Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions

Super-luminous supernovae that radiate more than 10 44 ergs per second at their peak luminosity have recently been discovered in faint galaxies at redshifts of 0.1-4. Some evolve slowly, resembling models of 'pair-instability' supernovae. Such models involve stars with original masses 140-260 times that of the Sun that now have carbon-oxygen cores of 65-130 solar masses. In these stars, the photons that prevent gravitational collapse are converted to electron-positron pairs, causing rapid contraction and thermonuclear explosions. Many solar masses of 56 Ni are synthesized; this isotope decays to 56 Fe via 56 Co, powering bright light curves. Such massive progenitors are expected to have formed from metal-poor gas in the early Universe. Recently, supernova 2007bi in a galaxy at redshift 0.127 (about 12 billion years after the Big Bang) with a metallicity one-third that of the Sun was observed to look like a fading pair-instability supernova. Here we report observations of two slow-to-fade super-luminous supernovae that show relatively fast rise times and blue colours, which are incompatible with pair-instability models. Their late-time light-curve and spectral similarities to supernova 2007bi call the nature of that event into question. Our early spectra closely resemble typical fast-declining super-luminous supernovae, which are not powered by radioactivity. Modelling our observations with 10-16 solar masses of magnetar-energized ejecta demonstrates the possibility of a common explosion mechanism. The lack of unambiguous nearby pair-instability events suggests that their local rate of occurrence is less than 6 × 10 -6 times that of the core-collapse rate. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

Correlation of Static Ageing Effects on Automotive Catalysts

This study identifies and analyzes the effect that aging time and temperature have on the CO light-off activity of three-way catalyst samples, aged in a static air (oxidizing) atmosphere. The bench aging time (BAT) equation proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which describes aging as dependent upon time at temperature, was used to calculate a range of oven aging times and temperatures based on a RAT-A engine bench aging cycle.

CO light-off tests carried out on cores aged between 800 and 900 °C have shown that it is the aging temperature that has the greatest effect on catalyst deterioration for static aging testing, with aging time having little effect. These results were in contradiction to the BAT equation, an industry norm for the aging of catalysts. This demonstrates that static aging, whilst showing how temperature affects aging, gives little or no time effects. The results have shown that static aging is not representative of actual aging on a vehicle.

Progressive aging conducted at a temperature of 1000 °C was shown to cause a decrease in catalyst activity as the aging time increased. However, even in these extreme conditions, static aging gave a slower rate of aging with time when compared to engine aging as defined by the BAT equation. Overall, static aging in air has been shown to produce a greater increase in aging due to temperature than predicted by the BAT equation, but less aging due to aging time.

Population Mobility Dynamics Estimated from Mobile Telephony Data

In the last decade, mobile phones and mobile devices using mobile cellular telecommunication network connections have become ubiquitous. In several developed countries, the penetration of such devices has surpassed 100 percent. They facilitate communication and access to large quantities of data without the requirement of a fixed location or connection. Assuming mobile phones usually are in close proximity with the user, their cellular activities and locations are indicative of the user's activities and movements. As such, those cellular devices may be considered as a large scale distributed human activity sensing platform. This paper uses mobile operator telephony data to visualize the regional flows of people across the Republic of Ireland. In addition, the use of modified Markov chains for the ranking of significant regions of interest to mobile subscribers is investigated. Methodology is then presented which demonstrates how the ranking of significant regions of interest may be used to estimate national population, results of which are found to have strong correlation with census data.

Biocompatibility of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement with Optimised Mechanical Properties

The broad aim of this work was to investigate and optimise the properties of calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) for use in vertebroplasty to achieve effective primary fixation of spinal fractures. The incorporation of collagen, both bovine and from a marine sponge (Chondrosia reniformis), into a CPC was investigated. The biological properties of the CPC and collagen-CPC composites were assessed in vitro through the use of human bone marrow stromal cells. Cytotoxicity, proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation were evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase, PicoGreen and alkaline phosphatase activity assays respectively. The addition of both types of collagen resulted in an increase in cytotoxicity, albeit not to a clinically relevant level. Cellular proliferation after 1, 7 and 14 days was unchanged. The osteogenic potential of the CPC was reduced through the addition of bovine collagen but remained unchanged in the case of the marine collagen. These findings, coupled with previous work showing that incorporation of marine collagen in this way can improve the physical properties of CPCs, suggest that such a composite may offer an alternative to CPCs in applications where low setting times and higher mechanical stability are important.

Transit timing variations in WASP-10b induced by stellar activity

The hot-JupiterWASP-10bwas reported by Maciejewski et al. to showtransit timing variations (TTVs) with an amplitude of ~3.5 min. These authors proposed that the observed TTVs were caused by a 0.1M_Jup perturbing companion with an orbital period of ~5.23 d, and hence, close to the outer 5:3 mean-motion resonance with WASP-10b. To test this scenario, we present eight new transit light curves of WASP-10b obtained with the Faulkes Telescope North and the Liverpool Telescope. The new light curves, together with 22 previously published ones, were modelled with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo transit fitting code. Transit depth differences reported forWASP-10b are thought to be due to starspot-induced brightness modulation of the host star. Assuming the star is brighter at the activity minimum, we favour a small planetary radius. We find Rp = 1.039^+0.043 _-0.049R_Jup in agreement with Johnson et al. and Maciejewski et al. Recent studies find no evidence for a significant eccentricity in this system. We present consistent system parameters for a circular orbit and refine the orbital ephemeris ofWASP-10b. Our homogeneously derived transit times do not support the previous claimed TTV signal, which was strongly dependent on two previously published transits that have been incorrectly normalized. Nevertheless, a linear ephemeris is not a statistically good fit to the transit times of WASP-10b. We show that the observed transit time variations are due to spot occultation features or systematics. We discuss and exemplify the effects of occultation spot features in the measured transit times and show that despite spot occultation during egress and ingress being difficult to distinguish in the transit light curves, they have a significant effect in the measured transit times. We conclude that if we account for spot features, the transit times of WASP-10b are consistent with a linear ephemeris with the exception of one transit (epoch 143) which is a partial transit. Therefore, there is currently no evidence for the existence of a companion to WASP-10b. Our results support the lack of TTVs of hot-Jupiters reported for the Kepler sample. 

An efficient genetic algorithm for the design optimization of cold-formed steel portal frame buildings

The design optimization of a cold-formed steel portal frame building is considered in this paper. The proposed genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer considers both topology (i.e., frame spacing and pitch) and cross-sectional sizes of the main structural members as the decision variables. Previous GAs in the literature were characterized by poor convergence, including slow progress, that usually results in excessive computation times and/or frequent failure to achieve an optimal or near-optimal solution. This is the main issue addressed in this paper. In an effort to improve the performance of the conventional GA, a niching strategy is presented that is shown to be an effective means of enhancing the dissimilarity of the solutions in each generation of the GA. Thus, population diversity is maintained and premature convergence is reduced significantly. Through benchmark examples, it is shown that the efficient GA proposed generates optimal solutions more consistently. A parametric study was carried out, and the results included. They show significant variation in the optimal topology in terms of pitch and frame spacing for a range of typical column heights. They also show that the optimized design achieved large savings based on the cost of the main structural elements; the inclusion of knee braces at the eaves yield further savings in cost, that are significant.

Patterns of hematopoietic chimerism following bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia from volunteer unrelated donors

Hematopoietic chimerism was analyzed in serial bone marrow samples taken from 28 children following T-cell depleted unrelated donor bone marrow transplants (UD BMT) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Chimeric status was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of simple tandem repeat (STR) sequences (maximal sensitivity, 0.1%). At least two serial samples were examined in 23 patients. Of these, two had evidence of complete donor engraftment at all times and eight showed stable low level mixed chimerism (MC) (<1% recipient hematopoiesis). All 10 of these patients remain in remission with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. By contrast, 13 patients demonstrated a progressive return of recipient hematopoiesis. Five of these relapsed (4 to 9 months post BMT), one died of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis and seven remain in remission with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Five children were excluded from serial analysis as two serial samples were not collected before either relapse (3) or graft rejection (2). We conclude that as with sibling transplants, ex vivo T depleted UD BMT in children with ALL is associated with a high incidence of MC. Stable donor engraftment and low level MC always correlated with continued remission. However, detection of a progressive return of recipient cells did not universally correlate with relapse, but highlighted those patients at greatest risk. Serial chimerism analysis by PCR of STRs provides a rapid and simple screening technique for the detection of relapse and the identification of patients with progressive MC who might benefit from detailed molecular analysis for minimal residual disease following matched volunteer UD BMT for childhood ALL.

Fast Byzantine Leader Election in Dynamic Networks

We study the fundamental Byzantine leader election problem in dynamic networks where the topology can change from round to round and nodes can also experience heavy {\em churn} (i.e., nodes can join and leave the network continuously over time). We assume the full information model where the Byzantine nodes have complete knowledge about the entire state of the network at every round (including random choices made by all the nodes), have unbounded computational power and can deviate arbitrarily from the protocol. The churn is controlled by an adversary that has complete knowledge and control over which nodes join and leave and at what times and also may rewire the topology in every round and has unlimited computational power, but is oblivious to the random choices made by the algorithm. Our main contribution is an $O(\log^3 n)$ round algorithm that achieves Byzantine leader election under the presence of up to $O({n}^{1/2 - \epsilon})$ Byzantine nodes (for a small constant $\epsilon > 0$) and a churn of up to \\$O(\sqrt{n}/\poly\log(n))$ nodes per round (where $n$ is the stable network size).The algorithm elects a leader with probability at least $1-n^{-\Omega(1)}$ and guarantees that it is an honest node with probability at least $1-n^{-\Omega(1)}$; assuming the algorithm succeeds, the leader's identity will be known to a $1-o(1)$ fraction of the honest nodes. Our algorithm is fully-distributed, lightweight, and is simple to implement. It is also scalable, as it runs in polylogarithmic (in $n$) time and requires nodes to send and receive messages of only polylogarithmic size per round.To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first scalable solution for Byzantine leader election in a dynamic network with a high rate of churn; our protocol can also be used to solve Byzantine agreement in a straightforward way.We also show how to implement an (almost-everywhere) public coin with constant bias in a dynamic network with Byzantine nodes and provide a mechanism for enabling honest nodes to store information reliably in the network, which might be of independent interest.

Methods for Optimal Work Instruction Delivery: Pictograms v Images

This paper focuses on quantifying the benefits of pictogram based instructions relative to static images for work instruction delivery. The assembly of a stiffened aircraft panel has been used as an exemplar for the work which seeks to address the challenge of identifying an instructional mode that can be location or language neutral while at the same time optimising assembly build times and maintaining build quality. Key performance parameters measured using a series of panel build experiments conducted by two separate groups were: overall build time, the number of subject references to instructional media, the number of build errors and the time taken to correct any mistakes. Overall build time for five builds for a group using pictogram instructions was about 20% lower than for the group using image based instructions. Also, the pictogram group made fewer errors. Although previous work identified that animated instructions result in optimal build times, the language neutrality of pictograms as well as the fact that they can be used without visualisation hardware mean that, on balance, they have broader applicability in terms of transferring assembly knowledge to the manufacturing environment.

Generation of cluster states in optomechanical quantum systems

We consider an optomechanical quantum system composed of a single cavity mode interacting with N mechanical resonators. We propose a scheme for generating continuous-variable graph states of arbitrary size and shape, including the so-called cluster states for universal quantum computation. The main feature of this scheme is that, differently from previous approaches, the graph states are hosted in the mechanical degrees of freedom rather than in the radiative ones. Specifically, via a 2N-tone drive, we engineer a linear Hamiltonian which is instrumental to dissipatively drive the system to the desired target state. The robustness of this scheme is assessed against finite interaction times and mechanical noise, confirming it as a valuable approach towards quantum state engineering for continuous-variable computation in a solid-state platform.

Fast Mining of Interesting Phrases from Subsets of Text Corpora

We address the problem of mining interesting phrases from subsets of a text corpus where the subset is specified using a set of features such as keywords that form a query. Previous algorithms for the problem have proposed solutions that involve sifting through a phrase dictionary based index or a document-based index where the solution is linear in either the phrase dictionary size or the size of the document subset. We propose the usage of an independence assumption between query keywords given the top correlated phrases, wherein the pre-processing could be reduced to discovering phrases from among the top phrases per each feature in the query. We then outline an indexing mechanism where per-keyword phrase lists are stored either in disk or memory, so that popular aggregation algorithms such as No Random Access and Sort-merge Join may be adapted to do the scoring at real-time to identify the top interesting phrases. Though such an approach is expected to be approximate, we empirically illustrate that very high accuracies (of over 90%) are achieved against the results of exact algorithms. Due to the simplified list-aggregation, we are also able to provide response times that are orders of magnitude better than state-of-the-art algorithms. Interestingly, our disk-based approach outperforms the in-memory baselines by up to hundred times and sometimes more, confirming the superiority of the proposed method.

Marcial e a "Epopeia do quotidiano" : a dimensão épica de um poeta

O século I, que desabrochou numa Idade de Ouro, não findaria sob o signo da boa Fortuna inaugurada pelo primeiro Princeps. O século de Augusto conheceria o seu fim! A Literatura não pôde furtar-se ao fatum de todo um Império e, depois de 69, juntamente com a Magna Vrbs, aguardava um tempo que fosse, finalmente, capaz de uma renovação. Para os anos oitenta do século I, prometiam os Flavianos e as suas consecuções uma nova Aurea Aetas… Porém, revelou-se impossível recuperar o passado: então, como nunca antes, os abastados demandavam a púrpura e a populaça clamava por panem et circenses. E a mudança definitiva dos tempos tinha na produção artística das suas maiores provas — a clientela condenara os autores ao abandono! Longe os círculos de Mecenas, apoiando Horácios e Virgílios que podiam abraçar em exclusivo a sua arte… Marcus Valerius Martialis foi não apenas um autor cuja existência se ressentiria dos constrangimentos que esta época reservou aos poetas, como o que faria da sua obra o mais fiel espelho do seu tempo. Aliás, não fora a sua obra e não se compreenderia cabalmente como foi possível a um escritor sobreviver a esses tempos e trazer à luz o seu trabalho — a uma luz muito especial, na verdade: Hic est quem legis ille, quem requiris, / toto notus in orbe Martialis (1.1.1-2)! Para cantar o novo Império e o seu quotidiano, onde conviviam, a um tempo, a grandeza e a torpeza, nada melhor que uma rude auena, jocosa e mordaz... O epigrama, não a epopeia, era a nova voz de Roma! E Marcial, elevando a sua auena, aplicou toda a sua mestria na celebração da sua Roma e dos Romanos seus concidadãos — hominem pagina nostra sapit (10.4.10). Teremos nós perdido um épico talentoso que se devotou e à sua arte a um género menor ou teremos ganho um cantor ímpar que viveu em perfeita harmonia com o seu tempo? Alcançando a imortalidade, reservada, antes, para os épicos, Marcial alcançou o seu objetivo: si […] / [...] fas est cineri me superesse meo (7.44.7- 8). E, no entanto, o feito singular de Marcial foi dar cumprimento às suas palavras — angusta cantare licet uidearis auena, / dum tua multorum uincat auena tubas. (8.3.21-22) —, escrevendo, sob a forma de epigramas, a primeira e, talvez, a única epopeia do quotidiano!

O quadro interativo no ensino do português : dos recursos aos discursos

O trabalho que apresentamos, “O Quadro Interativo no ensino do Português: dos recursos aos discursos”, situa-se na área do Multimédia em Educação e, mais especificamente, no domínio da tecnologia e pedagogia em sala de aula. Partimos de um projeto de implementação de quadros interativos em agrupamentos/escolas do interior do país, associado a um Centro de Formação e procurámos evidenciar a forma como essa tecnologia levou à introdução de recursos digitais de aprendizagem na unidade curricular de Português. Nesse âmbito, fizemos uma análise sobre os tipos, funcionalidades e usos pelos professores e estudantes no processo de ensino e aprendizagem com os QIM. Analisámos também algumas estratégias de utilização no desenvolvimento de competências essenciais da língua e a interação que proporcionaram no ambiente educativo. Para percebermos as razões e fundamentos que estiveram na base da investigação, procurámos, na primeira parte do nosso trabalho, partir de três vertentes de uma conjuntura que fundamenta a aprendizagem no século XXI: a passagem de uma sociedade da informação para uma sociedade do conhecimento como um processo que radica numa comunicação em rede e na criação de conhecimento(s) através de recursos digitais; o desenvolvimento de competências adequadas e que conduz os indivíduos para ambientes de aprendizagem com as tecnologias; e numa Escola mais familiarizada com as tecnologias, onde o ato de educar cria novos desafios a todos os agentes educativos. Notámos que a capacidade de mobilizar a informação e o conhecimento na rede reclama atitudes dinâmicas, flexíveis e adaptadas à multiculturalidade. Esta característica favorece a construção de aprendizagens multifacetadas, a inclusão progressiva do individuo na “aldeia global”, tornando-o também cada vez mais criativo e produtivo. A promoção de espaços interativos de aprendizagem facilita esse processo e o conhecimento desenvolve-se numa interação social mediada por tecnologias que nos fazem participar nessa multiculturalidade, diversidade do universo e nas histórias pessoais e coletivas. Num ambiente com estas características, torna-se necessário passar de um conceito de ensino declarado nos saberes básicos ou em conhecimentos factuais para uma estratégia de aprendizagem que incida sobre o desenvolvimento e aquisição de outras habilidades. A aquisição de saberes no âmbito da leitura, da oralidade e da escrita tornamse importantes para os indivíduos porquanto esses saberes transformam-se em competências transversais para outros domínios e literacias. Tentámos mostrar que a escola do futuro terá de ser um espaço educativo que implique ambientes de aprendizagem onde vão confluir várias ferramentas tecnológicas, que arrastam consigo outros recursos e outras possibilidades de acesso à informação e à construção de conhecimento. Para isso, a escola está obrigada a mudar alguns conceitos e estratégias e a focar-se no desenvolvimento de competências para a vida. A definição de recurso educativo ou recurso de aprendizagem e a aceção do quadro interativo como um recurso tecnológico, que envolve outros recursos, digitais e multimédia, levou-nos a concluir sobre as potenciais mais-valias deste equipamento. Para além da apresentação da informação, da orientação da atenção e das aprendizagens para o grupo - turma, abre-se a possibilidade de relacionar e organizar conteúdos digitais multimédia, criar conhecimento e desenvolver competências de acordo com os interesses dos públicos em fase de escolarização. Reclama-se um padrão de qualidade nos recursos, avaliados e estruturados em função dos conteúdos, objetivos, desempenhos e currículos de aprendizagem dos aprendentes. Definimos o paradigma digital e as dinâmicas de comunicação e interação proporcionadas pelo quadro interativo. Concluímos que o QIM produz efeitos positivos sobre a participação dos estudantes, evidenciada por um comportamento mais positivo face às tarefas a realizar em sala de aula. Contudo, o papel desta ferramenta e dos recursos utilizados requerem dos professores e dos ambientes educativos novas práticas e modelos de comunicação mais interativos. A informação e o conhecimento tornam-se mais fluidos, diversos e atuais. Fluxos variados de informação em vários suportes e formatos ou pesquisas em tempo real podem ser facilmente incorporados, acedidos e manipulados durante as aulas. A partilha de materiais e recursos retroalimenta uma rede de informação e troca de conhecimentos, amplia a aprendizagem e cria comunidades de prática com as tecnologias. A inclusão do QIM, no contexto do ensino e aprendizagem do Português, promoveu a literacia digital; o desenvolvimento de recursos digitais de aprendizagem; criou ambientes educativos modernos, mais apelativos, criativos e inovadores. Conduziu a uma mudança de práticas, que se querem mais ajustadas às necessidades e expectativas dos estudantes, aos desafios dos novos tempos e aos objetivos de uma educação que reforça o papel e autonomia dos indivíduos no processo de aprendizagem. Por isso, a lógica de projeto ou as dinâmicas de trabalho em projeto devem conduzir a dinâmicas de escola que elevem os comportamentos dos professores para se familiarizarem com a tecnologia, mas também para desenvolverem competências tecnológicas e profissionais coadunadas com contextos educativos atuais. Os resultados disponíveis mostram um quadro predominantemente positivo das possibilidades educativas dos QIM no ensino do Português. O QIM apresenta um conjunto de potencialidades pedagógicas; incentiva ao uso de recursos digitais em vários formatos e com várias finalidades; propicia estratégicas de construção e reconstrução dos percursos de aprendizagem que levam ao desenvolvimento de competências essenciais da língua. Porém, há ainda alguns aspetos que necessitam de ser revistos para tornar os QIM ainda mais eficazes como ferramenta de ensino e aprendizagem em sala de aula. Assim: i. A introdução de recursos digitais de aprendizagem na sala de aula deve ser um processo bem refletido que conduza e valorize a aproximação do professor e dos estudantes, visto que ambos estão perante uma nova realidade de conceitos, representações e formatos que carecem de habilidades, capacidades, comportamentos e literacias próprias; ii. A transformação do ensino, no que respeita a uma aprendizagem mais autónoma e individualizada, não está generalizada com a introdução dos QIM nos contextos de aprendizagem observados. Parece haver um incentivo para abordagens tradicionais centradas no professor e nos conteúdos, uma vez que a aquisição de conhecimentos está também condicionada por um sistema educativo que considera esses conteúdos estritamente necessários para o desempenho de determinadas tarefas; iii. Pelos vários níveis de análise do discurso pedagógico que se institui com os QIM, o tipo que melhor o define é ainda o tipo unidirecional. O discurso interativo, tão badalado pelos modelos comunicacionais modernos e pelos conceitos inerentes às tecnologias interativas, parece ainda não ter sido bem compreendido e explorado nos benefícios que os QIM, os recursos digitais interativos e as tecnologias em geral podem trazer ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem do Português no 3º CEB.

Estimating bottom properties with a vector sensor array during MakaiEx 2005

Nowadays, vector sensors which measure both acoustic pressure and particle velocity begin to be available in underwater acoustic systems, normally configured as vector sensor arrays (VSA). The spatial filtering capabilities of a VSA can be used, with advantage over traditional pressure only hydrophone arrays, for estimating acoustic field directionality as well as arrival times and spectral content, which could open up the possibility for its use in bottom properties' estimation. An additional motivation for this work is to test the possibility of using high frequency probe signals (say above 2 kHz) for reducing size and cost of actual sub bottom profilers and current geoacoustic inversion methods. This work studies the bottom related structure of the VSA acquired signals, regarding the emitted signal waveform, frequency band and source-receiver geometry in order to estimate bottom properties, specially bottom reflection coefficient characteristics. Such a system was used during the Makai 2005 experiment, off Kauai I., Hawai (USA) to receive precoded signals in a broad frequency band from 8 up to 14 kHz. The agreement between the observed and the modelled acoustic data is discussed and preliminary results on the bottom reflection estimation are presented.

Gastronomia Algarvia/Dieta Mediterrânica?

The Mediterranean Diet concept was formulated during the sixties, in association with the food consumption pattern of Mediterranean areas that produced olive oil and shared common health styles. These areas, besides their own cultural and religious differences, share common food habits, such as: - The use of olive oil (supplier of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants); - The abundant use of cereals, mainly under the form of excellent quality bread, flour and pasta (providing fibre and energy); - Large and variegate consumption of fruit (fresh and dried), nuts and vegetables (colourful, rich in fibre, antioxidants and other protective materials); - Abundant use of herbs and spices (rich in antioxidants and other protective materials); - Simple culinary methods, using short cooking times and low temperatures (which enhance the preservation of food nutritional and sensorial characteristics). The Mediterranean Diet reflects a set of characteristics that make it internationally recognized as a health promoter eating pattern, where the relation between monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids is highly advantageous for the former, fibre, vitamins and natural antioxidants intake is high, together with a low consumption of animal protein and salt. The obtained results show contents in protein, lipid and carbohydrates very adequate to the “DRI”; The relation between mono and saturated fatty acids (40:9) should be emphasised, together with the high fibre content. Protective nutrients show remarkable results, with a wide variety of vitamins and minerals, in particular Vitamin A, complex B vitamins, biotin, vit. E, folic acid, iron, manganese and selenium, that are widely recognised as important antioxidants and responsible for the good function of the immune system. In conclusion, tomato soup, consumed traditionally as a poor meal, shows to be a health promoter nutritionally complete recipe.