Fatores Prognósticos para o Óbito Perinatal em Gestações com Diástole Zero ou Reversa na Dopplervelocimetria das Artérias Umbilicais

Objetivos: estudar os fatores prognósticos para o óbito perinatal em gestações com diagnóstico de diástole zero (DZ) ou reversa (DR) na dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais. Métodos: foram analisadas retrospectivamente 204 gestantes com DZ ou DR, sendo realizados os exames de cardiotocografia, perfil biofísico fetal, índice do líquido amniótico e dopplervelocimetria do ducto venoso e das artérias umbilicais, uterinas, aorta e cerebral média. Em 170 casos foi aplicado o modelo de regressão logística para determinar a variável com melhor acurácia na predição do óbito perinatal. Resultados: a mortalidade foi de 28 casos de óbito fetal (13,7%) e 45 de óbito pós-natal (22,1%). Houve correlação significativa entre os óbitos e as variáveis analisadas. A proporção de óbitos no grupo com recém-nascidos de peso inferior a 1.000 g foi de 74,7% e no grupo com idade gestacional inferior a 31 semanas, de 66,3%. Na regressão logística, o peso do recém-nascido foi a melhor variável capaz de predizer o óbito perinatal (p<0,0001), permitindo a elaboração de uma curva de probabilidade de óbito de acordo com esta variável. Conclusões: a DZ ou DR representam um grave comprometimento fetal, cujo risco para óbito perinatal está relacionado principalmente ao peso do RN e à idade gestacional inferior a 31 semanas.

Modelo Matemático para Predição da Acidose Metabólica no Nascimento em Gestações com Diástole Zero ou Reversa

Objetivos: elaborar modelo matemático baseado em parâmetros da cardiotocografia (CTG) anteparto de repouso para predição da acidose metabólica no nascimento, caracterizada por valores do excesso de bases (BE) inferiores a -10 mEq/L, em gestações com diagnóstico de diástole zero (DZ) ou reversa (DR) na dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais. Métodos: foi estudada a última cardiotocografia de 127 gestantes de alto risco com diagnóstico de DZ ou DR, pela análise visual do traçado. Os parâmetros da CTG estudados foram a variabilidade da FCF, acelerações transitórias, desacelerações e padrão pseudo-sinusoidal. Entre as características da gravidez foram analisadas a idade gestacional, o intervalo em dias entre o diagnóstico da DZ ou DR e o parto. O modelo de regressão logística foi aplicado na determinação do melhor modelo matemático para predição da acidose. Resultados: a acidose metabólica ocorreu em 51 casos (40,2%). O modelo matemático para predição da acidose contemplou os seguintes parâmetros: intervalo em dias entre o diagnóstico da DZ ou DR e o parto (X1), idade gestacional em semanas (X2), variabilidade da FCF <5 bpm (X3) e variabilidade da FCF entre 5 e 9 bpm (X4). As variáveis de análise da variabilidade receberam valor 1 quando presente e valor 0 quando ausente. O coeficiente z foi calculado pela seguinte fórmula: z = 2,2348 + (-0,0117 X1) + (-0,09 X2) + (1,9552 X3) + (-0,4474 X4). Aplicando-se a expressão p = e z/(1 + e z), a probabilidade (p) foi calculada. Conclusões: o modelo matemático apresentado permite calcular a probabilidade da ocorrência de acidose metabólica no nascimento, em gestações com DZ ou DR, a partir da análise visual da cardiotocografia anteparto de repouso.

Fatores preditores para o óbito neonatal em gestações com diástole zero ou reversa na doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical

OBJETIVO: avaliar os fatores de risco antenatais e pós-natais para o óbito neonatal em gestações com diástole zero (DZ) ou reversa (DR) na doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, retrospectivo, inferencial, a partir de 48 prontuários de gestações únicas com DZ ou DR, idade gestacional entre 24 e 34 semanas, em uma maternidade no Nordeste do Brasil. A média de idade foi de 27,3 anos (DP: 7,9). Vinte (41,7%) eram primigestas. Síndromes hipertensivas foram observadas em 44 (91,7%) casos. Trinta e cinco (72,9%) apresentavam DZ e 13 (27,1%) DR. Procedeu-se inicialmente à análise univariada (teste t de Student e teste Exato de Fisher), relacionando os parâmetros com o desfecho avaliado (óbito neonatal). As variáveis que apresentaram associação significativa foram incluídas no modelo de regressão logística (Estatística de Wald). O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: a mortalidade perinatal foi de 64,6% (31/48). Ocorreram cinco óbitos fetais e 26 neonatais. A média de idade gestacional no momento do diagnóstico foi de 27,9 (DP: 2,8) semanas. A resolução da gestação antes de 24 horas após o diagnóstico ocorreu em 52,1% dos casos. Parto abdominal foi realizado em 85,4% dos casos. Os recém-nascidos pesaram em média 975,9 g (DP: 457,5). Vinte e quatro (57,1%) apresentaram Apgar menor que 7 no primeiro minuto e 21,4%, no quinto. A idade gestacional no momento do diagnóstico, o peso ao nascer e o Apgar de primeiro minuto revelaram-se variáveis significativamente relacionadas com o óbito neonatal (valores de p foram, respectivamente, 0,008; 0,004 e 0,020). As razões de chance foi de 6,6; 25,3 e 13,8 para o óbito neonatal, quando o diagnóstico foi estabelecido até a 28ª semana, peso <1000 g e Apgar < 7, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: idade gestacional no momento do diagnóstico, peso ao nascer e Apgar de primeiro minuto foram fatores capazes de predizer o óbito neonatal em gestações com DZ ou DR na doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical.

Current status of the waste-to-energy chain in the County of North Savo, Finland

The aim of this report is to describe the current status of the waste-to-energy chain in the province of Northern Savonia in Finland. This work is part of the Baltic Sea Region Programme project Remowe-Regional Mobilizing of Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Production (2009-2012). Partnering regions across Baltic Sea countries have parallelly investigated the current status, bottle-necks and needs for development in their regions. Information about the current status is crucial for the further work within the Remowe project, e.g. in investigating the possible future status in target regions. Ultimate result from the Northern Savonia point of view will be a regional model which utilizes all available information and facilitates decision-making concerning energy utilization of waste. The report contains information on among others: - waste management system (sources, amounts, infrastructure) - energy system (use, supply, infrastructure) - administrative structure and legislation - actors and stakeholders in the waste-to-energy field, including interest and development ideas The current status of the regions will be compared in a separate Remowe report, with the focus on finding best practices that could be transferred among the regions. In this report, the current status has been defined as 2006-2009. In 2009, the municipal waste amount per capita was 479 kg/inhabitant in Finland. Industrial waste amounted 3550 kg/inhabitant, respectively. The potential bioenergy from biodegradable waste amounts 1 MWh/inhabitant in Northern Savonia. This figure includes animal manure, crops that would be suitable for energy use, sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants and separately collected biowaste. A key strategy influencing also to Remowe work is the waste plan for Eastern Finland. Currently there operate two digestion plants in Northern Savonia: Lehtoniemi municipal sewage treatment sludge digestion plant of Kuopion Vesi and the farm-scale research biogas plant of Agrifood Research Finland in Maaninka. Moreover, landfill gas is collected to energy use from Heinälamminrinne waste management centre and Silmäsuo closed landfill site, both belonging to Jätekukko Oy. Currently there is no thermal utilization of waste in Northern Savonia region. However, Jätekukko Oy is pretreating mixed waste and delivering refuse derived fuel (RDF) to Southern Finland to combustion. There is a strong willingness among seven regional waste management companies in Eastern Finland to build a waste incineration plant to Riikinneva waste management centre near city of Varkaus. The plant would use circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. This would been a clear boost in waste-to-energy utilization in Northern Savonia and in many surrounding regions.

Toimitusketjuun sitoutuvan pääoman hallinta keskisuuressa metalliteollisuusyrityksessä

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on tunnistaa kohdeyrityksen toimitusketjuun sitoutuvan pääoman lähteet ja niihin sitoutunut pääoma, menetelmät pääoman vapauttamiseksi sekä kehityskohteet toimitusketjuun sitoutuneen pääoman hallinnan näkökulmasta. Kes-keisimmät tutkitut pääoman lähteet ovat varastot ja keskeneräinen tuotanto, mutta myös ostovelkoja sekä rahtikustannuksia käsitellään. Varastoitavat nimikkeet jaettiin kahteen pääryhmään, ostettavat ja valmistettavat nimikkeet. Pääryhmät jaettiin edelleen pienem-piin alaryhmiin, nimiketyyppeihin, jotta analyysien tulokset voidaan kohdentaa tarkemmin. Varastoon sidotun pääoman kehityskohteiden tunnistamisessa käytettiin varastoarvoa, keskivarastoa ja kiertonopeutta, sekä näiden kombinaatioita. Tulokset esitettiin sekä pääryhmätasolla, että nimiketyyppitasolla, jotta kehityskohteet olisi helpompi tunnistaa. Keskeneräisen tuotannon osalta tavoitteena oli ensisijaisesti tunnistaa, kuinka suuri osa toimitusketjun pääomasta siihen sitoutuu. Rahtikustannukset tiedetään vuositasolla ja sen kautta on mahdollista arvioida kuukausittain rahteihin keskimäärin sitoutuva pääoma. Ostovelat on käsitelty vain kevyesti, koska se on itse asiassa käyttöpääoman erä. Keskeisimmät löydökset liittyvät kiertonopeuteen ja nimikkeiden ohjaustapaan. Osalla pääomaa varastoon sitovista nimikkeistä kiertonopeus on nolla ja useiden nimikkeiden kohdalla kiertonopeudessa on parannettavaa. Myös osa tilausohjautuvista nimikkeistä sitoo ennakko-odotuksista poiketen pääomaa varastoon. Kaikkiin edellä mainittuihin löy-döksiin tunnistettiin tilanteeseen johtaneet syyt ja määritettiin kehitystoimenpiteet, jotta tilanteet voidaan jatkossa välttää.

Identification of Some Additional Loss Components in High-Power Low-Voltage Permanent Magnet Generators

Permanent magnet generators (PMG) represent the cutting edge technology in modern wind mills. The efficiency remains high (over 90%) at partial loads. To improve the machine efficiency even further, every aspect of machine losses has to be analyzed. Additional losses are often given as a certain percentage without providing any detailed information about the actual calculation process; meanwhile, there are many design-dependent losses that have an effect on the total amount of additional losses and that have to be taken into consideration. Additional losses are most often eddy current losses in different parts of the machine. These losses are usually difficult to calculate in the design process. In this doctoral thesis, some additional losses are identified and modeled. Further, suggestions on how to minimize the losses are given. Iron losses can differ significantly between the measured no-load values and the loss values under load. In addition, with embedded magnet rotors, the quadrature-axis armature reaction adds losses to the stator iron by manipulating the harmonic content of the flux. It was, therefore, re-evaluated that in salient pole machines, to minimize the losses and the loss difference between the no-load and load operation, the flux density has to be kept below 1.5 T in the stator yoke, which is the traditional guideline for machine designers. Eddy current losses may occur in the end-winding area and in the support structure of the machine, that is, in the finger plate and the clamping ring. With construction steel, these losses account for 0.08% of the input power of the machine. These losses can be reduced almost to zero by using nonmagnetic stainless steel. In addition, the machine housing may be subjected to eddy current losses if the flux density exceeds 1.5 T in the stator yoke. Winding losses can rise rapidly when high frequencies and 10–15 mm high conductors are used. In general, minimizing the winding losses is simple. For example, it can be done by dividing the conductor into transposed subconductors. However, this comes with the expense of an increase in the DC resistance. In the doctoral thesis, a new method is presented to minimize the winding losses by applying a litz wire with noninsulated strands. The construction is the same as in a normal litz wire but the insulation between the subconductors has been left out. The idea is that the connection is kept weak to prevent harmful eddy currents from flowing. Moreover, the analytical solution for calculating the AC resistance factor of the litz-wire is supplemented by including an end-winding resistance in the analytical solution. A simple measurement device is developed to measure the AC resistance in the windings. In the case of a litz-wire with originally noninsulated strands, vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI) is used to insulate the subconductors. In one of the two cases studied, the VPI affected the AC resistance factor, but in the other case, it did not have any effect. However, more research is needed to determine the effect of the VPI on litz-wire with noninsulated strands. An empirical model is developed to calculate the AC resistance factor of a single-layer formwound winding. The model includes the end-winding length and the number of strands and turns. The end winding includes the circulating current (eddy currents that are traveling through the whole winding between parallel strands) and the main current. The end-winding length also affects the total AC resistance factor.

Open Access - current developments

Presentation at the Nordic Perspectives on Open Access and Open Science seminar, Helsinki, October 15, 2013

Welding current effect on diffusible hydrogen content in flux cored arc weld metal

The application of flux cored arc welding (FCAW) has increased in manufacturing and fabrication. Even though FCAW is well known for its good capability in producing quality welds, few reports have been published on the cause of the relatively high diffusible hydrogen content in the weld metal and its relation with the ingredients used in the wire production and with the welding parameters (mainly welding current). This paper describes experiments where data obtained from weld metal diffusible hydrogen analysis, metal droplet collection, and high-speed recording of metal droplet transfer were used to evaluate the effect of welding current on diffusible hydrogen content in the weld metal. The results from gas chromatography analysis showed that weld metal hydrogen content indeed increased with welding current. A polynomial regressional analysis concluded that hydrogen increase with current was better described by a linear function with proportional constant of approximately 0.7 or 70%. Different from the GMA welding transfer behavior, statistical analysis showed only a small increase in metal droplet size with increasing current. The metal transfer mode remained in the globular range for currents between 100 and 150 A. The most surprising findings were with the high-speed cinematography recording. Observing the high speed movies, it was possible to see that at low current, "unmelted" flux sporadically touched the weld pool but at higher current, the flux remained touching the weld pool during the whole time of droplet formation and transfer. It is believed that since the flux has ingredients that contain hydrogen, hydrogen passes through the arc undisturbed, going to the weld bead intact and increasing the hydrogen content in the weld metal. Another important observation is regarding to droplet size. Droplet size increased with increasing current because forces from decomposed gases from the flux could sustain the droplets, retarding their transfer and allowing them to grow.

Aktiivisen verkkosillan tuottaman yhteismuotoisen jännitteen vaimentaminen kaksitasoisessa, jännitevälipiirillisessä, taajuusmuuttajatopologiassa

Pulssinleveysmoduloidun vaihtosuuntaajan hyötysuhteen parantaminen ja kytkentätaajuuden suurentaminen ovat johtaneet lähtöjännitteen suuritaajuiseen taajuussisältöön kaksitasoisessa, jännitevälipiirillisessä taajuusmuuttajatopologiassa. Kasvava tarve siirtää tehoa myös verkkoon päin on lisännyt aktiivisen verkkosillan käyttöä. Kaksitasoisen aktiivisen verkkosillan vaikutuksesta DC-välipiirin keskipisteen ja kolmivaiheisen kuorman tähtipisteen välinen jännite on nollasta poikkeava aiheuttaen suurentuneen yhteismuotoisen jännitteen taajuusmuuttajan lähtöön ja verkon puolelle. Lisäksi yhteismuotoisten jännitteiden aiheuttamat kytkentätaajuiset häiriövirrat voivat aiheuttaa vikavirtasuojien tahatonta laukeamista, vaikeuttaa EMC-standardien vaatimusten täyttämistä, lisätä moottorin käämieristyksien rasitusta ja mahdollisuutta moottorin laakerivaurioille. Diplomityössä tutkitaan aktiivisen ja passiivisen verkkosillan tuottamaa yhteismuotoista jännitettä simuloinneilla. Esitellään aikaisempaa tutkimustietoa yhteismuotoisen jännitteen ja virran vaimennusratkaisuista aktiivista verkkosiltaa käytettäessä. Tutkimustiedon pohjalta suunnitellaan koelaitteistolle soveltuva suodin. Suotimen toiminta testataan simuloinnein sekä kokeellisin mittauksin. Tehdyt mittaukset osoittavat, että suunniteltu suodin vaimentaa yhteismuotoista jännitettä noin 20 dB verkkosillan kytkentätaajuudella ja tämän jälkeen yli 20 dB/dekadi taajuuteen 100 kHz asti. Lisäksi yhteismuotoisen virran suuruus syöttökaapelin kautta pieneni ehdotetun suotimen vaikutuksesta.

Thermal-Aware Networked Many-Core Systems

Advancements in IC processing technology has led to the innovation and growth happening in the consumer electronics sector and the evolution of the IT infrastructure supporting this exponential growth. One of the most difficult obstacles to this growth is the removal of large amount of heatgenerated by the processing and communicating nodes on the system. The scaling down of technology and the increase in power density is posing a direct and consequential effect on the rise in temperature. This has resulted in the increase in cooling budgets, and affects both the life-time reliability and performance of the system. Hence, reducing on-chip temperatures has become a major design concern for modern microprocessors. This dissertation addresses the thermal challenges at different levels for both 2D planer and 3D stacked systems. It proposes a self-timed thermal monitoring strategy based on the liberal use of on-chip thermal sensors. This makes use of noise variation tolerant and leakage current based thermal sensing for monitoring purposes. In order to study thermal management issues from early design stages, accurate thermal modeling and analysis at design time is essential. In this regard, spatial temperature profile of the global Cu nanowire for on-chip interconnects has been analyzed. It presents a 3D thermal model of a multicore system in order to investigate the effects of hotspots and the placement of silicon die layers, on the thermal performance of a modern ip-chip package. For a 3D stacked system, the primary design goal is to maximise the performance within the given power and thermal envelopes. Hence, a thermally efficient routing strategy for 3D NoC-Bus hybrid architectures has been proposed to mitigate on-chip temperatures by herding most of the switching activity to the die which is closer to heat sink. Finally, an exploration of various thermal-aware placement approaches for both the 2D and 3D stacked systems has been presented. Various thermal models have been developed and thermal control metrics have been extracted. An efficient thermal-aware application mapping algorithm for a 2D NoC has been presented. It has been shown that the proposed mapping algorithm reduces the effective area reeling under high temperatures when compared to the state of the art.

Limittelymenetelmän hyödyntäminen verkkovaihtosuuntaajassa: LCL-suotimen mitoitus

Teollisuudessa yleinen trendi on saada entistä tehokkaampia, halvempia, hyötysuhteeltaan parempia ja fyysisiltä mitoiltaan pienempiä sähkökäyttöjä. Luonnollisesti nämä vaatimukset ovat samoja myös taajuusmuuttajilla. Näiden vaatimusten välillä täytyy aina tehdä kompromisseja ja kehittää uusia menetelmiä. Monissa teollisuuden sähkökäytöissä tarvitaan verkkovaihtosuuntaajaa syöttämään tehoa generaattorilta tai jarrutettavalta moottorilta sähköverkkoon. Verkkovaihtosuuntaajassa käytännössä tarvitaan aina LCL-suodin, joka on fyysisesti järjestelmän suurin ja kallein yksittäinen komponentti, ja luonnollisesti suuritehoinen laite vaatii suuren LCL-suotimen. LCL-Suotimen fyysinen koko on kääntäen verrannollinen kytkentätaajuuteen. Tässä diplomityössä esitellään interleaving eli limittelymenetelmä, jonka avulla pystytään kasvattamaan verkkovaihtosuuntaajan ekvivalenttista kytkentätaajuutta ja pienentämään virran värettä sekä kokonaisharmonista säröä. Menetelmästä aiheutuu myös merkittävä haaste, kiertovirrat, joiden suodatusta tutkitaan kahdella eri menetelmällä. Käytetyt suodatustavat ovat LCL-suodin, jossa on lisäksi CM-kuristin ja LCL-suodin, jossa käytetään solujen välistä muuntajaa, ICT:tä. Työ suoritettiin teoriatutkimuksena ja simuloimalla. Tulokset osoittavat, että molemmat suodatustavat voivat toimia todellisessa sovelluksessa. Kuitenkin vain ICT:n omaava suodin on selkeästi vastaavan kokoista kaksitasoista verkkovaihtosuuntaajan suodinta pienempi. Tutkimus osoittaa myös sen, että tutkitussa sovelluskohteessa pelkkä fyysinen suodin ei riitä suodattamaan kiertovirtoja, vaan säätimeen täytyy tehdä myös muutoksia.

Kestomagneettitahtikonekäyttöjen erot

Permanent magnet drives with nominal power over 10 kW were not a cost-sufficient system 25 years ago due to high material expenses. The improvements in motor drives, the rise in competition and the tightening of standards and regulations have caused that the PM-drives are more and more common in the over 10 kW nominal power range. The goal of this thesis is to research the performance in relation to nominal power of a PM-drive technique that is vastly increasing its popularity in fan related devices. The studied motor technique brushless direct current drive (BLDC) consists of a voltage source inverter, permanent motor and six-step-control. The reference drive is a brushless alternating current drive (BLAC) which consists of a VSI, PM and a hysteresis control. As a conclusion there are no major obstacles that would impede the BLDC-drive technique from expanding to larger power stages. The following factors must be taken into consideration when designing a BLDC-drive: motor’s current change rate, inverter switching frequency, motor’s nominal electric frequency, phase inductance and the current handling capability of the inverter. The fluctuating material costs create instability to the end prices of PM-motors that can in the worst case lead to diminished interest towards BLDC- and PM-drives in general.