Antimicrobial peptides and nitric oxide production by neutrophils from periodontitis subjects

Neutrophils play an important role in periodontitis by producing nitric oxide (NO) and antimicrobial peptides, molecules with microbicidal activity via oxygen-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively. It is unknown whether variation in the production of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, human neutrophil peptides (HNP) 1-3, and NO by neutrophils influences the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. We compared the production of these peptides and NO by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophils isolated from healthy subjects and from patients with periodontitis. Peripheral blood neutrophils were cultured with or without Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-LPS (Aa-LPS), Porphyromonas gingivalis-LPS (Pg-LPS) and Escherichia coli-LPS (Ec-LPS). qRT-PCR was used to determine quantities of HNP 1-3 and LL-37 mRNA in neutrophils. Amounts of HNP 1-3 and LL-37 proteins in the cell culture supernatants were also determined by ELISA. In addition, NO levels in neutrophil culture supernatants were quantitated by the Griess reaction. Neutrophils from periodontitis patients cultured with Aa-LPS, Pg-LPS and Ec-LPS expressed higher HNP 1-3 mRNA than neutrophils from healthy subjects. LL-37 mRNA expression was higher in neutrophils from patients stimulated with Aa-LPS. Neutrophils from periodontitis patients produced significantly higher LL-37 protein levels than neutrophils from healthy subjects when stimulated with Pg-LPS and Ec-LPS, but no difference was observed in HNP 1-3 production. Neutrophils from periodontitis patients cultured or not with Pg-LPS and Ec-LPS produced significantly lower NO levels than neutrophils from healthy subjects. The significant differences in the production of LL-37 and NO between neutrophils from healthy and periodontitis subjects indicate that production of these molecules might influence individual susceptibility to important periodontal pathogens.

CHRNA5 polymorphism and susceptibility to lung cancer in a Chinese population

Polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA5 gene have been associated with lung cancer positive susceptibility in European and American populations. In the present hospital-based, case-control study, we determined whether polymorphism in rs503464 of CHRNA5 is associated with lung cancer risk in Chinese individuals. A single nucleotide polymorphism in CHRNA5 rs503464, c.-166T>A (hereafter T>A), was identified using TaqMan-MGB probes with sequencing via PCR in 600 lung cancer cases and 600 healthy individuals. Genotype frequencies for rs503464 (T>A) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the control population. However, genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (P < 0.05), while allele frequencies were not significantly different between groups. Compared to homozygous genotypes (TT or AA), the risk of lung cancer in those with the heterozygous genotype (TA) was significantly lower (OR = 0.611, 95%CI = 0.486-0.768, P = 0.001). Using genotype AA as a reference, the risk of lung cancer for those with genotype TA was increased 1.5 times (OR = 1.496, 95%CI = 1.120-1.997, P = 0.006). However, no difference in risk was observed between T allele carriers and A allele carriers (OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.779-1.073, P = 0.270). Stratification analysis showed that the protective effect of TA was more pronounced in those younger than 60 years, nonsmokers, or those without a family history of cancer, as well as in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in clinical stages III or IV (P < 0.05). Therefore, the heterozygous genotype c.-166T>A at rs503464 of CHRNA5 may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, thus representing a susceptibility allele in Chinese individuals.

Association of MDR1 gene polymorphisms with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Chinese Han population

The multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) is an important candidate gene for influencing susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association ofMDR1 polymorphisms with the risk of HCC in the Chinese Han population. A total of 353 HCC patients and 335 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), created restriction site-PCR (CRS-PCR) and DNA sequencing methods were used to identify MDR1 gene polymorphisms. Two allelic variants (c.335T>C and c.3073A>C) were detected. The CC genotype of the c.335T>C polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of developing HCC compared to the TT genotype (OR = 2.161, 95%CI = 1.350-3.459, χ2 = 10.55, P = 0.0011). The risk of HCC was significantly higher for the CC genotype in the c.3073A>C polymorphism compared to the AA genotype in the studied populations (CCvs AA: OR = 2.575, 95%CI = 1.646-4.028, χ2 = 17.64, P < 0.0001). The C allele of the c.335T>C and c.3073A>C variants may contribute to the risk of HCC (Cvs T of c.335T>C: OR = 1.512, 95%CI = 1.208-1.893, χ2 = 13.07, P = 0.0003, and Cvs A of c.3073A>C: OR = 1.646, 95%CI = 1.322-2.049, χ2 = 20.03, P < 0.0001). The c.335T>C and c.3073A>C polymorphisms of the MDR1 gene were associated with the risk of occurrence of HCC in the Chinese Han population. Further investigations are needed to confirm these results in larger different populations.

Evidence for the involvement of peripheral β-adrenoceptors in delayed liquid gastric emptying induced by dipyrone, 4-aminoantipyrine, and antipyrine in rats

Dipyrone (Dp), 4-aminoantipyrine (AA), and antipyrine (At) delay liquid gastric emptying (GE) in rats. We evaluated adrenergic participation in this phenomenon in a study in male Wistar rats (250-300 g) pretreated subcutaneously with guanethidine (GUA), 100 mg·kg−1·day−1, or vehicle (V) for 2 days before experimental treatments. Other groups of animals were pretreated intravenously (iv) 15 min before treatment with V, prazosin (PRA; 1 mg/kg), yohimbine (YOH; 3 mg/kg), or propranolol (PRO; 4 mg/kg), or with intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of 25 µg PRO or V. The groups were treated iv with saline or with 240 µmol/kg Dp, AA, or At. GE was determined 10 min later by measuring the percentage of gastric retention (%GR) of saline labeled with phenol red 10 min after gavage. %GR (mean±SE, n=8) indicated that GUA abolished the effect of Dp (GUA vs V=31.7±1.6 vs47.1±2.3%) and of At (33.2±2.3 vs 54.7±3.6%) on GE and significantly reduced the effect of AA (48.1±3.2 vs67.2±3.1%). PRA and YOH did not modify the effect of the drugs. %GR (mean±SE, n=8) indicated that iv, but noticv, PRO abolished the effect of Dp (PROvs V=29.1±1.7 vs 46.9±2.7%) and At (30.5±1.7 vs 49±3.2%) and significantly reduced the effect of AA (48.4±2.6 vs 59.5±3.1%). These data suggest activation of peripheral β-adrenoceptors in the delayed GE induced by phenylpyrazolone derivatives.

Association between the c.910A>G genetic variant of the XRCC1 gene and susceptibility to esophageal cancer in the Chinese Han population

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignancy worldwide. The X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 gene (XRCC1) is one of the most important candidate genes for influencing susceptibility to EC. This study aimed to investigate the effect of XRCC1 genetic variants on susceptibility to EC. A total of 383 EC patients (males: 239, females: 144, mean age: 56.62) and 387 cancer-free controls (males: 251, females: 136, mean age: 58.23) were enrolled in this study. The c.910A>G genetic variant of theXRCC1 gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing methods. The allele and genotype frequencies indicated statistical differences between EC patients and cancer-free controls. The c.910A>G genetic variant was statistically associated with increased susceptibility to EC [GGvs AA: odds ratio (OR)=1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.12-2.86, P=0.014; GG vs AG/AA: OR=1.76, 95%CI=1.13-2.75, P=0.013; G vs A: OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.01-1.55, P=0.041]. The allele G and genotype GG could contribute to the increased susceptibility to EC. Our findings suggest that the c.910A>G genetic variant is associated with susceptibility to EC in the Chinese Han population, and might be used as a molecular marker for detecting susceptibility to EC.

Associations between CD36 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to coronary artery heart disease

Associations between polymorphisms of the CD36 gene and susceptibility to coronary artery heart disease (CHD) are not clear. We assessed allele frequencies and genotype distributions of CD36 gene polymorphisms in 112 CHD patients and 129 control patients using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Additionally, we detected CD36 mRNA expression by real-time quantitative PCR, and we quantified plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There were no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05) in allele frequencies of rs1761667 or in genotype distribution and allele frequencies of rs3173798. The genotype distribution of rs1761667 significantly differed between CHD patients and controls (P=0.034), with a significantly higher frequency of the AG genotype in the CHD group compared to the control group (P=0.011). The plasma levels of ox-LDL in patients with the AG genotype were remarkably higher than those with the GG and AA genotypes (P=0.010). In a randomized sample taken from patients in the two groups, the CD36 mRNA expression of the CHD patients was higher than that of the controls. In CHD patients, the CD36 mRNA expression in AG genotype patients was remarkably higher than in those with an AA genotype (P=0.005). After adjusted logistic regression analysis, the AG genotype of rs1761667 was associated with an increased risk of CHD (OR=2.337, 95% CI=1.336-4.087, P=0.003). In conclusion, the rs1761667 polymorphism may be closely associated with developing CHD in the Chongqing Han population of China, and an AG genotype may be a genetic susceptibility factor for CHD.

Effect of selective β-adrenoceptor blockade and surgical resection of the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex on delayed liquid gastric emptying induced by dipyrone, 4-aminoantipyrine, and antipyrine in rats

There is evidence for participation of peripheral β-adrenoceptors in delayed liquid gastric emptying (GE) induced in rats by dipyrone (Dp), 4-aminoantipyrine (AA), and antipyrine (At). The present study aimed to determine whether β-adrenoceptors are involved in delayed GE induced by phenylpyrazole derivatives and the role of the prevertebral sympathetic nervous system in this condition. Male Wistar rats weighing 220-280 g were used in the study. In the first experiment rats were intravenously pretreated with vehicle (V), atenolol 30 mg/kg (ATE, β1-adrenergic antagonist), or butoxamine 25 mg/kg (BUT, β2-adrenergic antagonist). In the second experiment, rats were pretreated with V or SR59230A 2 mg/kg (SRA, β3-adrenergic antagonist). In the third experiment, rats were subjected to surgical resection of the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex or to sham surgery. The groups were intravenously treated with saline (S), 240 µmol/kg Dp, AA, or At, 15 min after pretreatment with the antagonists or V and nine days after surgery. GE was determined 10 min later by measuring the percentage of gastric retention (%GR) of saline labeled with phenol red 10 min after gavage. The %GR (means±SE, n=6) values indicated that BUT abolished the effect of Dp (BUT+Dp vs V+Dp: 35.0%±5.1% vs 56.4%±2.7%) and At (BUT+At vs V+At: 33.5%±4.7% vs 52.9%±2.6%) on GE, and significantly reduced (P<0.05) the effect of AA (BUT+AA vs V+AA: 48.0%±5.0% vs 65.2%±3.8%). ATE, SRA, and sympathectomy did not modify the effects of treatments. These results suggest that β2-adrenoceptor activation occurred in delayed liquid gastric emptying induced by the phenylpyrazole derivatives dipyrone, 4-aminoantipyrine, and antipyrine. Additionally, the released neurotransmitter did not originate in the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex.

Avaliação da toxigênese de c. botulinum em mortadela e presunto

Na presente pesquisa foi realizada uma avaliação do risco de transmissão de botulismo por consumo de mortadela e presunto. Numa primeira fase, 25 amostras de mortadela e presunto cozido, coletadas ao acaso no varejo do município de Campinas - SP, foram analisadas quanto ao pH, atividade de água (Aa), concentração de cloreto de sódio e de nitrito de sódio e umidade. Nesta fase, ainda foram determinados o tempo e a temperatura de estocagem na revenda. Considerando-se isoladamente os fatores que controlam o desenvolvimento do C. botulinum, apenas quatro (16%) amostras de mortadela coletadas no varejo apresentaram valores de atividade de água capazes de irnpedir a oxigênese, ou seja, inferiores a 0,94. Na segunda fase, mortadela e presunto foram preparados em usina experimental e artificialmente contaminados com 10(4) esporos de C botulinum tipos A e B por amostra. A seguir, foram submetidos à estocagem inadequada, à temperatura de 30°C. A formação de toxina botulínica foi observada nas amostras de presunto artificialmente contaminadas, após 12 dias de estocagem à temperatura de 30°C. Nas amostras de mortadela não foi detectada toxina ao fim de 28 dias de estocagem, à mesma temperatura.

Efecto del uso de diferentes aditivos de panificación en la calidad de panes elaborados con harinas compuestas a base de harina de trigo y germen desgrasado de maíz

Dado el alto consumo de productos alimenticios a base de trigo (HT) importado y la producción industrial de subproductos del procesamiento del maíz (HGDM), ricos en fibra dietética, proteínas y minerales, en Venezuela se ha estudado la factibilidad técnica de sustituir parcialmente HT por HGDM en la elaboración de productos horneados como galletas y panes. Por otra parte, considerando las restricciones existentes en el uso del bromato de potasio (BP) como aditivo de panificación y que el ácido ascórbico (AA) ha sido probado exitosamente como aditivo en panes a base de HT, en este estudio se utilizaron los aditivos (BP), (AA), gluten y mezclas de ellos, en la elaboración de panes donde la HT fue sustituida por HGDM a niveles de 10% y 15%. Se encontro que las mezclas de aditivos que originaron los menores pesos específicos fueron las que contenían gluten , seguidas por 75 ppm AA y 25 ppm BP. Se observo el efecto sinergístico de estos dos aditivos, tanto en los panes control como en los que contenían HGDM. Se puede concluir que la calidad panificable y el proceso de envejecimiento en los panes donde se sustituye la HT por HGDM, a niveles de 10%, sigue patrones similares al de los panes de 100% HT, por lo que se podría considerar viable dicha sustitución. A niveles de 15% de sustitución, la presencia de fibra origina algunos cambios en el patrón de comportamiento, por lo que se sugiere el uso de hemicelulasas en las mezclas.

Efeito da adição de solutos e ácidos em poupa de goiaba

Neste trabalho foram comparados os efeitos da adição dos solutos sacarose, glicose, glicerol e açúcar invertido com relação à capacidade de reduzir a atividade de água (Aa) da polpa de goiaba 15ºBrix e dos ácidos fosfórico, cítrico e láctico (percentuais de 0 a 10% em relação à polpa) com relação à capacidade de reduzir o pH e aumentar a acidez desta polpa. Foram comparados os valores de Aa experimentais, teóricos e calculados da polpa de goiaba em função da adição dos solutos. Para o cálculo da Aa teórica utilizou-se o modelo de Norrish e para a determinação da Aa calculada utilizou-se a equação de Ross, conhecendo-se experimentalmente a Aa da polpa original. A acidez total foi determinada pelo método acidimétrico e o pH pelo método potenciométrico. Foram levantadas as curvas de acidez. Observou-se que o glicerol é o maior depressor de Aa do produto, seguido pela glicose, sacarose e açúcar invertido. Para as concentrações de até 1%, os ácidos testados apresentaram comportamento semelhante em relação à redução de pH e aumento da acidez.

Viscosidade de pasta, absorção de água e índice de solubilidade em água dos mingaus desidratados de arroz e soja

Foram estudadas viscosidade de pasta (VP), absorção de água (AA) e índice de solubilidade em água (ISA) dos mingaus desidratados elaborados com arroz e soja em diferentes proporções (100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 e 50:50%), com finalidade de verificar a possibilidade de seus usos em produtos alimentícios. No processo para a obtenção de mingaus desidratados, utilizaram-se as etapas de processo de descascamento dos grãos de soja, branqueamento, desintegração de arroz e soja branqueados, homogeneização e secagem por atomização. Nas determinações, observou-se que houve aumento na temperatura de viscosidade máxima e no ISA, e uma diminuição na viscosidade máxima, na viscosidade mínima em temperatura constante, na viscosidade final no ciclo de resfriamento e na AA com o aumento das proporções de soja. Contudo, os valores numéricos para estas propriedades foram altos, sugerindo a possibilidade de uso dos mesmos como cereais matinais fortificados e alimentos infantis, ou como ingredientes para sua formulação, assim como em produtos cárneos e de panificação.

Identificação e quantificação das antocianinas do fruto do açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea) Mart

Do extrato aquoso, congelado e liofilizado dos frutos do açaizeiro, foram extraídas as antocianinas e após purificação e separação das duas principais frações as mesmas foram identificadas usando métodos químicos, espectroscópicos e CLAE. As antocianinas foram identificadas como cianidina-3- arabinosídeo e cianidina-3-arabinosil-arabinosídeo. O teor de antocianinas totais no caso do fruto do açaizeiro foi determinado e o valor encontrado foi de 263mg/100g casca.

Sucos de laranja industrializados e preparados sólidos para refrescos: estabilidade química e físico-química

O suco de laranja in natura é considerado uma das melhores fontes de vitamina C da dieta. No entanto, o ritmo de vida acelerado da sociedade atual associado à praticidade de preparo e armazenamento tem levado ao aumento do consumo de sucos e refrescos industrializados, porém pouco se conhece sobre a estabilidade destes produtos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a estabilidade de sucos de laranja prontos para o consumo (SPC) e de refrescos elaborados a partir de preparados sólidos (PSR), foram determinados os teores de ácido ascórbico (AA) e de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), a acidez total titulável (ATT) e o pH. O teor de AA dos SPC variou de 17,25mg% a 62,40mg% (p = 0,05). Duas amostras apresentaram teor de AA inferior ao mínimo estabelecido pela legislação. Para os refrescos elaborados a partir dos PSR, o teor de AA variou entre 0,67mg% e 32,00mg% (p = 0,05). O pH e o teor de SST mantiveram-se constantes, enquanto que a ATT apresentou variações durante o armazenamento. Os SPC podem ser considerados como fonte de vitamina C, ao contrário da maioria dos refrescos elaborados a partir dos PSR que não podem ser considerados fontes importantes desta vitamina.

Aplicación de diversos métodos químicos para determinar actividad antioxidante en pulpa de frutos

El Brazil es considerado un de los principales países productores de zumos de frutos, ocupando en concreto la tercera posición respecto a esto. La diversidad de frutos en el mercado es cada vez mayor, introduciéndose diariamente nuevos frutos tropicales cuyas propiedades y actividades no están aún totalmente determinadas. El gobierno brasileño apoya el comercio exterior de frutos, invirtiendo fondos en exposiciones que promueven y sitúan a los nuevos productos en los países de la Unión Europea, tal como la "Brazilian Fruit Festival" que promociona frutos in natura, pulpas congeladas y zumos procesados. Se publican cada vez en mayor número nuevas investigaciones que asocian el consumo de frutas con efectos beneficiosos para la salud humana. Este trabajo tiene por objeto la determinación del índice de fenoles totales (FT), antocianos totales (AT) y la capacidad antioxidante de las pulpas de frutos comerciales congelados, aplicando los métodos espectrofotométrico químicos mas en boga para la determinación de la actividad antioxidante (ABTS, DPPH y DMPD). Se ha determinado la capacidad antioxidante de las pulpas de los frutos tropicales de mayor consumo en el mercado del sur de Brazil (mora, uva, açaí, guayaba, fresa, acerola, piña, mango, graviola, cupuaçu y maracuyá) aplicando el método ABTS con medidas a dos tiempos (1 y 7 minutos), DPPH (30 y 60 minutos) y DMPD (10 minutos). Los valores TEAC (capacidad antioxidante equivalente al Trolox) obtenidos de las pulpas oscilan entre mínimos y máximos de 2,0 y 67,2 µmol/g aplicando el ensayo ABTS, 1,02 y 67,0 µmol/g aplicando DPPH y 4,2 y 46,6 µmol/g aplicando DMPD. La capacidad antioxidante obtenida por los métodos ABTS y DPPH se encuentra correlacionada con el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y antocianos.

Inibição do escurecimento enzimático de banana maçã minimamente processada

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito do ácido ascórbico (AA), do cloreto de cálcio (CC), do cloridrato de L-cisteína (Cis) e EDTA, na prevenção do escurecimento enzimático de banana maçã minimamente processada. Foram utilizadas as combinações: (i) AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 0,5%, (ii) AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1%, (iii) AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% e (iv) EDTA 1%, constituindo quatro tratamentos de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Produtos minimamente processados não tratados quimicamente não foram analisados, considerando-se seu acentuado escurecimento e sua vida de prateleira inferior a 6 h. As bananas foram tratadas com hipoclorito de sódio, fatiadas, imersas nos tratamentos químicos, acondicionadas em embalagens rígidas envoltas com filme PVC 30 µm e armazenadas durante cinco dias a 5+1°C e 85+3% UR. Amostras foram analisadas diariamente, durante os cinco dias de armazenamento. Os tratamentos contendo AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1% e AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% determinaram os maiores valores de acidez titulável e menores de pH. Observaram-se aumentos no valor a* e redução nos valores b* e L* na banana maçã minimamente processada, independente do tratamento químico, durante o armazenamento. O tratamento AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% foi o mais efetivo na prevenção das modificações dos valores a*, b* e L*, associados à coloração das rodelas. Observou-se aumento na atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO) e peroxidase (POD) durante o armazenamento das rodelas de banana, independente do tratamento, à exceção da redução observada na atividade da PPO, nos produtos tratados com EDTA. Os tratamentos contendo EDTA e AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% foram os mais efetivos na contenção do aumento das atividades da PPO e POD, respectivamente.