Inovações e desafios na avaliação de alimentos na nutrição de ruminantes

A avaliação de alimentos é um dos principais pontos a serem observados no setor de nutrição animal, a qual diz respeito à utilização de métodos para descrever alimentos ao seu público e à sua capacidade de sustentar diferentes tipos e níveis de desempenho animal. Atualmente, as pesquisas têm buscado relacionar o conteúdo de nutrientes dos alimentos com seu aproveitamento digestivo e metabólico. A nutrição animal é uma ciência bastante dinâmica, sempre lança mão de novas tecnologias e estratégias para melhorar o aproveitamento dos alimentos e busca novas metodologias para respondem às demandas emergenciais.. Dessa forma, o estabelecimento de estratégias apropriadas para obtenção de respostas é essencial para que o sucesso na pesquisa seja atingido. Assim, esta revisão irá abordar e discutir as principais técnicas utilizadas na avaliação de alimentos aplicadas à nutrição de ruminantes.

Alianças estratégicas enquanto formas microorganizacionais em cooperação competitiva: o caso da Rede Universitária de Incubadoras Tecnológicas de Cooperativas Populares - Rede de ITCPs

At present, the network re appear like alternatives of find forms in arrangements inter-organizational that offer his members better opportunities of modernizes technological, insertion in the market, managerial and at the same time permit the exchange of experiences, information and knowledge for fortify and compete of equal for equal, permitting brighten up the harmful effects of the compete wild. A threat that can be minimized by the organization in net and the use of other forms interorganizational and strategic alliances. Therefore the demonstrates the context of the competitive cooperation in network, seeking criteria of analysis of that phenomenon organizational, on the basis of a study of case of the net ITCPs and in the literature researched, aimed with that criterion and indicator for creation of a model of evaluation in the future (Factor Net) that be prominent for the drawing of those forms organizational you maintained, supportive, competitive and cooperative

Mudanças na ultra-estrutura da parede celular de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' tratadas com cloreto de cálcio na pré-colheita

Mangas 'Tommy Atkins' produzidas na região de Ibirá, São Paulo, foram pulverizadas na pré-colheita com cloreto de cálcio, nas concentrações de 0,0%, 2,5% e 5,0%, em três épocas de seu desenvolvimento (40; 60 e 90 dias após a floração) a fim de verificar a influência do cálcio na estrutura da parede celular destes frutos através de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, imediatamente após a colheita e depois de 35 dias de armazenamento. Para fixar o material da polpa, utilizou-se metodologia descrita por Jacob e Gowanlock (1995). Nas condições experimentais, verificou-se que os frutos do tratamento-controle (sem cloreto de cálcio), no dia da colheita, já apresentavam desestruturação da parede celular e dissolução da lamela média (LM). A degradação da parede celular ocorre inicialmente na LM, levando à formação de espaços vazios bastante distintos, apresentando uma dissolução ainda maior, com o armazenamento prolongado (35 dias). Os frutos tratados com cloreto de cálcio a 5,0% apresentaram uma LM bem definida e ausência de espaços vazios, mesmo após o armazenamento, mostrando ser uma concentração efetiva na preservação da lamela média.

Avaliação da potencialidade de argilas de queima clara como matérias-primas para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos cerâmicos

The industries of structural ceramics are among the most important production chains in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The industry and other interest groups to target the replacement of firewood by natural gas. Studies accordingly concluded that simple change does not guarantee products of superior quality, and that the increase in spending on fuel can economically cripple the use of gas for burning the majority of products manufactured by that action. However some proposals of innovations in terms of process and product are being studied in an attempt to justify the use of natural gas in industry, structural ceramics. One of the aspects investigated is the development of ceramic products differentiated, with new designs and greater value added. Inserted in that context, this paper aims to investigate the potential use of clay-firing clear fabrication of the "bricks of apparent joins drought", a new ceramic product with an innovative way. The development of the work was done in three stages. In the initial stage was held the characterization of raw materials, sought information on physical, chemical, mineralogical and mechanical samples. In the second stage five bodies were made using two of the nine ceramic clay characterized the first step. The masses were analyzed and compared with respect to the size distribution, plasticity and technological properties. In the last part of this work was carried out tests on massive bricks manufactured on an industrial scale. The results show that the nine clays can be used in the manufacture of new ceramic products, is the only constituent of mass ceramic or by mixing with other(s) clay(s

Estudo e caracterização de matérias-primas para o desenvolvimento de blocos sílico-calcários

The types of products manufactured calcium silicate blocks are very diversified in its characteristics. They include accessory bricks, blocks, products in dense material, with or without reinforcements of hardware, great units in cellular material, and thermal insulating products. The elements calcium silicate are of great use in the prefabricated construction, being formed for dense masses and hardened by autoclaving. This work has for objective develop formulations that make possible the obtaining of calcium silicate blocks with characteristics that correspond the specifications technical, in the State of the Rio Grande of the North, in finality of obtaining technical viability for use in the civil construction. The work studied the availability raw materials from convenient for the production of calcium silicate blocks, and the effect of variations of the productive process on the developed products. The studied raw materials were: the quartz sand from the city of São Gonçalo do Amarante/RN, and two lime, a hydrated lime and a pure lime from the city of Governador Dix-Sept Rosado/RN. The raw materials collected were submitted a testes to particle size distribution, fluorescence of X rays, diffraction of X rays. Then were produced 8 formulations and made body-of-test by uniaxial pressing at 36 MPa, and cured for 7 hours at about 18 kgf/cm2 pressing and temperature of approximately 180 °C. The cure technological properties evaluated were: lineal shrinkage, apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, modulus of rupture flexural (3 points), resistance compression, phase analysis (XRD) and micromorphological analysis (SEM). From the results presented the technological properties, was possible say that utilization of hydrated lime becomes more viable its utilization in mass limestone silica, for manufacture of calcium silicate blocks

Componentes da produção, produtividade de grãos e características tecnológicas de cultivares de feijão

A utilização de cultivares com elevado potencial produtivo, adaptados ao local de cultivo e de boas características culinárias são de suma importância à cadeia produtiva do feijão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) do grupo comercial carioca, identificando aqueles superiores quanto aos componentes da produção, produtividade de grãos, e às características tecnológicas, na semeadura das águas de 2000. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 15 tratamentos, constituídos pelas cultivares: Carioca, Pérola, IAC-Carioca SH, IAC-Carioca Eté, IAC-Carioca Pyatã, Carioca Precoce, IAC-Carioca Aruã, FT-Bonito, Rudá, Aporé, Princesa, IAPAR 14, IAPAR 80, IAPAR 81 e Porto Real, com quatro repetições. A massa de cem grãos e o número de grãos por vagem são os componentes de maior influência na produtividade de grãos de cultivares de feijão. As cultivares Aporé, Carioca Precoce e Rudá, destacam-se com produtividade de grãos acima de 3.500 kg ha-1. As características tecnológicas dos grãos das cultivares Carioca, IAPAR 80 e IAPAR 81, são maiores.

O papel das subsidiárias e a internacionalização das atividades tecnológicas pelas Empresas Transnacionais (ETNs)

Este estudo se propõe a analisar os mandatos das subsidiárias de empresas transnacionais (ETNs) no estrangeiro por intermédio dos mecanismos de alocação das atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) entre os centros descentralizados de pesquisa. Iniciamos o trabalho com a apresentação de uma síntese das diferentes perspectivas encontradas na literatura econômica sobre a subordinação (ou condicionamentos) da autonomia administrativa e tecnológica das filiais. Tal síntese permite estabelecer uma hierarquia entre as subsidiárias e uma tipologia para evolução (retrocesso) de mandatos construída, principalmente, para as ETNs estruturadas em forma de rede corporativa. A seguir, a partir de pesquisas realizadas sobre as atividades dos laboratórios de P&D da indústria de equipamentos de telecomunicações no Brasil, procuramos mostrar que: a) a descentralização das atividades tecnológicas é um fato que não está restrito apenas aos países centrais; b) as tecnologias de informação permitiram que as subsidiárias no país se integrassem aos laboratórios centrais das ETNs, dando-lhes condições de desenvolver e participar de outras atividades tecnológicas, além das tradicionais funções de adaptação de processo e de produtos.

Biossíntese e recentes avanços na produção de celulose bacteriana

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

As orquestras invadem as salas de estar: redefinição dos padrões e espaços para a escuta musical no Rio de Janeiro (1926-1931)

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a series of technical innovations have been commercially and widespread on some urban groups everyday, in Brazil. Some of these technological innovations have played an important role in large-scale distribution of artistic works, which until then had an extremely limited potential for diffusion. Development of devices that can record and play music has been mechanically inserted into this logic, while the gramophones, phonographs, cylinders and discs became popular. By this time a new moment for production and consumption of music had started. Especially since the begging of electrical system for registration and production of sounds, this process bought important meaning to the way some peoples in Rio would leasing and sense music, besides it had contributed substantially to changes in the spatial references of these individuals

Resposta celular Th1 /Th2 na doença periodontal experimental, em ratos: um estudo imuno-histoquímico

Host response plays a major role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Mediators such as inflammatory cytokines which are secreted during the immune response to bacterial challenges have ambiguous functions that may or may not lead to protection of the attacked tissue. In this context, experimental evidence suggests that T-helper 1 (Th-1) and T-helper 2 (Th-2) mediated responses are potentially important during the disease process. The aims of this study therefore were to further clarify the role played by Th2 cells during different time points of the active phase of periodontal disease, as well as, to investigate whether there was any evidence of a Th1 response in the periodontal disease microenvironment. Experimental periodontitis was induced in 30 Wistar male rats by placing cotton ligatures around the mandibular first molars. The rats were then randomly divided into two groups. Group1 (G1=15) and Group 2 (G2=15). In G1 the ligatures were maintained for 2 days, whereas in G2 the ligatures were left for 15 days, a time point that corresponds to the advanced stage of periodontal disease The contra-lateral teeth served as controls (no ligatures). Immunohistochemical investigation for the presence in gingival tissue of Th2 specific transcription factor (GATA3) and the subunit of the IFN-γ receptor was carried out after the disease induction period. Light microscopy analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of GATA-3 as bone loss progressed. On the other hand, although IFN-γ R1 was detected at an early stage of the active phase of disease its expression remained unaltered during the remaining period of the study. These results indicate that the Th2 response have a protective role during the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and that the progression of the periodontal disease is related with the unbalance of the responses Th1/Th2

Estudo da detecção do DNA do papiloma vírus humano (HPV) e da expressão imuno-histoquímica de proteína do ciclo celular no carcinoma epidermóide oral

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy in oral cavity and human papillomavirus (HPV) may have an important role in its development. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the HPV DNA and viral types in 90 cases of OSCC. Moreover, a comparative analysis between the cases of OSSC with and without HPV DNA was performed by using cell cycle markers p21 and pRb in order to detect a possible correlation of these proteins and HPV infection. DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded tissue and amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with primers PCO3+ e PCO4+ for a fragment of human β-globin gene. After this procedure, PCR for HPV DNA detection was realized using a pair of generic primers GP5+ e GP6+. Immunohistochemical study was performed by streptoavidin-biotin technique and antibodies against p21 and pRb proteins were employed. Eighty-eight cases were positive for human β-globin gene and HPV DNA was found in 26 (29.5%) of then. It could not be detected significant correlation between HPV and age, sex and anatomical sites of the lesion. The most prevalent viral type was HPV 18 (80.8%). Regarding the immunohistochemical analysis, it was detected significant association between HPV presence and pRb immunoexpression (p=0,044), nevertheless, the same was not observed in relation to p21 protein (p =0,416). It can be concluded that the low detection of HPV DNA in OSCC by the present experiment suggests a possible role of the virus in the development and progression in just a subset of this disease

Caracaterização do núcleo pré-geniculado do sagüi (Callithrix jacchus) :projeção retiniana, neuroquímica e atividade celular (expressão de FOS)

In rodents, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) are the main components of the circadian system. The SCN is considerate the site of an endogenous biological clock because can to generate rhythm and to synchronize to the environmental cues (zeitgebers) and IGL has been related as one of the main areas that modulate the action of SCN. Both receive projections of ganglion cells of retina and this projection to SCN is called retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Moreover, the IGL is connected with SCN through of geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). In primates (include humans) was not still demonstrated the presence of a homologous structure to the IGL. It is believed that the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) can be the answer, but nothing it was still proven. Trying to answer that question, the objective of our study is to do a comparative analysis among PGN and IGL through of techniques immunohystochemicals, neural tracers and FOS expression after dark pulses. For this, we used as experimental model a primate of the new world, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Ours results may contribute to the elucidation of this lacuna in the circadian system once that the IGL is responsible for the transmission of nonphotic information to SCN and participate in the integration between photic and nonphotic stimulus to adjust the function of the SCN. In this way to find a same structure in primates represent an important achieve in the understanding of the biological rhythms in those animals

Relação da expressão de fatores de crescimento celular (IGF-1) e (SCF) com fatores prognósticos e o alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (m-TOR) em mastocitomas cutâneos caninos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Digestibilidade aparente de rações contendo levedura íntegra, levedura autolisada e parede celular pela tilápia do Nilo

Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, gross energy, of diets supplemented with spray dried whole yeast (1.0; 2.0 e 3.0%), autolyzed (1.0; 2.0 e 3.0%), yeast cell wall (0.1; 0.2 e 0.3%) plus a additional diet with no yeast and yeast derivatives were evaluated to Nile tilapia. Eighty juveniles (83.0+/-8.5g) were placed in eight 250L aquaria for feeding and four aquaria of the same volume for collecting faecal samples. Both sets were equipped with flow-trough recirculation system provided with mechanical and biological filter. Diets supplemented with whole yeast, autolyzed yeast, and yeast cell wall presented, as mean, superior apparent coefficient digestibility than control. It can be concluded that supplementation of yeast and yeast derivatives improve apparent coefficient digestibility of experimental diets and diets supplemented with estimated level of 2.13-2.36% autolyzed yeast shows better digestibility.

Gel de plaquetas: arcabouço 3D para cultura celular

INTRODUÇÃO: O reparo tissular é o objetivo final da cirurgia. A cultura celular requer arcabouço mecânico que dê suporte ao crescimento celular e difusão dos nutrientes. O uso do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) como um arcabouço 3D possui diversas vantagens: é material biológico, de fácil absorção pós-transplante, rico em fatores de crescimento, em especial PDGF- ββ e TGF-β que estimula síntese de matriz extracelular na cartilagem. OBJETIVO: Desenvolver arcabouço 3D à base de PRP. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Duas formas foram idealizadas: Sphere e Carpet. Condições estéreis foram utilizadas. O gel de plaquetas permaneceu em cultura celular, observado diariamente em microscópio invertido. RESULTADOS: Ambos arcabouços obtiveram sucesso, com aspectos positivos e negativos. DISCUSSÃO: A forma Sphere não aderiu ao plástico. Observou-se retração do gel e investigação ao microscópio dificultada devido às áreas opacas no campo visual. A forma Carpet não aderiu ao plástico e apresentou-se translúcida. O tempo de estudo foi de 20 dias. CONCLUSÕES: A produção de um arcabouço 3D PRP foi um sucesso, e trata-se de uma alternativa que necessita ser mais utilizado e investigado para que se consolide em uma rota eficiente e confiável na tecnologia de engenharia tissular, particularmente em cultura de tecido cartilaginoso.