A Sense of Wonder: Enhancing Access to Folktales through Task and Facet Analysis

Discusses the approach taken in Phase 1 of a three-phase project Folktales, Facets and FRBR [funded by a grant from OCLC/ALISE]. This project works with the special collection of folktales at the Center for Children’s Books (CCB) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the scholars who use this collection. The project aims to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of folktale access through deep understanding of user needs. Phase 1 included facet analysis of the bibliographic records for a sample of 100 folktale books in the CCB, and task analysis of interviews with four CCB-affiliated faculty. Describes the information tasks, information seeking obstacles, and desired features for a discovery and access tool related to folktales for this initial group of scholarly users of folktales.

Dynamically balanced and plausible trajectory planning for human-like characters

International audience

Analysis of N-nitrosames in water using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and development of online and offline methods of extraction and enrichment of neutral polar analytes

Evaluation of the quality of the environment is essential for human wellness as pollutants in trace amounts can cause serious health problem. Nitrosamines are a group of compounds that are considered potential carcinogens and can be found in drinking water (as disinfection byproducts), foods, beverages and cosmetics. To monitor the level of these compounds to minimize daily intakes, fast and reliable analytical techniques are required. As these compounds are relatively highly polar, extraction and enrichment from environmental samples (aqueous) are challenging. Also, the trend of analytical techniques toward the reduction of sample size and minimization of organic solvent use demands new methods of analysis. In light of fulfilling these requirements, a new method of online preconcentration tailored to an electrokinetic chromatography is introduced. In this method, electroosmotic flow (EOF) was suppressed to increase the interaction time between analyte and micellar phase, therefore the only force to mobilize the neutral analytes is the interaction of analyte with moving micelles. In absence of EOF, polarity of applied potential was switched (negative or positive) to force (anionic or cationic) micelles to move toward the detector. To avoid the excessive band broadening due to longer analysis time caused by slow moving micelles, auxiliary pressure was introduced to boost the micelle movement toward the detector using an in house designed and built apparatus. Applying the external auxiliary pressure significantly reduced the analysis times without compromising separation efficiency. Parameters, such as type of surfactants, composition of background electrolyte (BGE), type of capillary, matrix effect, organic modifiers, etc., were evaluated in optimization of the method. The enrichment factors for targeted analytes were impressive, particularly; cationic surfactants were shown to be suitable for analysis of nitrosamines due to their ability to act as hydrogen bond donors. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) also showed remarkable results in term of peak shapes and number of theoretical plates. It was shown that the separation results were best when a high conductivity sample was paired with a BGE of lower conductivity. Using higher surfactant concentrations (up to 200 mM SDS) than usual (50 mM SDS) for micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) improved the sweeping. A new method for micro-extraction and enrichment of highly polar neutral analytes (N-Nitrosamines in particular) based on three-phase drop micro-extraction was introduced and its performance studied. In this method, a new device using some easy-to-find components was fabricated and its operation and application demonstrated. Compared to conventional extraction methods (liquid-liquid extraction), consumption of organic solvents and operation times were significantly lower.

Análisis y simulación de un rectificador trifásico controlado Active Front End (AFE)

Este artículo presenta un resultado de investigación financiado con recursos propios en el que se expone un modelo en espacio de estados de un rectificador trifásico controlado active front end. Utilizando este modelo se deriva una ley de control orientado al voltaje (VOC), enfocado en el comportamiento como carga resistiva, factor de potencia unitario, el cual es probado mediante simulación usando el Toolbox SimPowerSystem en Simulink de Matlab®.

Análise e proposição de estratégias de estimação e controle de velocidade para motores de indução trifásicos

This study presents a proposal of speed servomechanisms without the use of mechanical sensors (sensorless) using induction motors. A comparison is performed and propose techniques for pet rotor speed, analyzing performance in different conditions of speed and load. For the determination of control technique, initially, is performed an analysis of the technical literature of the main control and speed estimation used, with their characteristics and limitations. The proposed technique for servo sensorless speed induction motor uses indirect field-oriented control (IFOC), composed of four controllers of the proportional-integral type (PI): rotor flux controller, speed controller and current controllers in the direct and quadrature shaft. As the main focus of the work is in the speed control loop was implemented in Matlab the recursive least squares algorithm (RLS) for identification of mechanical parameters, such as moment of inertia and friction coefficient. Thus, the speed of outer loop controller gains can be self adjusted to compensate for any changes in the mechanical parameters. For speed estimation techniques are analyzed: MRAS by rotóricos fluxes MRAS by counter EMF, MRAS by instantaneous reactive power, slip, locked loop phase (PLL) and sliding mode. A proposition of estimation in sliding mode based on speed, which is performed a change in rotor flux observer structure is displayed. To evaluate the techniques are performed theoretical analyzes in Matlab simulation environment and experimental platform in electrical machinery drives. The DSP TMS320F28069 was used for experimental implementation of speed estimation techniques and check the performance of the same in a wide speed range, including load insertion. From this analysis is carried out to implement closed-loop control of sensorless speed IFOC structure. The results demonstrated the real possibility of replacing mechanical sensors for estimation techniques proposed and analyzed. Among these, the estimator based on PLL demonstrated the best performance in various conditions, while the technique based on sliding mode has good capacity estimation in steady state and robustness to parametric variations.

The study of histopathological damage in heart and bulbus arteriosus in rainbow trout

This study investigated the pathological changes of heart and bulbus artrius of rainbow trout breeders in several group of ages and density. The aim of study was to consider the process and the intensity of the heart and bulbus arteriosus damages in accordance to gender, age and stocking density of trout in three fish culture center (Zarghezel, Niyak in Haraz Region,Mazandaran and Espiran in Tabriz city environs). In field research, the all records the feed and feeding type, rate of mortality, stocking density of spawners and per spawners fishes, water chemical and physical specification was screened. Stocking density was considered as the most important stressor. 10 fish specimens from 7 weight groups (less than 90g, 90 to 300g, 300 to 500 g, 500 to 1000g, 1 to 3 kg, 3 to 5 kg, over 5 kg), totally 210 specimens were sampled and heart and bulbus arteriosus were taken. Samples were fixed in 10 % formalin and transferred to pathology laboratory of veterinary faculty of Tabriz Azad University. Histopathological slides and H&E staining were prepared from these samples. In total, 47 male and 73 female samples showed cardiovascular injury (29 cases in extensive system, 41 cases in semi intensive system, 50 cases in intensive system). The most important was damages, edema and hyperemia in spongy layer of atrium and ventricle muscles, but degeneration the muscle fibers, moderate edema , minor vascular damage. Hemorrhage as the effect of severs vascular damage, thrombus, sever inflammation, sever degeneration in muscle fiber, necrosis and fibrose were further pathological changed. The results of this study showed that the severity of damage increased by increasing the age (weight) of fishes. This situation was seen in all three culturing system (extensive system, semi intensive system, recirculation system). Histopathological changes is obviously seen in samples over 500g, therefore the damages were found to be important (P<0.05). Pathological effects and its severity in recirculation system was significantly high (P<0.05). Comparison with two other culturing system, histopathological changed in heart and bulbus arterius between male and female was significantly different.

Nuevo método de identificación usando la respuesta escalón para sistemas de fase no mínima de segundo orden

Este artículo presenta un nuevo método de identificación para sistemas de fase no mínima basado en la respuesta escalón. El enfoque propuesto provee un modelo aproximado de segundo orden evitando diseños experimentales complejos. El método propuesto es un algoritmo de identificación cerrado basado en puntos característicos de la respuesta escalón de sistemas de fase no mínima de segundo orden. Él es validado usando diferentes modelos lineales. Ellos tienen respuesta inversa entre 3,5% y 38% de la respuesta en régimen permanente. En simulaciones, ha sido demostrado que resultados satisfactorios pueden ser obtenidos usando el procedimiento de identificación propuesto, donde los parámetros identificados presentan errores relativos medios, menores que los obtenidos mediante el método de Balaguer.

A doorway to Borromean halo nuclei: the Samba configuration

We exploit the possibility of new configurations in three-body halo nuclei, Samba type (the neutron-core form a bound system) as a doorway to Borromean systems. The nuclei Be-12, B-15, N-23 and F-27 are of such nature, in particular N-23 with a half-life of 37.7 s and a halo radius of 6.07 fm is an excellent example of Samba-halo configuration. The fusion below the barrier of the Samba halo nuclei with heavy targets could reveal the so far elusive enhancement and a dominance of one-neutron over two-neutron transfers, in contrast to what was found recently for the Borromean halo nucleus He-6 + U-238.

Counseling Self-Efficacy and the Relational Efficacy Model

Relation-inferred self-efficacy (RISE), a relatively new concept, is defined as a target individual’s beliefs about how an observer, often a relationship partner, perceives the target’s ability to perform certain actions successfully. Along with self-efficacy (i.e., one’s beliefs about his or her own ability) and other-efficacy (i.e., one’s beliefs about his or her partner’s ability), RISE makes up a three part system of interrelated efficacy beliefs known as the relational efficacy model (Lent & Lopez, 2002). Previous research has shown this model to be helpful in understanding how relational dyads, including coach-athlete, advisor-advisee, and romantic partners, contribute to the development of self-efficacy beliefs. The clinical supervision dyad (i.e., supervisor-supervisee), is another context in which relational efficacy beliefs may play an important role. This study investigated the relationship between counseling self-efficacy, RISE, and other-efficacy within the context of clinical supervision. Specifically, it examined whether supervisee perceptions about how their supervisor sees their counseling ability (RISE) related to how supervisees see their own counseling ability (counseling self-efficacy), and what moderates this relationship. The study also sought to discover the degree to which RISE mediated the relationship between supervisor working alliance and counseling self-efficacy. Data were collected from 240 graduate students who were currently enrolled in counseling related fields, working with at least one client, and receiving regular supervision. Results demonstrated that years of experience and RISE predicted counseling self-efficacy and that the relationship between RISE and counseling self-efficacy was, as expected, moderated by other-efficacy. Contrary to expectations, however, counseling experience and level of client difficulty did not moderate the relationship between RISE and counseling self-efficacy. These findings suggest that the relationship between RISE and counseling self-efficacy was stronger when supervisees saw their supervisors as capable therapists. Furthermore, RISE was found to fully mediate the relationship between supervisor working alliance and counseling self-efficacy. Future research directions and implications for training and supervision are discussed.

Voltage and current spectra for matrix power converters

Matrix power converters are used for transforming one alternating-current power supply to another, with different peak voltage and frequency. There are three input lines, with sinusoidally varying voltages which are 120◦ out of phase one from another, and the output is to be delivered as a similar three-phase supply. The matrix converter switches rapidly, to connect each output line in sequence to each of the input lines in an attempt to synthesize the prescribed output voltages. The switching is carried out at high frequency and it is of practical importance to know the frequency spectra of the output voltages and of the input and output currents. We determine in this paper these spectra using a new method, which has significant advantages over the prior default method (a multiple Fourier series technique), leading to a considerably more direct calculation. In particular, the determination of the input current spectrum is feasible here, whereas it would be a significantly more daunting procedure using the prior method instead.

Nonlinear development of matrix-converter instabilities

Matrix converters convert a three-phase alternating-current power supply to a power supply of a different peak voltage and frequency, and are an emerging technology in a wide variety of applications. However, they are susceptible to an instability, whose behaviour is examined herein. The desired “steady-state” mode of operation of the matrix converter becomes unstable in a Hopf bifurcation as the output/input voltage transfer ratio, q, is increased through some threshold value, qc. Through weakly nonlinear analysis and direct numerical simulation of an averaged model, we show that this bifurcation is subcritical for typical parameter values, leading to hysteresis in the transition to the oscillatory state: there may thus be undesirable large-amplitude oscillations in the output voltages even when q is below the linear stability threshold value qc.

Nitrogen removal and sustainability of vertical flow constructed wetlands for small scale wastewater treatment

The challenge for wastewater professionals is to design and operate treatment processes that support human well being and are environmentally sensitive throughout the life-cycle. This research focuses on one technology for small-scale wastewater treatment: the vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), which is herein investigated for the capacity to remove ammonium and nitrate nitrogen from wastewater. Hydraulic regime and presence/absence of vegetation are the basis for a three-phase bench scale experiment to determine oxygen transfer and nitrogen fate in VFCWs. Results show that 90% NH4+-N removal is achieved in aerobic downflow columns, 60% NO3--N removal occurs in anaerobic upflow columns, and 60% removal of total nitrogen can be achieved in downflow-upflow in-series. The experimental results are studied further using a variably saturated flow and reactive transport model, which allows a mechanistic explanation of the fate and transport of oxygen and nitrogen. The model clarifies the mechanisms of oxygen transport and nitrogen consumption, and clarifies the need for readily biodegradable COD for denitrification. A VFCW is then compared to a horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) for life cycle environmental impacts. High areal emissions of greenhouse gases from VFCWs compared to HFCWs are the driver for the study. The assessment shows that because a VFCW is only 25% of the volume of an HFCW designed for the same treatment quality, the VFCW has only 25-30% of HFCW impacts over 12 impact categories and 3 damage categories. Results show that impacts could be reduced by design improvements. Design recommendations are downflow wetlands for nitrification, upflow wetlands for denitrification, series wetlands for total nitrogen removal, hydraulic load of 142 L/m2d, 30 cm downflow wetland depth, 1.0 m upflow wetland depth, recycle, vegetation and medium-grained sand. These improvements will optimize nitrogen removal, minimize gaseous emissions, and reduce wetland material requirements, thus reducing environmental impact without sacrificing wastewater treatment quality.

Perceptions of Character Education in a Seventh-Day Adventist School

Character education has been viewed by many educators as having significant historical, academic, and social value. Many stakeholders in education argue for character development as a curricular experience. While understanding the degree to which character education is of worth to stakeholders of institutions is important, understanding students, teachers, and administrators perspectives from their lived experiences is likewise significant. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a deeper understanding of character education within a Biblical framework environment by examining the lived experiences of students, administrators, and teachers of a Seventh-day Adventist School. Phenomenology describes individuals’ daily experiences of phenomena, the manner in which these experiences are structured, and focuses analysis on the perspectives of the persons having the experience (Moustakas, 1994). ). This inquiry was undertaken to answer the question: What are the perceptions of students, teachers, and an administrator toward character education in a Seventh-day Adventist school setting? Ten participants (seven students and three adults) formed the homogeneous purposive sample, and the major data collection tool was semi-structured interviews (Patton, 1990; Seidman, 2006). Three 90-minute open-ended interviews were conducted with each of the participants. Data analysis included a three-phase process of description, reduction and interpretation. The findings from this study revealed that participants perceived that their involvement in the school’s character education program decreased the tendency to violence, improved their conduct and ethical sensibility, enhanced their ability to engage in decision-making concerning social relationships and their impact on others, brought to their attention the emerging global awareness of moral deficiency, and fostered incremental progress from practice and recognition of vices to their acquisition of virtues. The findings, therefore, provide a model for teaching character education from a Seventh-day Adventist perspective. The model is also relevant for non-Seventh day Adventists who aspire to teach character education as a means to improving social and moral conditions in schools.

Gaining Insight into Teaching: A Phenomenological Exploration of the Lived Experience of the Teachers of the Year

What qualities, skills, and knowledge produce quality teachers? Many stake-holders in education argue that teacher quality should be measured by student achievement. This qualitative study shows that good teachers are multi-dimensional; their effectiveness cannot be represented by students’ test scores alone. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a deeper understanding of quality in teaching by examining the lived experiences of 10 winners or finalists of the Teacher of the Year (ToY) Award. Phenomenology describes individuals’ daily experiences of phenomena, examines how these experiences are structured, and focuses analysis on the perspectives of the persons having the experience (Moustakas, 1994). This inquiry asked two questions: (a) How is teaching experienced by recognized as outstanding Teachers of the Year? and (b) How do ToYs feelings and perceptions about being good teachers provide insight, if any, about concepts such as pedagogical tact, teacher selfhood, and professional dispositions? Ten participants formed the purposive sample; the major data collection tool was semi-structured interviews (Patton, 1990; Seidman, 2006). Sixty to 90-minute interviews were conducted with each participant. Data also included the participants’ ToY application essays. Data analysis included a three-phase process: description, reduction, interpretation. Findings revealed that the ToYs are dedicated, hard-working individuals. They exhibit behaviors, such as working beyond the school day, engaging in lifelong learning, and assisting colleagues to improve their practice. Working as teachers is their life’s compass, guiding and wrapping them into meaningful and purposeful lives. Pedagogical tact, teacher selfhood, and professional dispositions were shown to be relevant, offering important insights into good teaching. Results indicate that for these ToYs, good teaching is experienced by getting through to students using effective and moral means; they are emotionally open, have a sense of the sacred, and they operate from a sense of intentionality. The essence of the ToYs teaching experience was their being properly engaged in their craft, embodying logical, psychological, and moral realms. Findings challenge current teacher effectiveness process-product orthodoxy which makes a causal connection between effective teaching and student test scores, and which assumes that effective teaching arises solely from and because of the actions of the teacher.

LA TEORÍA DE VON THUNEN SOBRE LA INFLUENCIA DE LA DISTANCIA AL MERCADO EN RELACIÓN A LA UTILIZACIÓN DE LA TIERRA. SU APLICACIÓN A COSTA RICA

El problema fundamental de Brasil actual es la colonización, la cual es estudiada por el geógrafo bajo dos puntos: i) las áreas que deben ser pobladas, y ii) el tipo de aprovechamiento de la tierra que debe ser  adoptado…El primero es un problema de geografía física; el otro, de geografía económica y economía rural. Dependiendo la utilización de la tierra, en gran parte, de la distancia al centro de consumo o exportación, el estudio de esa dependencia especial significación para el Brasil. Fue Johan Heinrich von Thunen, en 1826, quien por primera vez estudió el influjo que la distancia del mercado ejerce sobre la economía agraria, en su libro: Der Isolierte Staat. La teoría del Estado aislado admite tres consideraciones: una, cuanto al espacio , pues el estado tiene forma circular y está aislado del mundo por una floresta impenetrable; otra , cuanto a la naturaleza , pues está localizada en una planicie cuyas condiciones físicas son uniformes, y no está atravesada por ningún rio o  canal navegable; otra, finalmente , cuanto a la economía, toda su población se dedica a la agricultura y a la silvicultura del tipo adoptado en la región central de Europa y tiene una un nivel de educación tan alto que dirige sus haciendas de la manera más eficiente y puede cambiar con facilidad de un sistema económico a otro, en conformidad con la conveniencia. El único mercado es una gran ciudad localizada exactamente en el centro del Estado, para  donde son llevados todos los productos del campo, en carros o carreteras, por los caminos. La ciudad, a su vez, ofrece al campo todos los productos industriales necesarios. Así, la producción está distribuida en anillos o fajas concéntricas que, del centro a la periferia, producen primero las mercancías predecibles y, en seguida, sucesivamente, las que son susceptibles de tarifas de transporte cada vez más altas. J. Heinrich von Thunen distinguió seis sistemas agrícolas locales en las diferentes fajas. La faja que se halla más al centro, produce mercancías fácilmente predecibles: verduras, frutas, leche y flores. La explotación es muy intensiva, pues el abono puede ser traído de la ciudad. La segunda faja está destinada a la silvicultura, pues no sólo la leña sino también la madera de construcción son muy voluminosas. En la tercera faja establécese un sistema rotativo de cereales y tubérculos. Los cereales son sembrados en el otoño o en la primavera. Los tubérculos son la remolacha, el nabo, la papa, etc. En este sistema es muy importante el cultivo de plantas forrajeras para el ganado. Utilizarse el abono una vez al año. El sistema es de origen inglés  y se ha sido  introducido en Europa en los comienzos de la era industrial, el siglo pasado. En la cuarta faja utilizarse el sistema rotativo de cultivos y pastos (Fields System). En menos intensivo, ya apareciendo en él los pastos y las tierras incultas. En la quinta faja adoptándose el sistema de tres campos (Three Fields System) que fue en otro tiempo empleado en toda Europa. La sexta faja es aprovechada para la cría de ganado y también para la producción de mantequilla. Más allá de esta faja, sólo la caza y la producción de pieles son económicas. El autor hace, después, consideraciones sobre las modificaciones introducidas en el esquema de von Thuenen por un río navegable y por los medios de comunicación ferroviaria. Al hacer la escrituración de su hacienda durante varios años, von Thuenen llegó a la conclusión de que la localización de la hacienda es el principal factor determinante de su administración. Los puntos que siguen, tornan la doctrina de von Thuenen en algo muy importante para la geografía agrícola. i) von Thuenen expuso y demostró que en dos lugares de condiciones naturales semejantes, el aprovechamiento de la tierra puede ser completamente diverso. Dio así un golpe mortal a la tesis del determinismo geográfico; ii) el principal factor que determina los varios tipos de utilización de la tierra es la distancia existente entre la región productora y consumidora; iii) los sistemas agrarios y los tipos de agricultura son los asuntos más importantes de la geografía agrícola, pues ellos determinan  no solo el aspecto general del paisaje agrícola, sino también su estructura económica y social; iv)  los sistemas de agrícola no están irregularmente distribuidos en tierra , pero su conformación es más o menos circular, que dando las grandes ciudades localizadas en los centros de los círculos. En la segunda parte de su estudio, el autor se ocupa de las fajas económicas de la Meseta Central de Costa Rica según la teoría de von Thunen, basándose en los trabajos de campos hechos por él, en marzo de 1938. Costa Rica aseméjese al Estado aislado sobre todo porque su población  se concentra en la Meseta Central que está rodeada de selva, manteniendo escasas comunicaciones con el exterior. El otro fenómeno que hace a la Meseta Central semejante al Estado aislado de von Thunen, es el alto nivel de educación de sus habitantes, lo que ha permitido el cambio del sistema agrícola dos veces en los últimos cien años. El autor distinguió fajas de sistemas agrarios: a)      Faja de mono cultura del café. Está localizada en las proximidades de las grandes ciudades de la Meseta Central. En ella el café es cultivado intensivamente en pequeñas haciendas, el suelo es abandonado y cuidadosamente labrado. El cafetal está sombrado de árboles, presentado, a veces, el aspecto de floresta. Los granos de café se cogen uno a uno y son llevados para las maquinas de beneficio en carros tirados por bueyes. Ahí el café es trabajado por el método húmedo, esto es, el método empleado en las Indias Occidentales. Esto aumenta mucho la calidad del producto aunque el pueblo atribuye su alta calidad solamente del suelo. b)      Faja del café y de la caña de azúcar. En esta faja son cultivados café, caña, y secundariamente, maíz, mandioca (yuca), piña y se encuentran muchos potreros todos cerrados. La caña es utilizada, principalmente, para la producción de azúcar no refinada, de consumo muy difundido. Hay pocos ingenios grandes de azúcar refinada. Esta faja circunda a la primera por todos los lados, formando una zona oval irregular de 50km de existiendo del S.E al N.O., existiendo también, además, siete pequeñas áreas aisladas de esta faja. c)      Faja del sistema de cultivos y pastos. Las principales zonas de esta faja son: los declives meridionales de los volcanes y el lado oeste de la meseta centro occidental. El paisaje de esta faja asemejase a la región N.O  de Europa, caracterizada por pequeños campos separados por cercas de alambre de púas o por setos vivos altos. En algunas zonas de esta faja está muy desarrollada la producción  de derivados lácteos (en la tierra fría de los volcanes) , en las otras la producción más importante está constituida por los cereales y raíces( parte de la tierra fría ), finalmente hay que señalar la región oeste de la meseta centro occidental . El autor divide después esta faja en: i) áreas que se está especializando la producción de leche, ii) áreas en esa especialización está hecha actualmente con cereales y raíces. Describe y localiza cada una de ellas. d)     Rotación cultivo – floresta. Este es el primitivo sistema de la agricultura nómada. En él son cultivados no solo el maíz  y la habichuela, sino también el banano y la caña de azúcar. Este sistema de cultivo es empleado en los declives escarpados, sobre todo en el valle de Reventazón. e)      Faja de cría de ganado. Esta faja se localiza en los declives del Atlántico (Caribe) y el Pacifico, en la región al norte de los volcanes. El sistema de cría es primitivo y las haciendas son, en gran parte, autosuficientes. En conclusión, el autor declara que, aunque sea un país pequeño, Costa Rica ofrece a la América tropical las siguientes lecciones: No efectuar rotación de tierras, pero sí de cultivos.Establecer pequeñas fincas, que serán confiadas a las familias.Proporcionar a estos pequeños propietarios un nivel de educación tan elevado que les sea posible cambiar con facilidad fe un sistema agrícola a otro; y Adaptar estos sistemas agrícolas no sólo a las condiciones naturales, sino también a las de orden económico, considerando, sobre todo, la distancia existente entre las haciendas y el mercado.