Análisis multidisciplinar del fenómeno sismo-volcánico de El Hierro (julio 2011)

La erupción volcánica submarina de La Restinga (10 de octubre) ha permitido, por primera vez, poner en marcha el Plan Especial de Protección Civil y Atención de Emergencias por Riesgo Volcánico en la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias. En este proyecto se ha realizado un análisis multidisciplinar de los principales elementos que han estado involucrados en la gestión de la crisis y sus repercusiones sociales, económicas y ambientales. Los resultados indican que, hoy en día, se cuenta con los medios necesarios para realizar la detección temprana y el seguimiento de procesos similares que tengan lugar en el Archipiélago pero, no obstante, sería necesario actualizar el presente Plan PEVOLCA, debido a las deficiencias detectadas. Estas deficiencias, además de afectar a la gestión del fenómeno sismo-volcánico, han provocado que se tomasen medidas de protección civil que han generado grandes repercusiones sociales y económicas en la Isla. Respecto a las consecuencias ambientales en la Reserva Marina de Punta La Restinga-Mar de Las Calmas se prevé una recuperación a corto plazo, siempre que se apliquen las medidas necesarias.

Frequency and characteristics of familial melanoma in Spain: the FAM-GEM-1 Study.

INTRODUCTION Familial history of melanoma is a well-known risk factor for the disease, and 7% melanoma patients were reported to have a family history of melanoma. Data relating to the frequency and clinical and pathological characteristics of both familial and non-familial melanoma in Spain have been published, but these only include patients from specific areas of Spain and do not represent the data for the whole of Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS An observational study conducted by the Spanish Group of Melanoma (GEM) analyzed the family history of patients diagnosed with melanoma between 2011 and 2013 in the dermatology and oncology departments. RESULTS In all, 1047 patients were analyzed, and 69 (6.6%) fulfilled criteria for classical familial melanoma (two or more first-degree relatives diagnosed with melanoma). Taking into account other risk factors for familial melanoma, such as multiple melanoma, pancreatic cancer in the family or second-degree relatives with melanoma, the number of patients fulfilling the criteria increased to 165 (15.8%). Using a univariate analysis, we determined that a Breslow index of less than 1 mm, negative mitosis, multiple melanoma, and a history of sunburns in childhood were more frequent in familial melanoma patients, but a multivariate analysis revealed no differences in any pathological or clinical factor between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Similar to that observed in other countries, familial melanoma accounts for 6.6% of melanoma diagnoses in Spain. Although no differences in the multivariate analysis were found, some better prognosis factors, such as Breslow index, seem more frequent in familial melanoma, which reflect a better early detection marker and/or a different biological behavior.

A role for glutamate transporters in the regulation of insulin secretion.

In the brain, glutamate is an extracellular transmitter that mediates cell-to-cell communication. Prior to synaptic release it is pumped into vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). To inactivate glutamate receptor responses after release, glutamate is taken up into glial cells or neurons by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). In the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, glutamate is proposed to act as an intracellular messenger, regulating insulin secretion from β-cells, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. By immunogold cytochemistry we show that insulin containing secretory granules express VGLUT3. Despite the fact that they have a VGLUT, the levels of glutamate in these granules are low, indicating the presence of a protein that can transport glutamate out of the granules. Surprisingly, in β-cells the glutamate transporter EAAT2 is located, not in the plasma membrane as it is in brain cells, but exclusively in insulin-containing secretory granules, together with VGLUT3. In EAAT2 knock out mice, the content of glutamate in secretory granules is higher than in wild type mice. These data imply a glutamate cycle in which glutamate is carried into the granules by VGLUT3 and carried out by EAAT2. Perturbing this cycle by knocking down EAAT2 expression with a small interfering RNA, or by over-expressing EAAT2 or a VGLUT in insulin granules, significantly reduced the rate of granule exocytosis. Simulations of granule energetics suggest that VGLUT3 and EAAT2 may regulate the pH and membrane potential of the granules and thereby regulate insulin secretion. These data suggest that insulin secretion from β-cells is modulated by the flux of glutamate through the secretory granules.

Modulation of Higher-Order Olfaction Components on Executive Functions in Humans.

The prefrontal (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) appear to be associated with both executive functions and olfaction. However, there is little data relating olfactory processing and executive functions in humans. The present study aimed at exploring the role of olfaction on executive functioning, making a distinction between primary and more cognitive aspects of olfaction. Three executive tasks of similar difficulty were used. One was used to assess hot executive functions (Iowa Gambling Task-IGT), and two as a measure of cold executive functioning (Stroop Colour and Word Test-SCWT and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-WCST). Sixty two healthy participants were included: 31 with normosmia and 31 with hyposmia. Olfactory abilities were assessed using the ''Sniffin' Sticks'' test and the olfactory threshold, odour discrimination and odour identification measures were obtained. All participants were female, aged between 18 and 60. Results showed that participants with hyposmia displayed worse performance in decision making (IGT; Cohen's-d = 0.91) and cognitive flexibility (WCST; Cohen's-d between 0.54 and 0.68) compared to those with normosmia. Multiple regression adjusted by the covariates participants' age and education level showed a positive association between odour identification and the cognitive inhibition response (SCWT-interference; Beta = 0.29; p = .034). The odour discrimination capacity was not a predictor of the cognitive executive performance. Our results suggest that both hot and cold executive functions seem to be associated with higher-order olfactory functioning in humans. These results robustly support the hypothesis that olfaction and executive measures have a common neural substrate in PFC and OFC, and suggest that olfaction might be a reliable cognitive marker in psychiatric and neurologic disorders.

Effect of statin therapy in the outcome of bloodstream infections due to Staphylococcus aureus: a prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION Statins have pleiotropic effects that could influence the prevention and outcome of some infectious diseases. There is no information about their specific effect on Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). METHODS A prospective cohort study including all SAB diagnosed in patients aged ≥18 years admitted to a 950-bed tertiary hospital from March 2008 to January 2011 was performed. The main outcome variable was 14-day mortality, and the secondary outcome variables were 30-day mortality, persistent bacteremia (PB) and presence of severe sepsis or septic shock at diagnosis of SAB. The effect of statin therapy at the onset of SAB was studied by multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analysis, including a propensity score for statin therapy. RESULTS We included 160 episodes. Thirty-three patients (21.3%) were receiving statins at the onset of SAB. 14-day mortality was 21.3%. After adjustment for age, Charlson index, Pitt score, adequate management, and high risk source, statin therapy had a protective effect on 14-day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.66; p = 0.02), and PB (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.27-1.00; p = 0.05) although the effect was not significant on 30-day mortality (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.10-1.23; p = 0.10) or presentation with severe sepsis or septic shock (adjusted OR = 0.89; CI 95%: 0.27-2.94; p = 0.8). An effect on 30-day mortality could neither be demonstrated on Cox analysis (adjusted HR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.19-1.29; p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS Statin treatment in patients with SAB was associated with lower early mortality and PB. Randomized studies are necessary to identify the role of statins in the treatment of patients with SAB.

Perfil de estudos em Administração que utilizaram triangulação metodológica: uma análise dos anais do EnANPAD de 2007 a 2011

Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados de uma pesquisa quantitativa, exploratória e descritiva, na qual se analisaram os dados contidos em 4.544 artigos publicados em cinco anais do Encontro da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (EnANPAD), envolvendo o conceito de triangulação metodológica. Considerando os potenciais benefícios da triangulação para as pesquisas em Ciências Sociais, mais especificamente para a Administração, em contraposição às dificuldades ainda existentes para a condução de pesquisas dessa natureza, bem como a existência de resistências a esse método, no presente trabalho visou-se demonstrar a incidência de trabalhos que utilizaram a triangulação como opção metodológica dentre os artigos que foram publicados nos anais do EnANPAD nos anos de 2007 a 2011 e, como objetivo principal, analisar o perfil metodológico deles. Considera-se que tal perfil possa indicar a forma com que a triangulação tem sido trabalhada no âmbito da Administração, bem como possíveis caminhos para a superação das dificuldades referentes à condução de uma pesquisa que demanda a combinação de métodos de diferentes naturezas. Como principais resultados, tem-se a baixa incidência do uso da triangulação, a significativa formação de parceria entre pesquisadores para sua condução e a significativa combinação de métodos tradicionais de coleta e análise de dados.

Social media and political change: The case of the 2011 revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt

Throughout the past decade, social media have come on the scene of various popular revolts. Their role as tools of information and coordination of social movements, from the Iranian Green Movement in 2009 to the Arab uprisings in 2011, has been widely debated. In most cases, online activism through blogs, Facebook, Twitter or other forms of social media has allowed citizens to be part of a social networking exercise and to engage in a public sphere that would have otherwise been unreachable to them due to severe repression. In Tunisia and Egypt, social media helped protests start and expand thanks to their ability to coordinate and disseminate information quickly. The new information and communication tools were an influential factor in accelerating the revolutionary processes across the Arab world, albeit they cannot be seen as neither the spur nor the drivers of any revolution.

Political Humor as a confrontational tool against the Syrian regime: A study case: Syria, 15th March 2011 – 15th May 2012

The aim of this working paper is to analyze the inclusion of political humor into the set of actions used by opponents to the Syrian regime during the first year of a state-wide uprising in 2011. The research argues that although political humor has traditionally been seen mainly as a concealed voice against dominant elites, it can nevertheless take a confrontational stance and challenge a regime. In this paper we assess the role of political humor in challenging the legitimacy of the Syrian State through the battle for the signification of events. We will work with a theoretical framework that draws its assumptions from social movements’ studies and cultural studies. Through the assessment of the importance of discourse and the role of ideological domination to a regime we will see how the first year of the Syrian uprising included widespread acts of political humor as part of the strategy against the regime.

Companies in Conflict Situations: Advancing the Research Agenda. Seminar proceedings. Barcelona, october 2011

Seminar proceedings about the Seminar “Companies in Confict Situations”, organized by ICIP, with the aim of reflecting on the causes, the dynamics and the consequences of the participation of companies in armed conflicts. Over thirty international experts will be participating in the conferences to analyze the role and responsibilities of companies in connection with the international arms market (especially regarding small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons), the provision of military and security services, and the exploitation of, and trade in, natural resources.

La Sarcoïdosi a Osona: Revisió retrospectiva 1983-2011

Objectius: Determinar l’epidemiologia de la Sarcoïdosi a Osona. I descriure’n les característiques clíniques. Material i mètodes: Identificació i selecció de casos de Sarcoïdosi al nostre centre, entre 1983-2011. Revisió retrospectiva, recollida i anàlisi. Resultats: Incidència 2.12 casos/105habitants/any. n = 55. Predomini femení (69%), edat mitjana 47.8 anys. Clínica més freqüent: simptomatologia general. Patrons radiològics més freqüents: Estadi I-II. Biòpsia transbronquial: tècnica més utilitzada. Retard diagnòstic 5.9 mesos i mortalitat relacionada 7.6%. Conclusions: Incidència superior a la publicada a Catalunya. Predomini femení, amb diagnòstic més tardà que en homes. Presentació clínica predominant: síndrome Löfgren. Notable retard diagnòstic i baixa mortalitat.

Anàlisi dels efectes de l’edat, la generació i el període en el suport a la independència de Catalunya 1991-2011

Aquesta anàlisi es proposa conèixer la naturalesa interna del canvi en el suport a la independència de Catalunya. L’evolució d’aquesta actitud política no ha restat inalterable en les dues darreres dècades i en aquesta recerca volem saber si la edat dels individus, el canvi generacional o el període en què es prenen les observacions tenen la capacitat d’explicar aquestes oscil•lacions i en quina mesura. Immediatament comprovarem que per comprendre bé aquesta actitud hem de tenir en compte una segona que la literatura especialitzada no dubta en relacionar: la identificació nacional subjectiva. Amb aquest objectiu es realitzaran unes aproximacions descriptives i exploratòries i una contrastació estadística a partir de models de regressió multinivell per conèixer com afecten l’edat, la generació i el període al suport a la independència de Catalunya i a la identificació nacional subjectiva.

European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2011.

Background: Mortality figures become available after some years.Materials and methods: Using the World Health Organization mortality and population data, we estimated numbers of deaths in 2011 from all cancers and selected sites for the European Union (EU) and six major countries, by fitting a joinpoint model to 5-year age-specific numbers of deaths. Age-standardized rates were computed using EUROSTAT population estimates.Results: The predicted number of cancer deaths in the EU in 2011 was 1 281 436, with standardized rates of 143/100 000 men and 85/100 000 women. Poland had the highest rates, with smaller falls over recent periods. Declines in mortality for major sites including stomach, colorectum, breast, uterus, prostate and leukemias, plus male lung cancer, will continue until 2011, and a trend reversal or a leveling off is predicted where upward trends were previously observed. Female lung cancer rates are increasing in all major EU countries except the UK, where it is the first cause of cancer death, as now in Poland. The increasing pancreatic cancer trends in women observed up to 2004 have likely leveled off.Conclusions: Despite falls in rates, absolute numbers of cancer deaths are stable in Europe. The gap between Western and former nonmarket economy countries will likely persist.