin de favoriser le développement optimal des enfants, les parents devraient utiliser des pratiques qui sont structurantes et qui soutiennent leur autonomie (Grolnick & Pomerantz, 2009). Dans certaines situations, par exemple lorsqu’un enfant enfreint une règle, il peut toutefois sembler difficile pour les parents d’adopter des stratégies parentales qui allient ces deux dimensions. Qui plus est, peu d’études se sont penchées sur la façon dont les parents peuvent renforcer la structure tout en tenant simultanément compte des besoins et de l’individualité des enfants. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer l’impact de trois stratégies visant à renforcer les règles (répéter la règle, donner une punition ou avoir recours à une conséquence logique) variant quant à leurs niveaux de structure et de soutien à l’autonomie, et de vérifier leurs effets lorsqu’elles sont employées au sein d’un climat interpersonnel soutenant l’autonomie ou d’un climat interpersonnel contrôlant. Le premier article s’intéresse à l’impact conjoint des stratégies visant à renforcer les règles et du climat interpersonnel sur des indicateurs de conformité et d’intériorisation rapportés par 221 enfants et leurs mères. Les résultats montrent que les mères considèrent les conséquences logiques utilisées dans un climat qui soutient l’autonomie comme étant les pratiques les plus efficaces et les plus acceptables (effet interactif). Les enfants pensent aussi qu’un climat interpersonnel qui soutient l’autonomie est plus efficace et plus acceptable qu’un climat interpersonnel contrôlant. De plus, les résultats suggèrent que les enfants considèrent les conséquences logiques comme des pratiques aussi efficaces, mais plus acceptables que les punitions. Le fait de répéter la règle est jugé comme étant acceptable, mais peu efficace comparativement aux autres stratégies. Pour les enfants, les résultats montrent qu’il n’y a pas d’interaction entre les stratégies visant à renforcer les règles et le climat interpersonnel. Le second article vise à documenter les réactions émotionnelles potentielles des mêmes enfants (N = 221) face aux trois stratégies visant à renforcer les règles et aux climats interpersonnels. Quatre émotions déterminantes dans le processus d’intériorisation sont étudiées, soit la colère, la tristesse, la culpabilité et la honte. Les résultats montrent d’abord qu’un climat interpersonnel contrôlant amènerait les enfants à vivre plus de colère, de tristesse et de honte qu’un climat soutenant l’autonomie. Par contre, les enfants rapportent autant de culpabilité au sein des deux climats interpersonnels. Les résultats suggèrent également que les punitions susciteraient plus de tristesse, de culpabilité et de colère que les conséquences logiques, que les conséquences logiques feraient vivre aux enfants plus de tristesse et de culpabilité que répéter la règle et que les punitions amèneraient les enfants à vivre davantage de honte que répéter la règle. Finalement, les résultats suggèrent que les effets des stratégies visant à renforcer les règles et du climat interpersonnel sont additifs; il n’y a pas d’interaction entre ces deux facteurs. Les contributions théoriques de cette thèse à la documentation sur les pratiques parentales et le développement des enfants, de même que ses implications pratiques pour les parents dans la socialisation des enfants sont discutées.

Risque cardiométabolique et habitudes de vie des adultes atteints de diabète de type 1

Les patients atteints de diabète de type 1 (DbT1) présentent un risque accru de maladies cardiovasculaires. De plus, sous l’influence sociétale et iatrogénique, leur profil de risque cardiométabolique a défavorablement évolué au cours des dernières décennies. Cette population aurait aussi davantage de barrières à l’adoption d’un mode de vie sain. L’objectif de ce mémoire visait à explorer le mode de vie des adultes DbT1 et sa relation avec les facteurs de risque cardiométabolique. Une étude transversale observationnelle menée auprès de 124 adultes DbT1 a permis d’obtenir une caractérisation de leur profil cardiométabolique et de leurs habitudes de vie. Les résultats démontrent que la majorité des adultes atteints de DbT1 n'adoptent pas les saines habitudes de vie recommandées (bonne qualité alimentaire, pratique régulière d’activité physique, non fumeur) et que ceux-ci présentent un profil cardiométabolique altéré comparativement aux adultes DbT1 qui les adoptent. De plus, il y aurait une relation proportionnelle entre l’adoption d’un plus grand nombre de saines habitudes de vie et l’amélioration du profil cardiométabolique. Des études d’interventions ciblant les patients DbT1 et visant à améliorer ces trois grandes composantes des habitudes de vie sont nécessaires.

Perspectives de l'usage de poudre de jaunes d’oeuf comme additif alimentaire contre Campylobacter jejuni chez le poulet : mode d'immunisation et effet de l’encapsulation

La campylobactériose est une zoonose causée par Campylobacter jejuni, une bactérie commensale du poulet, considérée comme la principale source de contamination humaine. C. jejuni est rarement retrouvé dans le tube digestif des poulets avant deux ou trois semaines d'âge. Ce qui pourrait s'expliquer par la transmission d'une immunité maternelle (anticorps IgY) transmise aux poussins via le jaune d'œuf. À la Chaire de recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), la caractérisation d'anticorps IgY extraits de jaunes d'œufs frais a montré des niveaux de production d’anticorps différents selon le mode d’immunisation et suggère, in vitro, des effets sur ce pathogène. Ce qui laisse penser qu'en tant qu'additif alimentaire, une poudre de jaunes d'œuf potentialisée permettrait de lutter contre C. jejuni chez le poulet à griller. Dans ce travail, le processus de fabrication de l'additif (déshydratation par « Spray dry » puis encapsulation) a été évalué et les différents modes d'immunisation des poules pondeuses ont également été comparés. Les anticorps ont été extraits des différentes poudres de jaunes d'œuf ou du produit final encapsulé, et caractérisés in vitro (dosage / ELISA, test de mobilité, bactéricidie, western blot). Puis, une évaluation in vivo de la capacité de ces poudres encapsulées, incorporée à 5 % dans la moulée, afin de réduire ou de bloquer la colonisation intestinale des oiseaux par C. jejuni a été testée. In vitro, les résultats ont montré des concentrations d'anticorps et d'efficacité variables selon le type de vaccination. Dans cette étude, on a observé que le « Spray dry » a concentré les anticorps dans les poudres et que ces anticorps sont restés fonctionnels contre C. jejuni. On a également observé que l'encapsulation n’entraîne pas une perte quantitative des anticorps contenus dans les poudres. Malgré les résultats in vitro encourageants, les résultats in vivo ne révèlent aucune inhibition ou réduction de la colonisation des oiseaux par C. jejuni. L’absence d’efficacité la poudre de jaunes d’œuf encapsulée dans notre étude n’est pas due à une perte quantitative et/ou qualitative des anticorps comme soutenu dans les expériences in vitro. Ce qui démontre que les recherches doivent être poursuivies afin de déterminer les conditions optimales de l'utilisation de la poudre de jaune d'œuf in vivo, en tant qu'additif alimentaire chez les poulets

La victimisation par les pairs et le développement de l’anxiété sociale au début de l’adolescence : l’effet modérateur des caractéristiques des amis

L’objectif de cette étude est d’explorer l’effet modérateur du nombre d’amis et de leurs caractéristiques sur le lien prédictif entre la victimisation par les pairs et l’anxiété sociale. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude s’intéresse aux niveaux moyens de victimisation, de rejet et d’anxiété sociale des amis comme facteurs aggravants potentiels. Les données ont été recueillies à deux reprises auprès de 576 adolescents d’en moyenne 13,5 ans au début de leur secondaire deux et à la fin de leur secondaire trois. Les participants ont répondu à des questionnaires auto-rapportés pour les mesures de victimisation et d’anxiété sociale et ont participé à une procédure de nomination sociométrique pour la mesure de statut social et l’identification des amis. De manière concomitante, les résultats démontrent que la victimisation par les pairs et certaines caractéristiques des amis (niveaux d’anxiété et de rejet social) contribuent respectivement, de manière unique et indépendante, à rendre compte de l’anxiété sociale des participants. De manière longitudinale, la victimisation par les pairs permet de prédire le développement de l’anxiété sociale sur une période de 1,5 ans. Néanmoins, le nombre d’amis et leurs caractéristiques ne contribuent pas de manière additive au développement ultérieur de l’anxiété sociale. De plus, les caractéristiques des amis n’interagissent d’aucune façon avec la victimisation par les pairs pour rendre compte du développement ultérieur de l’anxiété sociale. Cependant, des analyses exploratoires ont permis de montrer que le niveau de victimisation des amis constitue un facteur aggravant pour les enfants rejetés socialement; le rejet par les pairs étant positivement associé au développement de l’anxiété sociale chez les élèves qui entretiennent des relations d’amitié avec des élèves qui rapportent être victimes de mauvais traitements.

Kinetic Parameters of Thymidine Kinase and DNA Synthesis During Liver Regeneration: Role Ofthyroid Hormones

The role of thyroid hormones in DNA synthesis and in the activity of Thymidille kinase (TK), a key regulatory enzyme of DNA synthesis was studied in proliferating hepatocytes in vivo. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy was used as a model for controlled cell division in rats having different thyroid status - euthyroid, hypothyroid and 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T))-heated hypothyroid. Partial hepatectomy caused a significant elevation of DNA synthesis (p<0.01) in all the three groups compared to their sham-operated counterparts. Hypothyroid liepatectomised animals showed significantly lower (p<0.01) level of DNA synthesis than euthyroid hepatectomised animals. A single subcutaneous close of 1'3 to hypothyroid shamoperated animals resulted in a significant increase (p<0.01) of DNA synthesis in the intact liver. 17tis was comparable to the level of DNA synthesis occurring in regenerating liver of euthyroid animals. In hypothyroid hepatectomised animals, "1'3 showed an additive effect on l)NA synthesis and this group exhibited maximum level of DNA synthesis (p<0.0I ). Studies of the kinetic parameters of TK show that the Michelis-Menten constant, (K111) of TK for thymidine was altered by the thyroid status. K11 increased significantly (p<0.01) in untreated hypothyroid animals when compared to the euthyroid rats. '13 treatment of hypothyroid animals reversed this effect and this group showed the lowest value for K111 (p<0.01). Thus our results indicate that thyroid hormones can influence DNA synthesis during liver regeneration and they may regulate the activity of enzymes such as 17rymidine kinase which are important for DNA synthesis and hence cell division.

EPDM/CIIR Blends : Effect of EPDM Grade on Mechanical Properties

Blends of chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) with two grades of ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) were prepared and the effect of blend ratio on the cure characteristics, hot air ageing resistance, steam ageing resistance, and mechanical properties were evaluated. The blend of CIIR with EPDM grade 301 T showed additive behavior and the blend with the other grade of EPDM (NDR 4640) showed synergistic behavior.

Ba(Tb1/2Nb1/2)03: A New Ceramic Microwave Dielectric Resonator

A new microwave dielectric resonator Ba(Tb1/2Nb1/2)03 has been prepared and characterized in the microwave frequency region. 1 wt% CeO2 is used as additive to reduce the sintering temperature. The sintered samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and Raman spectroscopic methods. Microwave DR properties such as er, Q factor and temperature-coefficient of resonant frequency (Ti) have been measured using a HP 8510 B Network Analyzer. Cylindrical DRs of Ba(Tb1/2Nbi/2)03 showed high Er (~ 37), high Q (~3,200) and low Tf (~10 ppm /°C) at 4 GHz and hence are useful for practical applications

ANALYSIS, MODIFICATION, AND EVALUATION OF THE COLD FLOW PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AS BASE OIL FOR INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS

Poor cold flow properties of vegetable oils are a major problem preventing the usage of many abundantly available vegetable oils as base stocks for industrial lubricants. The major objective of this research is to improve the cold flow properties of vegetable oils by various techniques like additive addition and different chemical modification processes. Conventional procedure for determining pour point is ASTM D97 method. ASTM D97 method is time consuming and reproducibility of pour point temperatures is poor between laboratories. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a fast, accurate and reproducible method to analyze the thermal activities during cooling/heating of oil. In this work coconut oil has been chosen as representative vegetable oil for the analysis and improvement cold flow properties since it is abundantly available in the tropics and has a very high pour point of 24 °C. DSC is used for the analysis of unmodified and modified vegetable oil. The modified oils (with acceptable pour points) were then subjected to different tests for the valuation of important lubricant properties such as viscometric, tribological (friction and wear properties), oxidative and corrosion properties.A commercial polymethacrylate based PPD was added in different percentages and the pour points were determined in each case. Styrenated phenol(SP) was added in different concentration to coconut oil and each solution was subjected to ASTM D97 test and analysis by DSC. Refined coconut oil and other oils like castor oil, sunflower oil and keranja oil were mixed in different proportions and interesterification procedure was carried out. Interesterification of coconut oil with other vegetable oils was not found to be effective in lowering the pour point of coconut oil as the reduction attained was only to the extent of 2 to 3 °C.Chemical modification by acid catalysed condensation reaction with coconut oil castor oil mixture resulted in significant reduction of pour point (from 24 ºC to -3 ºC). Instead of using triacylglycerols, when their fatty acid derivatives (lauric acid- the major fatty acid content of coconut oil and oleic acid- the major fatty acid constituents of monoand poly- unsaturated vegetable oils like olive oil, sunflower oil etc.) were used for the synthesis , the pour point could be brought down to -42 ºC. FTIR and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the ester structure of the product which is fundamental to the biodegradability of vegetable oils. The tribological performance of the synthesised product with a suitable AW/EP additive was comparable to the commercial SAE20W30 oil. The viscometric properties (viscosity and viscosity index) were also (with out additives) comparable to commercial lubricants. The TGA experiment confirmed the better oxidative performance of the product compared to vegetable oils. The sample passed corrosion test as per ASTM D130 method.

GABA, serotonin, muscarinic receptors - their second messengers and transcription factors functional regulation in the brain regions of hypoxic neonatal rats: Resuscitation with glucose, oxygen and epinephrine

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of glucose, oxygen and epinephrine resuscitation on impairment in the functional role of GABAergic, serotonergic, muscarinic receptors, PLC, BAX, SOD, CAT and GPx expression in the brain regions of hypoxia induced neonatal rats. Also, the role of hormones - Triiodothyronine (T3) and insulin, second messengers – cAMP, cGMP and IP3 and transcription factors – HIF and CREB in the regulation of neonatal hypoxia and its resuscitation methods were studied. Behavioural studies were conducted to evaluate the motor function and cognitive deficit in one month old control and experimental rats. The efficient and timely supplementation of glucose plays a crucial role in correcting the molecular changes due to hypoxia, oxygen and epinephrine. The sequence of glucose, epinephrine and oxygen administration at the molecular level is an important aspect of the study. The additive neuronal damage effect due to oxygen and epinephrine treatment is another important observation. The corrective measures by initial supply of glucose to hypoxic neonatal rats showed from the molecular study when brought to practice will lead to healthy intellectual capacity during the later developmental stages, which has immense clinical significance in neonatal care.

Studies on some supported transition metal complex and metal oxide catalysts for oxidation reactions

Zeolite encapsulated transition metal complexes have received wide attention as an effective heterogenized system that combines the tremendous activity of the metal complexes and the attractive features of the zeolite structure. Zeolite encapsulated complexes offer a bright future for attempts to replace homogeneous systems retaining its catalytic activity and minimizing the technical problems. especially for the partial oxidation of organic compounds. Studies on some zeolite encapsulated transition metal complexes are presented in this thesis. The ligands selected are technically important in a bio-mimetic or structural perspective. Attempts have been made in this study to investigate the composition, structure and stability of encapsulated complexes using available techniques. The catalytic activity of encapsulated complexes was evaluated for the oxidation of some organic compounds. The recycling ability of the catalyst as a result of the encapsulation was also studied.Our studies on Cu-Cr/Al2O3, a typical metal oxide catalyst. illustrate the use of design techniques to modify the properties of such conventional catalysts. The catalytic activity of this catalyst for the oxidation of carbon monoxide was measured. The effect of additives like Ce02 or Ti02 on the activity and stability of this system was also investigated. The additive is potent to improve the activity and stability ofthe catalyst so as to be more effective in commercial usage.

Studies on new processing aids and other compounding ingredients in special purpose rubbers

In the first part of the study we probed the effectiveness of rice bran oil as a multipurpose compounding ingredient for nitrile (NBR) and chloroprene (CR) rubbers. This oil has already been successfully employed in the compounding of NR and SBR in this laboratory.In this context we thought it worthwhile to try this oil in the polar rubbers viz, NBR and CR also. The principle of like dissolves like as applicable to solvents is equally applicable while selecting a plasticiser, elastomer combination. Because of the compatibility considerations polar plasticisers are preferred for polar rubbers like NBR and CR. Although plasticisation is a physical phenomenon and no chemical reaction is involved, the chemical structure of plasticisers determines how much physical attraction there is between the rubber and the plasticiser. In this context it is interesting to note that the various fatty acids present in rice bran oil have a long paraffinic chain, characteristic of waxes, with an acid group at the end of the molecule. The paraffinic end of the molecule contributes lubricating effects and limits compatibility whereas the acid end group contributes some polarity and is also chemically reactive. Because of absorption of acid group on the surface of pigments, these acids will have active pigment wetting characteristics also. These factors justifies the role of rice bran oil as a co-activator and lubricating agent for NBR and CR. In fact in our study we successfully replaced stearic acid as co-activator and aromatic oillDOP as processing aid for CR and NBR with rice bran oil.This part of the study has got special significance in the fact that rubber industry now heavily depends on petroleum industry for process oils. The conventional process oils like aromatic, naphthenic and paraffinic oils are increasingly becoming costlier, as its resources in nature are fast depleting. Moreover aromatic process oils are reported to be carcinogenic because of the presence of higher levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds in these oils.As a result of these factors, a great amount research is going on world over for newer processing aids which are cost effective, nontoxic and performanance wise at par with the conventional ones used in the rubber industry. Trials with vegetable oils in this direction is worth trying.Antioxidants are usually added to the rubber compound to minimise ageing effects from heat, light, oxygen etc. As rice bran oil contains significant amount of tocopherols and oryzanol which are natural antioxidants, we replaced a phenolic antioxidant like styrenated phenol (SP) from the compound recipe of both the rubbers with RBO and ascertained whether this oil could function in the role of antioxidant as well.Preparation and use of epoxidised rice bran oil as plasticiser has already been reported.The crude rice bran oil having an iodine value of 92 was epoxidised in this laboratory using peracetic acid in presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst. The epoxy content of the epoxidised oil was determined volumetrically by treating a known weight of the oil with excess HCI and back titrating the residual HCI with standard alkali solution. The epoxidised oil having an epoxy content of 3.4% was tried in the compounding of NBR and CR as processing aids. And results of these investigations are also included in this chapter. In the second part of the study we tried how RBO/ERBO could perform when used as a processing aid in place of aromatic oil in the compounding of black filled NRCR blends. Elastomers cannot have all the properties required for a particular applications, so it is common practice in rubber industry to blend two elastomers to have desired property for the resulting blend.In this RBO/ERBO was tried as a processing aid for plasticisation, dispersion of fillers, and vulcanisation of black filled NR-CR blends.Aromatic oil was used as a control. The results of our study indicate that these oils could function as a processing aid and when added together with carbon black function as a cure accelerator also.PVC is compatible with nitrile rubber in all proportions, provided NBR has an acrylonitrile content of 25 to 40%. Lower or higher ACN content in NBR makes it incompatible with PVC.PVC is usually blended with NBR at high temperatures. In order to reduce torque during mixing, additional amounts of plasticisers like DOP are added. The plasticiser should be compatible both with PVC and NBR so as to get a homogeneous blend. Epoxidised soyaben oil is reported to have been used in the compounding of PVC as it can perfonn both as an efficient plasticiser and heat stabilizer.At present DOP constitute the largest consumed plasticiser in the PVC compounding. The migration of this plasticiser from food packaging materials made of PVC poses great health hazards as this is harmful to human body. In such a scenario we also thought it worthwhile to see whether DOP could be replaced by rice bran oil in the compounding of NBR-PVC blends Different blends of NBR-PVC were prepared with RBO and were vulcanized using sulphur and conventional accelerators. The various physical and mechanical properties of the vulcanisates were evaluated and compared with those prepared with DOP as the control plasticiser. Epoxidised rice bran oil was also tried as plasticiser for the preparation of NBR-PVC blends. A comparison of the processability and cure characteristics of the different blends prepared with DOP and ERBO showed that ERBO based blends have better processability and lower cure time values. However the elastographic maximum torque values are higher for the DOP based blends. Almost all of the physical properties evaluated are found to be slightly better for the DOP based blends over the ERBO based ones. However a notable feature of the ERBO based blends is the better percentage retention of elongation at break values after ageing over the DOP based blends. The results of these studies using rice bran oil and its epoxidised variety indicated that they could be used as efficient plasticisers in place of DOP and justifies their role as novel, nontoxic, and cheap plasticisers for NBR-PVC blends.

Biochemical effects of the pesticide Chlorpyrifos on the fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters)

Man uses a variety of synthetic material for his comfortable materialistic life. Thus human interactions may become harmful for various terrestrial and aquatic lives. This is by contaminating their habitat and by becoming a threat to organisms itself. Thus the application and dispersal of several organic pollutants can lead to the development of several mutated forms of the species when exposed to sublethal concentrations of the pollutants. Otherwise, a decrease in number or extinction of these exposed species from earth's face may happen. Pesticides, we use for the benefit of crop yield, but its persistence may become havoc to non-target organism. Pesticides reaching a reservoir can subsequently enter the higher trophic levels. Organophosphorus compounds have replaced all other pesticides, due to its acute toxicity and non-persistent nature.Hence the present study has concentrated on the toxicity of the largest market-selling and multipurpose pesticide, chlorpyrifos on the commonly edible aquatic organism, fish. The euryhaline cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus was selected as animal model. The study has concentrated on investigating biochemical parameters like tissue-specific enzymes, antioxidant and lipid-peroxidation parameters, haematological and histological observations and pesticide residue analysis.Major findings of this work have indicated the possibility of aquatic toxicity to the fish on exposure to the insecticide chlorpyrifos. The insecticide was found as effective to induce structural alteration, depletion in protein content, decrease in different metabolic enzyme levels and to progress lipid peroxidation on a prolonged exposure of 21 days. The ion-transport mechanism was found to be adversely affected. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the disappearance of several protein bands after 21days of exposure to chlorpyrifos. Residue, analysis by gas chromatography explored the levels of chlorpyrifos retaining on the edible tissue portions during exposure period of 21days and also on a recovery period of 10 days.

Modelling and Analysis of Recurrent Event Data with Multiple Causes

This thesis Entitled “modelling and analysis of recurrent event data with multiple causes.Survival data is a term used for describing data that measures the time to occurrence of an event.In survival studies, the time to occurrence of an event is generally referred to as lifetime.Recurrent event data are commonly encountered in longitudinal studies when individuals are followed to observe the repeated occurrences of certain events. In many practical situations, individuals under study are exposed to the failure due to more than one causes and the eventual failure can be attributed to exactly one of these causes.The proposed model was useful in real life situations to study the effect of covariates on recurrences of certain events due to different causes.In Chapter 3, an additive hazards model for gap time distributions of recurrent event data with multiple causes was introduced. The parameter estimation and asymptotic properties were discussed .In Chapter 4, a shared frailty model for the analysis of bivariate competing risks data was presented and the estimation procedures for shared gamma frailty model, without covariates and with covariates, using EM algorithm were discussed. In Chapter 6, two nonparametric estimators for bivariate survivor function of paired recurrent event data were developed. The asymptotic properties of the estimators were studied. The proposed estimators were applied to a real life data set. Simulation studies were carried out to find the efficiency of the proposed estimators.

A Study of Morphological Operators with Applications

The present work deals with the A study of morphological opertors with applications. Morphology is now a.necessary tool for engineers involved with imaging applications. Morphological operations have been viewed as filters the properties of which have been well studied (Heijmans, 1994). Another well-known class of non-linear filters is the class of rank order filters (Pitas and Venetsanopoulos, 1990). Soft morphological filters are a combination of morphological and weighted rank order filters (Koskinen, et al., 1991, Kuosmanen and Astola, 1995). They have been introduced to improve the behaviour of traditional morphological filters in noisy environments. The idea was to slightly relax the typical morphological definitions in such a way that a degree of robustness is achieved, while most of the desirable properties of typical morphological operations are maintained. Soft morphological filters are less sensitive to additive noise and to small variations in object shape than typical morphological filters. They can remove positive and negative impulse noise, preserving at the same time small details in images. Currently, Mathematical Morphology allows processing images to enhance fuzzy areas, segment objects, detect edges and analyze structures. The techniques developed for binary images are a major step forward in the application of this theory to gray level images. One of these techniques is based on fuzzy logic and on the theory of fuzzy sets.Fuzzy sets have proved to be strongly advantageous when representing in accuracies, not only regarding the spatial localization of objects in an image but also the membership of a certain pixel to a given class. Such inaccuracies are inherent to real images either because of the presence of indefinite limits between the structures or objects to be segmented within the image due to noisy acquisitions or directly because they are inherent to the image formation methods.

L-Glutaminase production by Marine Bacteria

L-glutaminases (L—glutamine amidohydrolase EC.3.5.l.2) is proposed as a prospective candidate for enzyme therapy cnf cancer and also as zui important additive during enzymatic digestion of shoyu koji since it could enhance glutamate content of soysauce. Commercial production of glutaminase could make possible its wide application in these areas, which would demand availability of potential sources and suitable fermentation techniques. The ‘present investigation highlighted marine environment as a potential source of efficient glutaminase producing bacteria mainly species of pseudomonas, aeromonas ,vibrio,alcaligenes, acinetobacter bacillus and planococci.Among them pseudomonas fluorescens ACMR 267 and v.cholerae ACMR 347 were chosen as the ideal strains for glutaminase production.Extracellular glutaminase fraction from all strains were in higher titres than intracellular enzymes during growth in mineral media, nutrient broth and nutrient broth added with glutamine.Glutaminase from all strains were purified employing (NH4)2SO4 fractionation followed tnr dialysis and ion exchange chromatography. The purified glutaminase from all strains were observed to be active and stable over a wide range of gfii and temperature.Optimization studies cflf environmental variables that normally influence time yiehi of glutaminase indicated that the optimal requirements of these bacteria for maximal glutaminase production remained stable irrespective of the medium, they are provided with for enzyme production. However, solid state fermentation technique was observed to be the most suitable process for the production of Glutaminase.