Internet Geography: New Spaces of Information

The objective of great investments in telecommunication networks is to approach economies and put an end to the asymmetries. The most isolated regions could be the beneficiaries of this new technological investments wave disseminating trough the territories. The new economic scenarios created by globalisation make high capacity backbones and coherent information society polity, two instruments that could change regions fate and launch them in to an economic development context. Technology could bring international projection to services or products and could be the differentiating element between a national and an international economic strategy. So, the networks and its fluxes are becoming two of the most important variables to the economies. Measuring and representing this new informational accessibility, mapping new communities, finding new patterns and localisation models, could be today’s challenge. In the physical and real space, location is defined by two or three geographical co-ordinates. In the network virtual space or in cyberspace, geography seems incapable to define location, because it doesn’t have a good model. Trying to solve the problem and based on geographical theories and concepts, new fields of study came to light. The Internet Geography, Cybergeography or Geography of Cyberspace are only three examples. In this paper and using Internet Geography and informational cartography, it was possible to observe and analyse the spacialisation of the Internet phenomenon trough the distribution of the IP addresses in the Portuguese territory. This work shows the great potential and applicability of this indicator to Internet dissemination and regional development studies. The Portuguese territory is seen in a completely new form: the IP address distribution of Country Code Top Level Domains (.pt) could show new regional hierarchies. The spatial concentration or dispersion of top level domains seems to be a good instrument to reflect the info-structural dynamic and economic development of a territory, especially at regional level.

Internet Geography: Spaces of Innovation

Information Society plays an important role in all kinds of human activity, inducing new forms of economic and social organization and creating knowledge. Over the last twenty years of the 20th century, large investments in telecommunication networks were made to approach economies and put an end to the asymmetries. The most isolated regions were the beneficiaries of this new technological investment’s wave disseminating trough the territories. The new economic scenarios created by globalisation make high capacity backbones and coherent information society polity, two instruments that could change regions fate and launch them in to an economic development context. Technology could bring international projection to services, products and could be the differentiating element between a national and an international economic strategy. So, the networks and its fluxes are becoming two of the most important variables to the economies. Measuring and representing this new informational accessibility, mapping new communities, finding new patterns and localisation models, could be today’s challenge. In the physical/real space, location is defined by two or three geographical co-ordinates. In the network/virtual space or in cyberspace, geography seems incapable to define location, because it doesn’t have a good model. Trying to solve the problem and based on geographical theories and concepts, new fields of study came to light. Internet Geography is one example. In this paper and using Internet Geography and informational cartography, it was possible to observe and analyse the spacialisation of the Internet phenomenon trough the distribution of the IP addresses in the Portuguese territory. This work shows the great potential and applicability of this indicator to regional development studies, and at the same time. The IP address distribution of Country Code Top Level Domains (.pt for Portugal) could show the same economic patterns, reflecting territorial inflexibility or, by opposition, new regional hierarchies. The spatial concentration or dispersion of top level domains seems to be a good instrument to analyse the info-structural dynamic and economic development of a territory, especially at regional level. At the same time it shows that information technologies are essential to innovation and competitive advantage.

Geografia Virtual – A Representação do(s) Lugar(es) Físico(s) no Espaço da Internet

A Geografia tem a ver com o lugar, com a localização, com a sociedade, com o ambiente, com o espaço e com a região. Uma vez que no ciberespaço algumas destas variáveis são difíceis de definir, o campo de pesquisa da geografia virtual terá que ser aprofundado,. Este novo domínio da análise geográfica apresenta-se como uma forma de percepcionar a representação do(s) espaço(s) físico(s) no espaço virtual da Internet. Este artigo pretende mostrar um exemplo de um ‘interface’ de cartografia digital, disponível on-line, que pelas suas características inovadoras representa ‘o estado da arte’ na análise dos espaços reais ou geográficos, no espaço virtual da Internet. A sua escolha prende-se com o facto desta ferramenta utilizar conceitos e fundamentos da Geografia, aos quais foram aplicadas as modernas tecnologias de programação para ambientes da www, como as linguagens VRML, XML, Java e Flash.

Cidades e Internet: Competitividade através da Comunicação

A Internet é provavelmente uma das infraestruturas globais mais importantes. A sua influência estende-se da economia à finança, da sociedade à cultura. Contribuindo para o aumento dos níveis de disseminação da informação, ela torna-se determinante para competitividade territorial. No entanto, esta só existe realmente quando a cadeia de valor dado-informação-conhecimento se repete no tempo e no espaço. Gera-se assim valor, que traduzido em produtividade se materializa num aumento do saber e, por consequência, num desenvolvimento sócio-económico das regiões. As cidades e as regiões definem a geoeconómica global e sua dimensão é sustentada pela influência que detêm no espaço virtual das redes onde se inserem. Esta dinâmica é quantificada de uma forma nem sempre clara, uma vez que a variável que a sustenta, a informação, se torna difícil de quantificar. A localização das variáveis sobre a superfície terrestre está também a tornar-se cada vez mas importante e as tecnologias que permitem a georreferenciação são consideradas como “killer applications” para a competitividade. De facto, o sucesso de muitos negócios está na rapidez da informação e na prontidão do raciocínio. Para as empresas com elevado investimento em inovação e desenvolvimento (I&D), além das variáveis mais tradicionais como a disponibilidade do espaço físico, uma mão-de-obra especializada ou a existência de serviços de apoio, existem outros factores determinantes na escolha de uma localização perfeita do negócio. Por exemplo, uma eficiente rede de telecomunicações. Da mesma forma, para o cidadão, a existência dessa mesma rede pode também ser determinante para a sua actividade social e laboral. Basear a sua “vivência tecnológica” numa rede de fibra óptica será certamente melhor do que numa rede de fio de cobre de baixo débito. Um dos mais aliciantes temas para pesquisa científica é a infraestrutura global da Internet, nomeadamente a localização geográfica de Domínios de Topo (Top Level Domains - TLDs). Este indicador é, certamente, um dos mais importantes para aferir a disseminação da informação e do conhecimento, a difusão da Internet, o nível de maturidade dos modelos de e-Business e e-Government e avaliar níveis de conectividade e competitividade territorial. Assim, os objectivos deste paper são: (i) Analisar a Geografia da Internet na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa; (ii) Observar a correlação entre a demografia, o número de domínios de topo geográficos e o número de empresas; (iii) Analisar o Rácio de Especialização de Registo de Domínios e a Densidade Comunicacional da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa; (iv) Percepcionar como podem ser determinantes para a competitividade dos territórios.

Territórios Globais - Explosão Demográfica e Internet

De acordo com os últimos dados da ONU, a população da terra está a crescer a um ritmo demasiado elevado. Dos cinco mil milhões em 1987, para mais de seis mil milhões em 2007 e, em 2050, mais de 9 mil milhões. Ainda segundo a Agência das Nações Unidas para a População (UNFPA), em 2007 a população urbana já atingia os 50% da população mundial. O acentuado crescimento demográfico far-se-á sentir sobretudo nos continentes Africano e Asiático onde, apenas numa geração, o seu crescimento acumulado duplicará. Isso significa que, daqui a 23 anos nas maiores cidades do mundo, viverão 80% dos habitantes do planeta. O mundo vira-se assim para as cidades, asfixiando-as num insuportável ritmo de crescimento urbano onde, por vezes, várias cidades se juntam numa, tornando-se aglomerações de escala regional. As razões que levam as cidades a um tão elevado crescimento são múltiplas. A sociedade da informação poderá ser um dos factores responsáveis. Se há uns anos se pensava que esta traria uma diminuição da densidade populacional das cidades, devido a factores resultantes de mudanças como o téle-trabalho ou a diminuição do número de deslocações entre o local de trabalho e as periferias, tais pressupostos não se vieram a verificar. A globalização poderia ser outro dos factores explicativos, uma vez que as cidades e as regiões estão a competir por recursos humanos, pela captação de investimento e pela imagem através do marketing territorial. A globalização e a regionalização representam ambos os lados da mesma medalha, reflectindo-se na economia, na cultura e no contexto sócio-político das grandes potências mundiais. Ambas as tendências devem ter, logicamente, expressão na Internet. De facto, além dos domínios de topo associados ao código de cada país (.pt para Portugal, .fr para França. etc.) começa a ser sentida uma enorme necessidade de criar um novo tipo de domínios, quer regionais quer, inclusivamente ao nível das cidades. Estes representariam um conjunto de sub-domínios associados quer a nomes completos, quer a abreviaturas de cidades. Este paper tem assim como objectivos: (i) Observar, para alguns países, o cenário de crescimento demográfico; (ii) Quantificar com base em metodologias de análise da Geografia da Internet, a espacialização territorial do endereçamento IP (Internet Protocol) através do número de hosts por domínios de topo (número de dispositivos on-line); (iii) Questionar a correlação entre deste indicador com a dinâmica demográfica de alguns territórios; (iv) Reflectir sobre as propostas para novas designações de domínios de topo (.eu, .asia, .nyc, .sg, .berlim, etc. ) que representariam comunidades políticas, económicas e/ou culturais de inquestionável relevância.

A Distributed System for the Dissemination of DGPS Data through the Internet

In this paper we describe a low cost distributed system intended to increase the positioning accuracy of outdoor navigation systems based on the Global Positioning System (GPS). Since the accuracy of absolute GPS positioning is insufficient for many outdoor navigation tasks, another GPS based methodology – the Differential GPS (DGPS) – was developed in the nineties. The differential or relative positioning approach is based on the calculation and dissemination of the range errors of the received GPS satellites. GPS/DGPS receivers correlate the broadcasted GPS data with the DGPS corrections, granting users increased accuracy. DGPS data can be disseminated using terrestrial radio beacons, satellites and, more recently, the Internet. Our goal is to provide mobile platforms within our campus with DGPS data for precise outdoor navigation. To achieve this objective, we designed and implemented a three-tier client/server distributed system that, first, establishes Internet links with remote DGPS sources and, then, performs campus-wide dissemination of the obtained data. The Internet links are established between data servers connected to remote DGPS sources and the client, which is the data input module of the campus-wide DGPS data provider. The campus DGPS data provider allows the establishment of both Intranet and wireless links within the campus. This distributed system is expected to provide adequate support for accurate outdoor navigation tasks.

Real Time Internet DGPS Service

The accuracy of the Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements is insufficient for many outdoor navigation tasks. As a result, in the late nineties, a new methodology – the Differential GPS (DGPS) – was developed. The differential approach is based on the calculation and dissemination of the range errors of the GPS satellites received. GPS/DGPS receivers correlate the broadcasted GPS data with the DGPS corrections, granting users increased accuracy. DGPS data can be disseminated using terrestrial radio beacons, satellites and, more recently, the Internet. Our goal is to provide mobile platforms within our campus with DGPS data for precise outdoor navigation. To achieve this objective, we designed and implemented a three-tier client/server distributed system that establishes Internet links with remote DGPS sources and performs campus-wide dissemination of the obtained data. The Internet links are established between data servers connected to remote DGPS sources and the client, which is the data input module of the campus-wide DGPS data provider. The campus DGPS data provider allows the establishment of both Intranet and wireless links within the campus. This distributed system is expected to provide adequate support for accurate (submetric) outdoor navigation tasks.

A rádio na Internet: Do “on air” para o “online”. Estudo de caso do serviço público e o caminho para o futuro

Trabalho de Projecto de Mestrado em Novos Media e Práticas Web

A performatividade dos movimentos sociais contemporâneos: dissertação

Dissertação submetida à Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Teatro - especialização em Teatro e Comunidade.

A importância e utilização da internet como fonte de informação para o enoturista que visita regiões portuguesas

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Marketing Digital, sob orientação de Mestre Maria Antónia Rodrigues Ferreira

A many-core co-processor for embedded parallel computing on FPGA

Single processor architectures are unable to provide the required performance of high performance embedded systems. Parallel processing based on general-purpose processors can achieve these performances with a considerable increase of required resources. However, in many cases, simplified optimized parallel cores can be used instead of general-purpose processors achieving better performance at lower resource utilization. In this paper, we propose a configurable many-core architecture to serve as a co-processor for high-performance embedded computing on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. The architecture consists of an array of configurable simple cores with support for floating-point operations interconnected with a configurable interconnection network. For each core it is possible to configure the size of the internal memory, the supported operations and number of interfacing ports. The architecture was tested in a ZYNQ-7020 FPGA in the execution of several parallel algorithms. The results show that the proposed many-core architecture achieves better performance than that achieved with a parallel generalpurpose processor and that up to 32 floating-point cores can be implemented in a ZYNQ-7020 SoC FPGA.

Mobile device-to-device distributed computing using data sets

The rapidly increasing computing power, available storage and communication capabilities of mobile devices makes it possible to start processing and storing data locally, rather than offloading it to remote servers; allowing scenarios of mobile clouds without infrastructure dependency. We can now aim at connecting neighboring mobile devices, creating a local mobile cloud that provides storage and computing services on local generated data. In this paper, we describe an early overview of a distributed mobile system that allows accessing and processing of data distributed across mobile devices without an external communication infrastructure. Copyright © 2015 ICST.

4Sensing - decentralized processing for participatory sensing data

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática.

Parallel GPU architecture for hyperspectral unmixing based on augmented Lagrangian method

Hyperspectral imaging has become one of the main topics in remote sensing applications, which comprise hundreds of spectral bands at different (almost contiguous) wavelength channels over the same area generating large data volumes comprising several GBs per flight. This high spectral resolution can be used for object detection and for discriminate between different objects based on their spectral characteristics. One of the main problems involved in hyperspectral analysis is the presence of mixed pixels, which arise when the spacial resolution of the sensor is not able to separate spectrally distinct materials. Spectral unmixing is one of the most important task for hyperspectral data exploitation. However, the unmixing algorithms can be computationally very expensive, and even high power consuming, which compromises the use in applications under on-board constraints. In recent years, graphics processing units (GPUs) have evolved into highly parallel and programmable systems. Specifically, several hyperspectral imaging algorithms have shown to be able to benefit from this hardware taking advantage of the extremely high floating-point processing performance, compact size, huge memory bandwidth, and relatively low cost of these units, which make them appealing for onboard data processing. In this paper, we propose a parallel implementation of an augmented Lagragian based method for unsupervised hyperspectral linear unmixing on GPUs using CUDA. The method called simplex identification via split augmented Lagrangian (SISAL) aims to identify the endmembers of a scene, i.e., is able to unmix hyperspectral data sets in which the pure pixel assumption is violated. The efficient implementation of SISAL method presented in this work exploits the GPU architecture at low level, using shared memory and coalesced accesses to memory.

Parallel hyperspectral unmixing method via split augmented lagrangian on GPU

One of the main problems of hyperspectral data analysis is the presence of mixed pixels due to the low spatial resolution of such images. Linear spectral unmixing aims at inferring pure spectral signatures and their fractions at each pixel of the scene. The huge data volumes acquired by hyperspectral sensors put stringent requirements on processing and unmixing methods. This letter proposes an efficient implementation of the method called simplex identification via split augmented Lagrangian (SISAL) which exploits the graphics processing unit (GPU) architecture at low level using Compute Unified Device Architecture. SISAL aims to identify the endmembers of a scene, i.e., is able to unmix hyperspectral data sets in which the pure pixel assumption is violated. The proposed implementation is performed in a pixel-by-pixel fashion using coalesced accesses to memory and exploiting shared memory to store temporary data. Furthermore, the kernels have been optimized to minimize the threads divergence, therefore achieving high GPU occupancy. The experimental results obtained for the simulated and real hyperspectral data sets reveal speedups up to 49 times, which demonstrates that the GPU implementation can significantly accelerate the method's execution over big data sets while maintaining the methods accuracy.