Schul-, Praxis- und habituelles Herrschaftswissen. Bildung ländlicher Eliten mit Blick auf die korporative Selbstverwaltung in der frühmodernen Schweiz (18. und 19. Jahrhundert)

Knowledge taught at schools, everyday skills and practical know-how. The relevancy of formation for local elites and the corporative self-government of Early Modern Switzerland Daniel Schläppi, Bern There were different kinds of rural elites in Early Modern Switzerland. The diverse parts of the country developed in very dissimilar ways politically and economically. Some regions were dominated by traditional types of agriculture. Some territories were ruled by major cities. In some of the rural Cantons like Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Glarus and Zug a political elite took control over generations and practiced a cultural lifestyle comparable to the famous aristocracies in cities like Bern, Basel, Freiburg, Luzern, Solothurn and Zurich. Intense proto-industrialization formed a completely different sort of elite with strong affinities to industry and trade in other regions. Meanwhile the habitants of the valley close-by stayed farmers like their ancestors (like in Appenzell). In the most conservative parts of the country mercenary business played an important role till the very end of the Ancien Regime and even furthermore. In summery the variety of historical circumstances caused heterogeneous elites all over. Such socio-political diversity provoked a variety of educational backgrounds. I an academic understanding of the term we know only little about literacy in local rural elites. But there is strong evidence that a lively culture of reading and story-telling existed. This means that even simple countrymen seem to have been in possession of some books. The organisation and capacity of the school system is subject of controversial discussions among up to date researchers. The state of research makes us suppose that the people designed to political careers learned their essential skills not only in school but also in everyday life or on the job. Based on the fact that every community and countless public corporations managed their affairs by their own it’s evident that the local elite’s key-players had a large repertoire of techniques and skills like writing, calculating, strategic thinking or knowledge of oral tradition, old usage or important rituals. Unfortunately the historical actors left not that many sources that would tell us precisely how knowledge and know-how were transferred in former times. Hardly any private account books or common correspondence have been conserved. But a huge bunch of sources that originate from corporative self-administration shows us that most local elites were well-educated and had the necessary skills anyway. Above all other sources like for instance the «Topographische Beschreibungen» (topographic descriptions) that were initiated by the «Ökonomische Gesellschaft» of Berne since the sixties of the 18th century provide an insight into pre-modern classrooms. More important information on the historical formation-reality can be gained by the autobiography of the famous poor peasant Ulrich Bräker (1735‒1798) or some of the novels by Albert Bitzius (1797‒1854, better known as Jeremias Gotthelf). The pedagogic writings by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746‒1827) and the influences by his mentors Johann Rudolf Tschiffeli (1716‒1780) or Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg (1771‒1884) are quite illustrative as well.

Executive functions in 5- to 8-year olds: Developmental changes and relationship to academic achievement

Pronounced improvements in executive functions (EF) during preschool years have been documented in cross-sectional studies. However, longitudinal evidence on EF development during the transition to school and predictive associations between early EF and later school achievement are still scarce. This study examined developmental changes in EF across three time-points, the predictive value of EF for mathematical, reading and spelling skills and explored children's specific academic attainment as a function of early EF. Participants were 323 children following regular education; 160 children were enrolled in prekindergarten (younger cohort: 69 months) and 163 children in kindergarten (older cohort: 78.4 months) at the first assessment. Various tasks of EF were administered three times with an interval of one year each. Mathematical, reading and spelling skills were measured at the last assessment. Individual background characteristics such as vocabulary, non-verbal intelligence and socioeconomic status were included as control variables. In both cohorts, changes in EF were substantial; improvements in EF, however, were larger in preschoolers than school-aged children. EF assessed in preschool accounted for substantial variability in mathematical, reading and spelling achievement two years later, with low EF being especially associated with significant academic disadvantages in early school years. Given that EF continue to develop from preschool into primary school years and that starting with low EF is associated with lower school achievement, EF may be considered as a marker or risk for academic disabilities.

Corrective experiences in psychotherapy: Definitions, processes, consequences, and research directions

After 5 years of conceptualizing, investigating, and writing about corrective experiences (CEs), we (the authors of this chapter) met to talk about what we learned. In this chapter, we summarize our joint understanding of (a) the definition of CEs; (b) the contexts in which CEs occur; (c) client, therapist, and external factors that facilitate CEs; (d) the consequences of CEs; and (e) ideas for future theoretical, clinical, empirical, and training directions. As will become evident, the authors of this chapter, who represent a range of theoretical orientations, reached consensus on some CE-related topics but encountered controversy and lively debate about other topics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)

Impacts of a word-picture training on literacy skills in elementary school children and youths with intellectual disabilities

Objective: There is convincing evidence that phonological, orthographic and semantic processes influence children’s ability to learn to read and spell words. So far only a few studies investigated the influence of implicit learning in literacy skills. Children are sensitive to the statistics of their learning environment. By frequent reading they acquire implicit knowledge about the frequency of letter patterns in written words, and they use this knowledge during reading and spelling. Additionally, semantic connections facilitate to storing of words in memory. Thus, the aim of the intervention study was to implement a word-picture training which is based on statistical and semantic learning. Furthermore, we aimed at examining the training effects in reading and spelling in comparison to an auditory-visual matching training and a working memory training program. Participants and Methods: One hundred and thirty-two children aged between 8 and 11 years participated in training in three weekly session of 12 minutes over 8 weeks, and completed other assessments of reading, spelling, working memory and intelligence before and after training. Results: Results revealed in general that the word-picture training and the auditory-visual matching training led to substantial gains in reading and spelling performance in comparison to the working-memory training. Although both children with and without learning difficulties profited in their reading and spelling after the word-picture training, the training program led to differential effects for the two groups. After the word-picture training on the one hand, children with learning difficulties profited more in spelling as children without learning difficulties, on the other hand, children without learning difficulties benefit more in word comprehension. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for frequent reading trainings with semantic connections in order to support the acquisition of literacy skills.

The relation between cognitive and motor performance and their relevance for children’s transition to school: A latent variable approach

Both theoretically and empirically there is a continuous interest in understanding the specific relation between cognitive and motor development in childhood. In the present longitudinal study including three measurement points, this relation was targeted. At the beginning of the study, the participating children were 5-6-year-olds. By assessing participants' fine motor skills, their executive functioning, and their non-verbal intelligence, their cross-sectional and cross-lagged interrelations were examined. Additionally, performance in these three areas was used to predict early school achievement (in terms of mathematics, reading, and spelling) at the end of participants' first grade. Correlational analyses and structural equation modeling revealed that fine motor skills, non-verbal intelligence and executive functioning were significantly interrelated. Both fine motor skills and intelligence had significant links to later school achievement. However, when executive functioning was additionally included into the prediction of early academic achievement, fine motor skills and non-verbal intelligence were no longer significantly associated with later school performance suggesting that executive functioning plays an important role for the motor-cognitive performance link.

Male and female routes to success

Much of the recent interest in educational gender differences is based on differences in academic performance. Several studies have shown that young women now out-perform males in terms of school grades and university degrees. But while there is a lot of research into the reasons for this shift, and into gender gaps in reading and maths achievement, little research has been done on the consequences of these differences in educational and early occupational success. - See more at: https://cerp.aqa.org.uk/perspectives/male-and-female-routes-success#sthash.HR8fFTen.dpuf

Performing ‘Readings’: The Interplay of Theatre And Digital Comics In Tezuka

The article investigates the intriguing interplay of digital comics and live-action elements in a detailed performance analysis of TeZukA (2011) by choreographer Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui. This dance theatre production enacts the life story of Osamu Tezuka and some of his famous manga characters, interweaving performers and musicians with large-scale projections of the mangaka’s digitised comics. During the show, the dancers perform different ‘readings’ of the projected manga imagery: e.g. they swipe panels as if using portable touchscreen displays, move synchronously to animated speed lines, and create the illusion of being drawn into the stories depicted on the screen. The main argument is that TeZukA makes visible, demonstrates and reflects upon different ways of delivering, reading and interacting with digital comics. In order to verify this argument, the paper uses ideas developed in comics and theatre studies to draw more specifically on the use of digital comics in this particular performance.

The Spanish translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Powe Fatalism Inventory

Background/significance. The scarcity of reliable and valid Spanish language instruments for health related research has hindered research with the Hispanic population. Research suggests that fatalistic attitudes are related to poor cancer screening behaviors and may be one reason for low participation of Mexican-Americans in cancer screening. This problem is of major concern because Mexican-Americans constitute the largest Hispanic subgroup in the U.S.^ Purpose. The purposes of this study were: (1) To translate the Powe Fatalism Inventory, (PFI) into Spanish, and culturally adapt the instrument to the Mexican-American culture as found along the U.S.-Mexico border and (2) To test the equivalence between the Spanish translated, culturally adapted version of the PFI and the English version of the PFI to include clarity, content validity, reading level and reliability.^ Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional.^ Methods. The Spanish language translation used a translation model which incorporates a cultural adaptation process. The SPFI was administered to 175 bilingual participants residing in a midsize, U.S-Mexico border city. Data analysis included estimation of Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, paired samples t-test comparison and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software, as well as measurement of content validity and reading level of the SPFI. ^ Findings. A reliability estimate using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.81 for the SPFI compared to 0.80 for the PFI in this study. Factor Analysis extracted four factors which explained 59% of the variance. Paired t-test comparison revealed no statistically significant differences between the SPFI and PFI total or individual item scores. Content Validity Index was determined to be 1.0. Reading Level was assessed to be less than a 6th grade reading level. The correlation coefficient between the SPFI and PFI was 0.95.^ Conclusions. This study provided strong psychometric evidence that the Spanish translated, culturally adapted SPFI is an equivalent tool to the English version of the PFI in measuring cancer fatalism. This indicates that the two forms of the instrument can be used interchangeably in a single study to accommodate reading and speaking abilities of respondents. ^

Lengua y Literatura : Disciplina escolar. Hacia una metodología circunstanciada de su enseñanza

La metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura desarrollada y argumentada a lo largo de esta investigación se presenta como un modo de renegociar los encastres de perspectivas de las didácticas de la lengua o la literatura que hoy muestran en la Argentina su historia de entramados y superposiciones de diversos estatutos de saberes. Estas reconfiguraciones, estudiadas en las últimas cuatro décadas, no son ajenas a las coyunturas políticas, ni a los mecanismos de reproducción y producción de la cultura escolar y del sistema educativo, expresados en las particularidades de la disciplina escolar. Por ello, esta metodología se articula en tres fundamentos que no sobreimprimen nuevas prerrogativas didácticas a las reconfiguraciones de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura que actualmente encarnan la disciplina escolar y el sistema educativo en tres de sus niveles [primario, pero con especial atención al secundario e ingresos a la educación superior]. Básicamente, y más allá de sus matices, se trata de reconfiguraciones que develan la reificación de la lectura y la escritura como contenidos de enseñanza en nombre de criterios de utilidad y realidad para los docentes y alumnos. Así, se explica que los efectos de este estado de situación van consolidando un vacío metodológico revelado a través de relatos que permiten recuperar una historia reciente de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura en la Argentina, de los devenires de cada una de sus perspectivas, que, en apariencia, no se cruzarían. Sin embargo, puestos en relación, muestran los hechos en los que esas perspectivas se conjugaron, acaso conjuraron, e iniciaron sus complejas, y, a veces, no tan nítidas, alianzas. No obstante, ninguna perspectiva se impone por completo. Mirados sus efectos desde el trabajo docente, se encuentra un encastre entre el textualismo cognitivista, la psicogénesis y la más reciente perspectiva sociocultural e histórica, que abonan a una argamasa de saberes desestabilizadores de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura como rito de institución. Por el contrario, con sus prerrogativas siempre articuladas en retóricas de "cómo debe ser la mejor enseñanza" de la lengua y la literatura, de la lectura y la escritura, suman categorías, conceptos, recortes de líneas teóricas, investigaciones, por lo general, todos disímiles, para remodelarlos en orientaciones por demás distantes y ajenas a las realizaciones cotidianas del trabajo docente.Los fundamentos aquí planteados, entonces, se circunstancian en los modos en que docentes y alumnos dicen que se realiza la enseña de la lengua y la literatura. Asimismo, se expone que una idea de cambio radical no es pertinente para la comprensión de prácticas/acciones sociales como las educativas institucionales, y que, en realidad, es necesario recuperar en sentido estricto, y de las teorías sociales, la noción de cambio como variación de la reproducción y producción social. Por lo tanto, los postulados desarrollados para una metodología circunstanciada de la enseñanza de la lengua y la literatura están pensados en ese orden de la variación y no del aplastamiento de los sentidos que, histórica y culturalmente, la constituyen e instituyen

La oreja y la pluma. La dedicatoria como huella de la autobiografía

El presente trabajo parte de la caracterización que la crítica ha adjudicado tradicionalmente a la escritura de Lope de Vega como autobiográfica, apelando a conceptos tales como "vida" o "literatura" para explicar determinadas características de su producción poética. Estos conceptos merecen una revisión ya que pueden ser reformulados desde teorías más modernas. Se tratará aquí de proponer una lectura de lo autobiográfico que construya un dialogo entre los criterios tradicionales sobre la obra lopesca y elementos relacionados con la teoría de la autobiografía, a partir de un recorrido por las dedicatorias de Lope de sus propias comedias, por ser éstas espacios de frontera entre la oralidad y la escritura, la autobiografía y las convenciones literarias.

Biblioteca de los orígenes : Lectura y reescritura en el primer Diario (1939-1949) de Lezama Lima

El artículo indaga el modo en que la lectura y la reescritura se presentan en el Primer Diario (1939- 1949) de José Lezama Lima donde se ensayan diversas estrategias de apropiación sobre la tradición, trazo de un linaje y un escritura propios que abonan asimismo la construcción y reivindicación del sujeto de la enunciación

Formas de abandonar un laberinto : Sor Juana y la figura sorjuanina del escritor americano

Tradicionalmente, la figura de sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-1695) ocupa un lugar central en la literatura y la crítica latinoamericanas y -de manera muy especial- mexicanas. Mujer y monja desiguales, poeta e 'inteligencia americana' inigualables, esa figura no ha tardado en construir cierto mito en torno de su obra, como cierta 'clave' que vela o desvela los caminos que conducen al corazón no sólo de su singular literatura sino de su borrascosa historia. Curiosa pero no casualmente, más de una vez la mexicana -en sus poemas así como en sus cartas- ha desalentado esas imágenes e ideas que son, también o principalmente, las de cierta concepción de la escritura y la lectura. En este sentido, el siguiente artículo se propone trazar las coordenadas de dicho problema (el mito sorjuanino y la desmitificación de sor Juana) a fin de deslindar dos aspectos (inseparables) de dicho fenómeno: el que hace a la lectura crítica e incluso a la edición y fijación de sus textos; y el que refiere a la concepción y práctica de la literatura en América Latina en uno de sus momentos inaugurales: el siglo XVII, y a través de una de sus figuras más elusivas: la sorjuanina

Educational orientation regarding vocabulary and literacy access : Evaluating the impact of an intervention program designed to promote early learning at home

El estudio evalúa el impacto de un programa de promoción del desarrollo lingüístico y cognitivo para niños de 5 años implementado según dos modalidades: una que implicó acciones de alfabetización familiar en los hogares de los niños (modalidad intensiva) y otra que incluyó la participación de los niños en las salas de jardín de infantes (modalidad extensiva). La evaluación del impacto se realizó por medio de un diseño pre-test ? post-test. Se tomaron pruebas de vocabulario receptivo (VR), producción de categorías (PC) y escritura a una muestra de 214 niños participantes de la modalidad intensiva, 69 participantes de la modalidad extensiva y un grupo control de no participó del programa (49 niños). Los resultados mostraron que la participación en la modalidad intensiva implicó un mayor incremento en las habilidades infantiles de VR, PC que en la modalidad extensiva. A su vez ambas modalidades experimentales mostraron un mayor incremento en las variables examinadas respecto de las observadas en el grupo control. No se detectaron efectos de la escolaridad de la madre y la asistencia previa al jardín. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones significativas entre todas las variables analizadas y el valor predictivo de los puntajes en VR a principio de año respecto de los puntajes en VR y escritura a fin de año.

Crises of social significances: adolescents and their projects for future work

This is a report on data raised through research, which has already finished, about Identification references in adolescents . Objetives : To analyze and reflect upon the collected data, adolescents' representations about the work field and their projects for future work. To conceptualize about the crises of social significances which produce and order sense and, therefore, organize our perceptions of work through social discourses and practices which have an impact on the subjectivity of adolescents and young adults. Methodology: Brief presentation of the concepts which frame the qualitative research in this area. Reading and analysis of fragments from adolescents' accounts, obtained in focal groups at different state secondary schools. Conclusions: The adolescents researched portray a self-image full of uncertainty and skepticism as regards their future possibilities. The impact produced by the fall of work as an ideal of doing and being is made evident in their accounts. Only some of them link their future project with an invested and valuable activity, even if this is not associated with economic safety and wellbeing. Others present themselves as incapable to modify the state of things, which offers a field connected with consumerist values and with the idea that "you are worth what you have (in material things)".

Las aspiraciones de Silvio Astier : Fama, delito y lectura en El juguete rabioso de Roberto Arlt

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo el estudio de El juguete rabioso de Roberto Arlt, partiendo de la perspectiva de la crítica genética y atendiendo a la importancia que reviste el sistemático análisis de los diferentes tipos de esbozos preparatorios de la novela de Arlt, dados a conocer como adelantos en revista literarias. Estos aspectos desarrollados aquí apuntan a reflexionar sobre las relaciones entre pre-texto y texto como modo de abordaje al estudio de la obra literaria y tienen como principal finalidad advertir las diferentes trasformaciones sufridas por Silvio Astier en distintas etapas de la composición del texto. Se atenderá fundamentalmente a las representaciones vacilantes que introduce Arlt, en relación con la lectura y el universo libresco, como así también las consideraciones en torno a la idea de reconocimiento literario y el lugar del delito