Influence of different solvents on the structural, optical and morphological properties of CdS nanoparticles

CdS is one of the most important II-VI semiconductors, with applications in solar cells, optoelectronics and electronic devices. CdS nanoparticles were synthesized via microwave-assisted solvothermal technique. Structural and morphological characterization revealed the presence of crystalline structures presenting single phase with different morphologies such as ""nanoflowers"" and nanoplates depending on the solvent used. Optical characterization was made by diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopy, revealing the influence of the different solvents on the optical properties due to structural defects generated during synthesis. It is proposed that these defects are related to sulfur vacancies, with higher concentration of defects for the sample synthesized in ethylene glycol in comparison with the one synthesized in ethylene diamine. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Morphological View of the Sodium 4,4 `-Distyrylbiphenyl Sulfonate Fluorescent Brightness Distribution on Regenerated Cellulose Fibers

Evidence of the sorption of the whitening agent sodium 4,4`-distyrylbiphenyl sulfonate in the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate or the cationic surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride on regenerated cellulose fibers is given by several microscopy techniques. Scanning electron microscopy provided images of the cylindrical fibers with dimensions of 3.5 cm (length) and 13.3 mu m (thickness), with empty cores of 1 mu m diameter and a smooth surface. Atomic force microscopy showed a fiber surface with disoriented nanometric domains using both tapping-mode height and phase image modes. Atomic force microscopy also showed that the whitening agent and surfactant molecules were sorbed onto the fiber surface, in agreement with the adsolubilization sorption model. Transmission electron microscopy showed fibers with nanometric parallel cylinders, surrounded by holes where the fluorescent whitening molecules accumulated. On the basis of these techniques, we conclude that the sorption process occurs preferentially on the fiber surface in contact with the water solution, and under saturated conditions, the whitening agent penetrates into the pores and are simultaneously sorbed on the pore walls bulk, forming molecular aggregates. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2321-2327, 2010

Multilevel Training of Binary Morphological Operators

The design of binary morphological operators that are translation-invariant and locally defined by a finite neighborhood window corresponds to the problem of designing Boolean functions. As in any supervised classification problem, morphological operators designed from a training sample also suffer from overfitting. Large neighborhood tends to lead to performance degradation of the designed operator. This work proposes a multilevel design approach to deal with the issue of designing large neighborhood-based operators. The main idea is inspired by stacked generalization (a multilevel classifier design approach) and consists of, at each training level, combining the outcomes of the previous level operators. The final operator is a multilevel operator that ultimately depends on a larger neighborhood than of the individual operators that have been combined. Experimental results show that two-level operators obtained by combining operators designed on subwindows of a large window consistently outperform the single-level operators designed on the full window. They also show that iterating two-level operators is an effective multilevel approach to obtain better results.

Phenolic matrices and sisal fibers modified with hydroxy terminated polybutadiene rubber: Impact strength, water absorption, and morphological aspects of thermosets and composites

The aim of the present work was to investigate the toughening of phenolic thermoset and its composites reinforced with sisal fibers, using hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene rubber (HTPB) as both impact modifier and coupling agent. Substantial increase in the impact strength of the thermoset was achieved by the addition 10% of HTPB. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the material with 15% HTPB content revealed the formation of some rubber aggregates that reduced the efficiency of the toughening mechanism. In composites, the toughening effect was observed only when 2.5% of HTPB was added. The rubber aggregates were found located mainly at the matrix-fiber interface suggesting that HTPB could be used as coupling agent between the sisal fibers and the phenolic matrix. A composite reinforced with sisal fibers pre-impregnated with HTPB was then prepared; its SEM images showed the formation of a thin coating of HTPB on the surface of the fibers. The ability of HTBP as coupling agent between sisal fibers and phenolic matrix was then investigated by preparing a composite reinforced with sisal fibers pre-treated with HTPB. As revealed by its SEM images, the HTPB pre-treatment of the fibers resulted on the formation of a thin coating of HTPB on the surface of the fibers, which provided better compatibility between the fibers and the matrix at their interface, resulting in a material with low water absorption capacity and no loss of impact strength. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanical, thermal and morphological characterization of polypropylene/biodegradable polyester blends with additives

The (bio)degradation of polyolefins can be accelerated by modifying the level of crystallinity or by incorporation of carbonyl groups by adding pro-oxidants to masterbatches or through exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. In this work we sought to improve the degradation of PP by adding cobalt, calcium or magnesium stearate to Ecoflex(R), PP or Ecoflex(R)/PP blends. The effect of the pro-oxidants on biodegradability was assessed by examining the mechanical properties and fluidity of the polymers. PP had higher values for tensile strength at break and Young`s modulus than Ecoflex(R), and the latter had little influence on the properties of PP in Ecoflex(R)/PP blends. However, the presence of pro-oxidants (except for calcium) reduced these properties. All of the pro-oxidants enhanced the fluidity of PP, a phenomenon that facilitated polymer degradation at high temperatures. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characters Extraction for Traffic Sign Destination boards in video and still images

Traffic Control Signs or destination boards on roadways offer significant information for drivers. Regulation signs tell something like your speed, turns, etc; Warning signs warn drivers of conditions ahead to help them avoid accidents; Destination signs show distances and directions to various locations; Service signs display location of hospitals, gas and rest areas etc. Because the signs are so important and there is always a certain distance from them to drivers, to let the drivers get information clearly and easily even in bad weather or other situations. The idea is to develop software which can collect useful information from a special camera which is mounted in the front of a moving car to extract the important information and finally show it to the drivers. For example, when a frame contains on a destination drive sign board it will be text something like "Linkoping 50",so the software should extract every character of "Linkoping 50", compare them with the already known character data in the database. if there is extracted character match "k" in the database then output the destination name and show to the driver. In this project C++ will be used to write the code for this software.

A Psychoanalytical Reading of Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights : An Analysis of the Defense Mechanisms of Some Characters

This essay presents a portrayal of Heathcliff, Catherine and Isabella from a psychoanalytical perspective with regard to four defense mechanisms; namely, repression, denial, sublimation and projection in order to see how these defense mechanisms have affected the characters’ decisions and behaviour, and led them to their destinations in life. It will include three major sections: repression in characters, denial in characters, and sublimation and projection in characters. These terms will be more clearly defined and explained in the subsequent sections.

Intent and Method: A Study of Female Characters in Aeschylean and Euripidean Drama

Aeschylus and Euripides used tragic female characters to help fulfill the purpose of religious celebration and to achieve the motivation of public reaction. The playwrights, revising myths about tragic woman and redefining the Greek definition of appropriate femininity, supported or questioned the very customs which they changed. Originally composed as part of a religious festival for Dionysus, the god of wine, revelry and fertility, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Euripides were evaluated by Aristotle. He favored Aeschylus over Euripides, but it appears as if his stipulations for tragic characterization do not apply to Aeschylean and Euripidean women. Modem critics question both Aristotle's analysis in the Poetics as well as the tragedies which he evaluated. As part of the assessment of Aeschylus, the character of the Persian Queen, Atossa, appears as a conradiction the images that Greeks maintain of non-Greeks. The Persians is discussed in relation to modem criticisms and as on its function as a warning against radical changes in Athenian domestic life. The Oresteia, a trilogy, also charts the importance of an atypical woman in Aeschylean tragedy, and how this role, Clytaemnestra, represents an extreme example of the natural and necessary evolution of families, households and kingdoms. In contrast to Aeschylus' plea to retain nomoi (traditional custom and law), EUripides' tragedy, the Medea, demonstrates the importance of a family and a country to provide security, especially for women. Medea's abandonment by Jason and subsequent desperation drives her to commit murder in the hope of revenge. Ultimately, Euripides advocates changes in social convention away from the alienation of non-Greek, non-citizens, and females. Euripides is, unfortunately, tagged a misogynist by some in this tragedy and another example-the Hippolytus. Euripides' Phaedra becomes entangled in a scheme of divine vengeance and ultimately commits suicide in an attempt to avoid societal shame. Far from treatises of hate, Euripidean women take advantage of the little power they possess within a constrictive social system. While both Aeschylus and Euripides revise customary images and expectations of women in the context of religiously-motivated drama, one playwright intends to maintain civic order and the other intends to challenge the secular norm.

Análises morfológicas e moleculares dos gêneros Galium L.e Relbunium (Endl.)Hook.f. (RUbieae-Rubiaceae)no estado do Rio Grande do Sul-Brasil

Desde o início da história taxonômica de Relbunium, muitos foram os trabalhos que enfatizaram sua autonomia e posição taxonômica. Atualmente, alguns estudos sugerem que as espécies pertencentes a Relbunium devam ser incluídas em uma seção do gênero Galium. Porém, recentes estudos moleculares na tribo Rubieae, destacam Galium como um grupo parafilético, e Relbunium como um gênero independente e monofilético. O problema taxonômico referente a Galium e Relbunium é de difícil solução, devido à ausência de estudos que integrem caracteres morfológicos, ecológicos e moleculares. No presente trabalho objetivou-se adicionar informações para o conhecimento básico das espécies de Relbunium e Galium para o sul do Brasil, a partir de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares, buscando responder a seguinte questão: “Relbunium pode ser considerado um gênero ou apenas uma seção dentro de Galium?”. Para atingir os objetivos, foi analisada a morfologia das espécies, com ênfase nas folhas, flores e frutos para duas espécies de Galium e treze de Relbunium: G. latoramosum, G. uruguayense, R. equisetoides, R. gracillimum, R. hirtum, R. humile, R. humilioides, R. hypocarpium, R. longipedunculatum, R. mazocarpum, R. megapotamicum, R. nigro-ramosum, R. ostenianum, R. richardianum e R. valantioides. Chaves de identificação foram geradas a partir dos resultados das análises morfológicas. As folhas foram analisadas quanto à forma, ápice, padrão de venação, tricomas, estômatos, distribuição de idioblastos secretores e vascularização do hidatódio. Esses caracteres não evidenciaram a separação entre os gêneros, auxiliando apenas na individualização das espécies. A morfologia das flores e frutos auxiliou na diferenciação dos gêneros e espécies estudadas. As flores são comumente bispóricas, a exceção de G. latoramosum. Brácteas involucrais, ausentes em Galium, estão presentes nas espécies de Relbunium, de duas a quatro; nesse gênero há presença de antopódio, ausente em Galium. A corola possui tricomas glandulares unicelulares na face adaxial, e na face abaxial os tricomas, quando presentes, são simples e idioblastos secretores estão presentes apenas em R. gracillimum. O androceu tem quatro estames alternipétalos e exsertos, com anteras dorsifixas e tetrasporangiadas, de deiscência longitudinal. O ovário é ínfero, bicarpelar, bilocular, com um rudimento seminal anátropo e unitegumentado por lóculo. O desenvolvimento dos frutos, a estrutura do pericarpo e da testa foram descritos. Os frutos são do tipo baga, em R. gracillimum e R. hypocarpium, ou esquizocarpo, nas demais espécies. A consistência do pericarpo pode variar de carnosa, nos frutos do tipo baga, a levemente seca, nos frutos esquizocarpos. Entre as espécies, observou-se uma variação com relação ao exocarpo, que pode ser liso, piloso ou com idioblastos secretores. A testa é constituída por apenas uma camada de células, que em R. hypocarpium mostra-se descontínua. Além das descrições morfológicas, foram realizados estudos moleculares das espécies, através do seqüenciamento de fragmentos do DNA nuclear (ITS) e plastidial (trnL-F). A partir dos resultados obtidos formam elaborados cladogramas com base nos dados morfológicos e moleculares. O cladograma construído a partir dos dados morfológicos (vegetativos e reprodutivos) evidenciou a distinção dos dois gêneros, ou seja, sustenta Relbunium como táxon independente. Nesse cladograma observa-se que a VI presença ou ausência de brácteas foi determinante, e proporcionou a separação dos gêneros. A uniformidade dos caracteres morfológicos vegetativos entre as espécies auxiliou apenas na distinção das espécies de Relbunium. Com relação aos dados moleculares, os fragmentos de DNA utilizados mostraram-se pouco informativos. A análise do fragmento ITS, em especial, contribuiu para confirmação da relação entre algumas espécies (R. hirtum e R. ostenianum, e R. humile e R. mazocarpum). A análise combinada dos dados morfológicos e moleculares não caracterizou Relbunium como um clado monofilético, sendo sua manutenção não sustentada, isso, principalmente, devido à falta de diferenças moleculares entre as espécies. Conclui-se que para o grupo em questão as análises morfológicas, das folhas, flores e frutos, foram suficientes para destacar Relbunium como um gênero autônomo e monofilético na tribo Rubieae.

The larval morphology and nest habits of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) rogenhoferi Kohl 1884 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Morphological Notes on the Worker and Queen Larvae of the Thief Ant Solenopsis helena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from Brazil

Young and mature larvae of queen and workers of the thief ant, Solenopsis helena, are herein described for the first time. Specimens were treated and described by usual methods of light and scanning electron microscopy. Many of the observed characteristics confirmed traits of the thief ant larva, reinforcing the assumption that they are a distinct group from fire ants. The larva of S. helena can be recognized from other close species by details of the mouthparts, but seem extensively similar to Solenopsis molesta. These findings are useful for taxonomic studies and phylogenetic inferences.