Näkyvyyttä 25 kilometriä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

COMPARAÇÃO E CONSTRUÇÃO DE REATORES DE "MILD" E "HARD ANODISATION" PARA FABRICAÇÃO DE ALUMINA ANÓDICA POROSA

The mild anodization (MA) reactor is exemplified for its operational simplicity and its excellent control over the experimental parameters that are involved in the anodization process. This method provides porous anodic alumina films with a regular cell-arrangement structure. This offers a better cost-benefit ratio than the other equipment configurations that are used to fabricate nanoporous structures (i.e., ion beam lithography). Conversely, the hard anodization (HA) reactor produces oxides at a rate that is 25 to 35 times faster than the MA reactor. The produced oxides also have greater layer thicknesses and interpore distance, and with a uniform nanopore spatial order (> 1000). In contrast to MA reactors, the construction of an HA reactor requires special components to maintain anodisation at a high potential regime. Herein, we describe and compare both reactors from a technical viewpoint.

Design and implementation of a multipurpose reactor for scale-up studies

In the theoretical part, the different polymerisation catalysts are introduced and the phenomena related to mixing in the stirred tank reactor are presented. Also the advantages and challenges related to scale-up are discussed. The aim of the applied part was to design and implement an intermediate-sized reactor useful for scale-up studies. The reactor setting was tested making one batch of Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst. The catalyst preparation with a designed equipment setting succeeded and the catalyst was analysed. The analyses of the catalyst were done, because the properties of the catalyst were compared to the normal properties of Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst. The total titanium content of the catalyst was slightly higher than in normal Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst, but the magnesium and aluminium content of the catalyst were in the normal level. By adjusting the siphonation tube and adding one washing step the titanium content of the catalyst could be decreased. The particle size of the catalyst was small, but the activity was in a normal range. The size of the catalyst particles could be increased by decreasing the stirring speed. During the test run, it was noticed that some improvements for the designed equipment setting could be done. For example more valves for the chemical feed line need to be added to ensure inert conditions during the catalyst preparation. Also nitrogen for the reactor needs to separate from other nitrogen line. With this change the pressure in the reactor can be kept as desired during the catalyst preparation. The proposals for improvements are presented in the applied part. After these improvements are done, the equipment setting is ready for start-up. The computational fluid dynamics model for the designed reactor was provided by cooperation with Lappeenranta University of Technology. The experiments showed that for adequate mixing with one impeller, stirring speed of 600 rpm is needed. The computational fluid dynamics model with two impellers showed that there was no difference in the mixing efficiency if the upper impeller were pumping downwards or upwards.

Instant-kenttäretki Sääksmäen Ritvalan kylään 25.7.2009

Ajankohtaista

Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of adrenaline using a solid-phase reactor containing triiodide ions immobilized in an anion-exchange resin

A flow injection spectrophotometric procedure with on-line solid-phase reactor containing ion triiodide immobilized in an anion-exchange resin is proposed for the determination of adrenaline (epinephrine) in pharmaceutical products. Adrenaline is oxidized by triiodide ion immobilized in an anionic-exchange resin yielding adrenochrome which is transported by the carrier solution and detected at a wavelength of 488 nm. Adrenaline was determined in three pharmaceutical products in the 6.4 x 10-6 to 3.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 concentration range with a detection limit of 4.8 x 10-7 mol L-1. The recovery of this analyte in three samples ranged from 96.0 to 105 %. The analytical frequency was 80 determinations per hour and the RSDs were less than 1 % for adrenaline concentrations of 6.4 x 10-5 and 2.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 (n=10). A paired t-test showed that all results obtained for adrenaline in commercial formulations using the proposed flow injection procedure and a spectrophotometric batch procedure agree at the 95% confidence level.

Direct determination of calcium in milk by atomic absorption spectrometry using flow-injection analysis

A flow-injection system with sample and reagent addition by the synchronous merging zones approach for calcium determination in milk by flame AAS is proposed. Main parameters were optimized using a factorial design with central point. The optimum conditions were 2.5% (m/v) for La concentration, 8 mL min-1 for the carrier flow-rate, 20 cm for coiled reactor and 250 ìL for sample volume. Different sample preparation procedures were evaluated such as dilution in water or acid and microwave-assisted decomposition using concentrated or diluted acids. The optimized flow system was applied to determine Ca in eleven commercial milk samples and two standard reference materials diluted in water. Similar calcium levels were encountered comparing the results obtained by the proposed method (dilution in water) with those obtained using microwave-oven digestion. Results obtained in two standard reference materials were in agreement at 95% confidence level with those certified. Recoveries of spiked samples were in the 93% - 116% range. Relative standard deviation (n = 12) was < 5.4% and the sample throughput was 150 measurements per hour, corresponding to a consumption of 250 µL of sample and 6.25 mg La per determination.

Kinetic modeling of mechanisms of industrially important organic reactions in gas and liquid phase

This dissertation is based on 5 articles which deal with reaction mechanisms of the following selected industrially important organic reactions: 1. dehydrocyclization of n-butylbenzene to produce naphthalene 2. dehydrocyclization of 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutane (MB) to produce 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene 3. esterification of neopentyl glycol (NPG) with different carboxylic acids to produce monoesters 4. skeletal isomerization of 1-pentene to produce 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene The results of initial- and integral-rate experiments of n-butylbenzene dehydrocyclization over selfmade chromia/alumina catalyst were applied when investigating reaction 2. Reaction 2 was performed using commercial chromia/alumina of different acidity, platina on silica and vanadium/calcium/alumina as catalysts. On all catalysts used for the dehydrocyclization, major reactions were fragmentation of MB and 1-(p-tolyl)-2-methylbutenes (MBes), dehydrogenation of MB, double bond transfer, hydrogenation and 1,6-cyclization of MBes. Minor reactions were 1,5-cyclization of MBes and methyl group fragmentation of 1,6- cyclization products. Esterification reactions of NPG were performed using three different carboxylic acids: propionic, isobutyric and 2-ethylhexanoic acid. Commercial heterogeneous gellular (Dowex 50WX2), macroreticular (Amberlyst 15) type resins and homogeneous para-toluene sulfonic acid were used as catalysts. At first NPG reacted with carboxylic acids to form corresponding monoester and water. Then monoester esterified with carboxylic acid to form corresponding diester. In disproportionation reaction two monoester molecules formed NPG and corresponding diester. All these three reactions can attain equilibrium. Concerning esterification, water was removed from the reactor in order to prevent backward reaction. Skeletal isomerization experiments of 1-pentene were performed over HZSM-22 catalyst. Isomerization reactions of three different kind were detected: double bond, cis-trans and skeletal isomerization. Minor side reaction were dimerization and fragmentation. Monomolecular and bimolecular reaction mechanisms for skeletal isomerization explained experimental results almost equally well. Pseudohomogeneous kinetic parameters of reactions 1 and 2 were estimated by usual least squares fitting. Concerning reactions 3 and 4 kinetic parameters were estimated by the leastsquares method, but also the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters were determined using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Finally using MCMC method, the estimation of model parameters and predictions were performed according to the Bayesian paradigm. According to the fitting results suggested reaction mechanisms explained experimental results rather well. When the possible cross-correlation and identifiability of parameters (Reactions 3 and 4) were determined using MCMC method, the parameters identified well, and no pathological cross-correlation could be seen between any parameter pair.

Gutenberg 1899:25

Gutenberg-lehti ilmestyi vuosina 1893-1915. Se oli perustettu ammattilehdeksi ja yhdyssiteeksi Suomen kirjanpainajille sekä äänenkannattajaksi Suomen kirjaltajaliitolle.

Lasten suometar : lisälehti Suomettarelle 25:1857

Lapsille tarkoitettu lisälehti Suometar-sanomalehteen.

Caracterização da virulência de Magnaporthe grisea em cultivares diferenciadoras japonesas e linhas quase-isogênicas das cultivares IAC-25 e de CO-39 de arroz

Foi estudada a virulência de 681 isolados de Magnaporthe grisea provenientes de oito lavouras de arroz de terras altas, quatro da cv. BRS Bonança e quatro da cv. Primavera, localizadas em cinco municípios no Estado de Goiás. Foram avaliados 321 isolados de M. grisea de folha e de panícula obtidos da cv. BRS Bonança e 360 da cv. Primavera. Para diferenciar a virulência dos isolados foram utilizados nove cultivares diferenciadoras japonesas, seis linhagens quase-isogências (NIL's) da cv. IAC-25, cinco linhagens quase-isogênicas da cv. CO-39, e as cultivares Primavera, BRS Bonança, IAC-25 e CO-39. Os isolados de M. grisea provenientes da cv. BRS Bonança foram mais virulentos nas NIL's de IAC-25 do que isolados da cv. Primavera. A maioria das subpopulações de M. grisea provenientes de folhas e panícula, de ambas as cultivares, foram avirulentos à linhagem quase-isogênica CNA-8212. A virulência, em baixa freqüência, foi observada nos isolados de M. grisea provenientes de BRS Bonança aos genes Pi-z t (Toride-1) e de Primavera aos genes Pi-z (Fukunishiki). Uma baixa freqüência de isolados virulentos foram virulentos nas NIL's C101 LAC (Pi-1) e C101 A 51(Pi-2). Considerando as reações compatíveis e incompatíveis das NIL's de IAC-25 à população de M. grisea de BRS Bonança, o dendrograma mostrou um grupo (90% de similaridade), diferindo do parental recorrente. Por outro lado, a população de 'Primavera', com exceção da CNA-8199, formou um grupo (93% de similaridade), incluindo o parental recorrente. Os genes de resistência Pi-z e Pi-z t das cultivares Fukunishiki e Toride-1, respectivamente, os genes Pi-1 e Pi-2 das NIL's de CO-39 e os genes desconhecidos das NIL's IAC-25, que apresentaram maior espectro de resistência às populações estudadas podem ser utilizados no programa de melhoramento, para desenvolvimento de linhas isogênicas de BRS Bonança e Primavera.

Pierrot Lunaire : [äänitystilanneottoja] 23.5.84 : 25.5.84

LP-levyjulkaisun Pierrot Lunaire ([Helsinki] : Sibelius-Akatemia, p 1985, Sibelius-Akatemian julkaisusarja SALP-4) alkuperäisiä äänitysnauhoja, kelat II (kotelossa virheellisesti "kela I") ja IV. Nauhoilta on leikattu pois levylle valitut otot. Mukana ottokohtaiset muistiinpanot.

Academisk afhandling och oeconomisk beskrifning öfwer Kulsiala församling i Tavastehus län, ... : under ... Pehr Adrian Gadds anförande, utgifwen och förswarad af Lars Palander, Gabr. S. Tawast-Finne. I Åbo Academiens öfre lärosal den 25 Junii 1767. På wanlig tid, förr middagen.

Dedicated to: Otto Ernst Boije, Anders Boije, Eric Johan Andersin, Gustaf Lewander.

APROS model validation in case of fast transients in a boiling water reactor

This Master´s thesis investigates the performance of the Olkiluoto 1 and 2 APROS model in case of fast transients. The thesis includes a general description of the Olkiluoto 1 and 2 nuclear power plants and of the most important safety systems. The theoretical background of the APROS code as well as the scope and the content of the Olkiluoto 1 and 2 APROS model are also described. The event sequences of the anticipated operation transients considered in the thesis are presented in detail as they will form the basis for the analysis of the APROS calculation results. The calculated fast operational transient situations comprise loss-of-load cases and two cases related to a inadvertent closure of one main steam isolation valve. As part of the thesis work, the inaccurate initial data values found in the original 1-D reactor core model were corrected. The input data needed for the creation of a more accurate 3-D core model were defined. The analysis of the APROS calculation results showed that while the main results were in good accordance with the measured plant data, also differences were detected. These differences were found to be caused by deficiencies and uncertainties related to the calculation model. According to the results the reactor core and the feedwater systems cause most of the differences between the calculated and measured values. Based on these findings, it will be possible to develop the APROS model further to make it a reliable and accurate tool for the analysis of the operational transients and possible plant modifications.