La construcción histórica de las clasificaciones y jerarquización de la infancia en el proceso de escolarización : Un análisis en la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1880-1952)

Esta investigación tiene por propósito analizar la construcción histórica de la infancia en el proceso de escolarización desde las diferentes formas de clasificación y jerarquización tales como niños "anormales", "débiles", "falsos anormales", "retrasados pedagógicos", "excepcionales", "deficientes". En esta dirección se analizan los cambios en la legislación, y normativa educativa en la provincia de Buenos Aires en el período de 1880 a 1952. Se tomó a la legislación y la prensa educativa como analizadoras de las diferentes conceptualizaciones pedagógicas, atravesadas por las nociones de saber, poder, subjetivación y tecnología. Al mismo tiempo, se analizaran las categorías de norma, normalidad, anormalidad y normalización en relación con el lenguaje jurídico, la política educativa y la política sanitaria escolar. Desde el punto de vista teórico la investigación se inscribe en los estudios sobre gubernamentalidad, los cuales permitieron analizar, por una parte, la construcción histórica de saberes especializados cuyo foco fue la población, (en este caso fue la población infantil) y por otro lado, apuntó a reconstruir las formas de clasificación de las infancias en el proceso de escolarización. De esta manera, se pretendió objetivar las funciones sociales de los discursos cuestionando los saberes que originaron su configuración sirviéndole de cobertura y soporte, o sea, someter a crítica los saberes propios de la racionalidad instituida y dominante que constituyen en gran parte el orden social. Este posicionamiento teórico entiende a la crítica esencialmente por su función de des-sujeción de lo que pudiéramos llamar la "política de la verdad", entonces historizar los diferentes modos de subjetivación, encierra también la posibilidad de objetivación que transforman a los seres humanos en sujetos, o sea la crítica como cuestionamiento de las formas de experiencias que nos constituyen

La construcción histórica de las clasificaciones y jerarquización de la infancia en el proceso de escolarización : Un análisis en la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1880-1952)

Esta investigación tiene por propósito analizar la construcción histórica de la infancia en el proceso de escolarización desde las diferentes formas de clasificación y jerarquización tales como niños "anormales", "débiles", "falsos anormales", "retrasados pedagógicos", "excepcionales", "deficientes". En esta dirección se analizan los cambios en la legislación, y normativa educativa en la provincia de Buenos Aires en el período de 1880 a 1952. Se tomó a la legislación y la prensa educativa como analizadoras de las diferentes conceptualizaciones pedagógicas, atravesadas por las nociones de saber, poder, subjetivación y tecnología. Al mismo tiempo, se analizaran las categorías de norma, normalidad, anormalidad y normalización en relación con el lenguaje jurídico, la política educativa y la política sanitaria escolar. Desde el punto de vista teórico la investigación se inscribe en los estudios sobre gubernamentalidad, los cuales permitieron analizar, por una parte, la construcción histórica de saberes especializados cuyo foco fue la población, (en este caso fue la población infantil) y por otro lado, apuntó a reconstruir las formas de clasificación de las infancias en el proceso de escolarización. De esta manera, se pretendió objetivar las funciones sociales de los discursos cuestionando los saberes que originaron su configuración sirviéndole de cobertura y soporte, o sea, someter a crítica los saberes propios de la racionalidad instituida y dominante que constituyen en gran parte el orden social. Este posicionamiento teórico entiende a la crítica esencialmente por su función de des-sujeción de lo que pudiéramos llamar la "política de la verdad", entonces historizar los diferentes modos de subjetivación, encierra también la posibilidad de objetivación que transforman a los seres humanos en sujetos, o sea la crítica como cuestionamiento de las formas de experiencias que nos constituyen

La construcción histórica de las clasificaciones y jerarquización de la infancia en el proceso de escolarización : Un análisis en la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1880-1952)

Esta investigación tiene por propósito analizar la construcción histórica de la infancia en el proceso de escolarización desde las diferentes formas de clasificación y jerarquización tales como niños "anormales", "débiles", "falsos anormales", "retrasados pedagógicos", "excepcionales", "deficientes". En esta dirección se analizan los cambios en la legislación, y normativa educativa en la provincia de Buenos Aires en el período de 1880 a 1952. Se tomó a la legislación y la prensa educativa como analizadoras de las diferentes conceptualizaciones pedagógicas, atravesadas por las nociones de saber, poder, subjetivación y tecnología. Al mismo tiempo, se analizaran las categorías de norma, normalidad, anormalidad y normalización en relación con el lenguaje jurídico, la política educativa y la política sanitaria escolar. Desde el punto de vista teórico la investigación se inscribe en los estudios sobre gubernamentalidad, los cuales permitieron analizar, por una parte, la construcción histórica de saberes especializados cuyo foco fue la población, (en este caso fue la población infantil) y por otro lado, apuntó a reconstruir las formas de clasificación de las infancias en el proceso de escolarización. De esta manera, se pretendió objetivar las funciones sociales de los discursos cuestionando los saberes que originaron su configuración sirviéndole de cobertura y soporte, o sea, someter a crítica los saberes propios de la racionalidad instituida y dominante que constituyen en gran parte el orden social. Este posicionamiento teórico entiende a la crítica esencialmente por su función de des-sujeción de lo que pudiéramos llamar la "política de la verdad", entonces historizar los diferentes modos de subjetivación, encierra también la posibilidad de objetivación que transforman a los seres humanos en sujetos, o sea la crítica como cuestionamiento de las formas de experiencias que nos constituyen

El Estado legislando, relevando, mapeando. Una etnografía de la implementación del Programa de Relevamiento Territorial de Comunidades Indígenas en Salta (Argentina)

Tomando como punto de partida mi colaboración en la recolección y la sistematización de datos vinculados al relevamiento territorial en distintas comunidades guaraníes del noroeste salteño, en apoyo al Programa de Relevamiento Territorial de Comunidades Indígenas (Re.Te.CI) y en el marco de la Ley de Emergencia en materia de posesión y propiedad comunitaria indígena (Ley 26.160), el presente artículo describe y analiza distintos momentos de la implementación del programa. Fundamentalmente, exploro las formas particulares que el mismo asumió en la provincia de Salta focalizándome en el Departamento General San Martín, siendo esta la región de mayor diversidad étnica de la provincia. Inspirada en la propuesta de Ferguson y Gupta (2002) de pensar al Estado como “una experiencia vivida” utilizo materiales etnográficos de tres comunidades indígenas donde se aplicó el programa de relevamiento territorial y me centro en una de ellas para pensar las formas que adopta la relación entre el Estado y los pueblos indígenas.

Da promessa à realidade: a cidade potiguar do século XIX, a partir do olhar da elite

The purpose of this research is to apprehend the perception that the ruling elite, especially the Presidents of the province of Rio Grande do Norte/Brazil, had about the potiguar city, that is, the urban localities existing in the province along the 19th century. By interweaving political, administrative, socioeconomic and spatial aspects, the study of this perception involves two distinct moments, which are also linked: a moment of apprehension of the city, that is, how the elite seizes, describes and criticizes the city; and, a second moment, which occurs simultaneously or after the first moment, of intervention in the city, in which the elite exposes its vision and projects for the city and for the territory. Rather than describing the potiguar city in itself, the research is an attempt to reveal how it was perceived along this process from a particular standpoint or discourse, official and elitist, which did not correspond necessarily or completely to what it was in reality. We tried to understand, always through the lens of the discourse, how the ruling elite perceived the potiguar city based on what their members thought about other urban realities, particularly of the advanced countries; how, within an integrated vision, this city was characterized in political, administrative, socioeconomic and spatial terms and how it consolidated itself along the period established for the research. Qualitative and historical in nature, this study was also methodologically developed based upon bibliographical and documental research. Given the fact that this research works with descriptions, comparisons and interpretations, it was necessary to make use of tools such as the discourse analysis in order to apprehend, as much as possible, what lay behind the words of the elite. The primary sources used were essentially the official documents produced by the Presidents of the province, as well as other documents written by top government officials and other members of the administration staff, all of them composing the so-called ruling elite of Rio Grande do Norte. Secondary sources were books and other publications, theses and dissertations, among others. The research made possible the identification of a certain perception of the potiguar city in the 19th century, which is certainly limited because it is grounded on a specific discourse - that of the political and administrative elite, but which, in spite of such a limitation, is still useful to understand the city and its evolution along the period established, among other noteworthy remarks

Main causes of death in Dande, Angola: results from verbal autopsies of deaths occurring during 2009–2012

bACKGROUND - The Dande Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) located in Bengo province, Angola, covers nearly 65,500 residents living in approximately 19,800 households. This study aims to describe the main causes of deaths (CoD) occurred within the HDSS, from 2009 to 2012, and to explore associations between demographic or socioeconomic factors and broad mortality groups (Group I-Communicable diseases, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions; Group II-Non-communicable diseases; Group III-Injuries; IND-Indeterminate). Methods - Verbal Autopsies (VA) were performed after death identification during routine HDSS visits. Associations between broad groups of CoD and sex, age, education, socioeconomic position, place of residence and place of death, were explored using chi-square tests and fitting logistic regression models. Results - From a total of 1488 deaths registered, 1009 verbal autopsies were performed and 798 of these were assigned a CoD based on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Mortality was led by CD (61.0%), followed by IND (18.3%), NCD (11.6%) and INJ (9.1%). Intestinal infectious diseases, malnutrition and acute respiratory infections were the main contributors to under-five mortality (44.2%). Malaria was the most common CoD among children under 15 years old (38.6%). Tuberculosis, traffic accidents and malaria led the CoD among adults aged 15–49 (13.5%, 10.5 % and 8.0% respectively). Among adults aged 50 or more, diseases of the circulatory system (23.2%) were the major CoD, followed by tuberculosis (8.2%) and malaria (7.7%). CD were more frequent CoD among less educated people (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval for none vs. 5 or more years of school: 1.68, 1.04–2.72). Conclusion - Infectious diseases were the leading CoD in this region. Verbal autopsies proved useful to identify the main CoD, being an important tool in settings where vital statistics are scarce and death registration systems have limitations.

Inteligência coopetitiva setorial: uma proposta de modelo

The business environment context points at the necessity of new forms of management for the sustainable competitiveness of organizations through time. Coopetition is characterized as an alternative in the interaction of different actors, which compete and cooperate simultaneously, in the pursuit of common goals. This dual relation, within a gain-increasing perspective, converts competitors into partners and fosters competitiveness, especially that of organizations within a specific sector. The field of competitive intelligence has, in its turn, assisted organizations, individually, in the systematization of information valuable to decision-making processes, which benefits competitiveness. It follows that it is possible to combine coopetition and competitive intelligence in a systematized process of sectorial intelligence for coopetitive relations. The general aim of this study is, therefore, to put forth a model of sectorial coopetitive intelligence. The methodological outlining of the study is characterized as a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative methods), of an applied nature, of exploratory and descriptive aims. The Coordination of the Strategic Roadmapping Project for the Future of Paraná's Industry is the selected object of investigation. Protocols have been designed to collect primary and secondary data. In the collection of the primary ata, online questionary were sent to the sectors selected for examination. A total of 149 answers to the online questionary were obtained, and interviews were performed with all embers of the technical team of the Coordination, in a total of five interviewees. After the collection, all the data were tabulated, analyzed and validated by means of focal groups with the same five members of the Coordination technical team, and interviews were performed with a representative of each of the four sectors selected, in a total of nine participants in the validation. The results allowed the systematization of a sectorial coopetitive intelligence model called ICoops. This model is characterized by five stages, namely, planning, collection, nalysis, project development, dissemination and evaluation. Each stage is detailed in inputs, activities and outputs. The results suggest that sectorial coopetition is motivated mainly by knowledge sharing, technological development, investment in R&D, innovation, chain integration and resource complementation. The importance of a neutral institution has been recognized as a facilitator and incentive to the approximation of organizations. Among the main difficulties are the financing of the projects, the adhesion of new members, the lack of tools for the analysis of information and the dissemination of the actions.

Mapping freshwater snails in Angola: distribution, identity and molecular diversity of medically important taxa

Introduction - This study was designed to determine the presence and identity of potential intermediate snail hosts of schistosomiasis in Bengo, Luanda, Kwanza Norte and Malanje Provinces in NW Angola. This is an area where infection with Schistosoma haematobium, causing urogenital schistosomiasis, is common but little is known about transmission of the disease. Angola has had a varied past with regards to disease control and is revitalising efforts to combat Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Dos caminhos de água aos caminhos de ferro: a construção da hegemonia de Natal através das vias de transporte (1820-1920)

At a time of changes on the territory during the 19th century, the political and socioeconomic elites of the province and later State of Rio Grande do Norte evolved a discourse in order to justify the permanence of Natal as a city holding a status of capital. In this work we analyze the means employed by the ruling classes to impose their wish to raise Natal to an outstanding position among the existing cities by intervening on the territory during a period of one hundred years (1820-1920). During that time, which was characterized by changing commercial flows and technological development, the elites interventions were essentially directed to the implementation of modes of transportation, especially the railway. We try to understand the reinforcement of Natal as a capital city not only in political and administrative terms, but mainly in a commercial and symbolic manner, through the discourse and interventions undertaken by the local administrative elites, who stimulated the creation of a set of relations on the territory that also imprinted visible marks in the capital s urban fabric. These interventions were based upon the establishment of an infrastructure for exporting the State s production, firstly through and despite the Potengi River, and later on by the construction of railways. Although the project of Natal s hegemony had been outlined before the establishment of the railway network, in both cases the ultimate objective was to reinforce and develop the capital city as a commercial urban center to the detriment of other cities

Fisheries co-management : ecological and social impacts. A case study of Northern Mozambique

Co-management, or participative management of fisheries, consists of returning or opening to the community the management of fisheries. This work, carried out in northern Mozambique, analyzed the ecological and social impacts of the implementation of co-management of fisheries. Firstly 198 species of fish were found and photographed and a guide to identification of species - essential to who works in the marine environment – was produced. Following, the spill-over effect was identified in a marine sanctuary. It occurred after 6 years and only for herbivore fishes and not to the carnivores. In order to evaluate co–management of fisheries effects, the captures of the entire province were analyzed. No differences were found in the diversity of the species caught, but an increase of the fish size was detected: this size was smaller in the fishing centers with no CCP (Community Fishing Councils), slightly bigger in the fishing centers with CCP and even bigger in the fishing centers with a more efficient management. At the same time it was observed that the size of the fish caught is bigger in the fishing centers further away from the markets. In addition to the ecological effects and the effects on fisheries, it was also analyzed the point of view of those who live the co-management. The socioeconomic factors that have a stronger influence in their perceptions are the age and the wealth. Finally and according to the CCP members, their main achievements are in the fisheries inspection and in the creation of conservation areas. Their main difficulties are the lack of means of transportation and the lack of recognition of the CCP's authority; both among the population and in the coordination with local authorities. This thesis pioneered in Mozambique in assessing the effects of Community sanctuaries and the effects of CCP on fisheries as well as by revealing the profile of the supporters of co-management and marine sanctuaries. Finally, an assessment of the matter of fact problems that the communities have to face when implementing co-management was also made.

Desigualdade de rendimento no Alentejo do Antigo Regime: Arraiolos, Avis e Portalegre (1690-1725)

A desigualdade era um dos elementos estruturantes da sociedade do Antigo Regime. Partindo desta ideia central, propõe-se neste trabalho determinar a desigualdade de rendimento dos contribuintes dos concelhos de Arraiolos, de Avis e de Portalegre, todos na província do Alentejo, integrando-os na problemática da variabilidade de rendimento das sociedades europeias pré-industriais. As fontes nucleares para este trabalho são os registos de pagamento do imposto da décima, contribuição direta e universal talhada para fazer face às despesas da Guerra da Restauração e que perdurou até ao final do Antigo Regime, sendo profundamente alterado durante a monarquia constitucional. Incidindo sobre diversos tipos de rendimento, consubstancia uma fonte de grande importância para o estudo da economia pré-industrial.

A inserção da educação ambiental não formal no processo de implantação de saneamento ambiental na comunidade rural Colonia Mergulhão, São José dos Pinhais - PR

One of the biggest environmental problems of the population is the lack of sewage treatment, especially in rural communities and low-income. The development of technologies for efficient, low-cost sanitation need to be developed to meet the disadvantaged people of this basic service. This work was the implementation proposal of a technology called constructed wetlands, also known as Wastewater Treatment Plant for Roots Zone - ETEZR. The objective was to develop a non- formal environmental education proposal for redevelopment, using outreach methods for residents and deployment of this technology ETEZR in the rural community of Cologne Grebe in Sao Jose dos Pinhais - PR. With technical support from the Paranaense Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Institute -EMATER and the Federal Technological University of Paraná - UTFPR, 5 ETEZR were deployed in the colony through three theoretical and practical workshops, which involved total 67 people from the community 5 technicians EMATER and 13 of the Municipal Town Hall. Após4 months of implementation were carried out two collections of raw wastewater and treated to analyze physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results evaluated by chemical parameters BOD, COD, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen comparing raw and treated sewage, demonstrate that ETEZR are effective in the treatment of sewage. 5 Seasons minimum and maximum efficiency between the basic parameters analyzed were 52.2 to 95.5% for BOD; 47 to 94.5% for COD; 21.5 to 96% phosphorus; 30-98% for ammonia nitrogen. Oils and greases, and a series of solid also achieved a significant reduction in their values when comparing the raw sewage and treated sewage, and biological parameters evaluated by means of coliforms showed a reduction of 80 to 99%. With the implementation of environmental education process aimed sanitation was possible to evaluate the perception of the population to accept the environmental sanitation technology using the ETEZR, understand the needs and sanitation concepts for the community. This research evaluated the development of the methodology applied by the non-formal environmental education in order to provide subsidies for rural sanitation plan process for the municipality.

Consequences of intercultural practices in Miguel Sousa Tavares' Equator

This article involves the analysis of a case-study, so I have chosen Equador by the Portuguese author Miguel Sousa Tavares. His book recreates the story of Sao Tome and Principe's people living under strict circumstances, while belonging to the Portuguese empire as one of its overseas' province. The forthcoming lines contain an approach to interculturality by analyzing these concrete circumstances. These lines also describe and study the differences between cultures - the Portuguese, as a European culture, and the Equatorial, as a colonized people's culture. The theme is old, but always relevant: the clash of value systems and the impossibility of forcibly overlaying one society on another. Slavery has existed as a common practice in most civilizations throughout history, based upon the superiority of a human being towards another. In socially hierarchized communities slavery was a major principle, almost a need. That way, some would benefit from exuberating privileges but many others only from hard working and giving their freedom up to be mistreated instead. In order to have a socially structured community, they were to be seriously and consciously neglected.

Biomonitoramento da comunidade de macroinvertebrados de um reservatório de abastecimento público no sul do Brasil

The faunal inventory of the macroinvertebrate community is important to the environmental assessment, since this biota is sensitive to human disturbance. The reservoir of Rio Verde, located on the first plateau of Paraná, is inserted into an agricultural region with several forest fragments Araucaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental integrity of the reservoir through ecological indexes of macroinvertebrate community benthic and associated with macrophytes. Five sampling points were defined in the study area, which comprise distinct microhabitats in the basin. There were four sampling campaigns, each by weather station: Spring (2014); Summer (2015); Autumn (2015) and Winter (2015). In each sample were measured abiotic various parameters in the field and be collected water samples for nutrient analysis in the laboratory. The macroinvertebrates were collected in triplicate at adapted Macan method using mesh sieve 1 mm and CPUE (catch per unit effort) for 20 minutes. In order to pellet sample was used a dredger model Petersen 2L. Still in the field, by season, samples were collected from macrophytes Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell) Verdc. and Potamogeton montevidensis A. Benn. in triplicates in the fluvial region of the reservoir, to analyze the associated fractal dimension and macrofauna. For this we used a PVC sampler specific volume 0.025 m3. the following ecological descriptors were calculated in each case: abundance, wealth tax, wealth Margalef, Shannon-Wiener diversity, evenness evenness through the Past software. The index Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) for monitoring sampling points was also calculated. Regarding the statistical analysis, we used the analysis of PERMANOVA to compare points and seasons and canonical correspondence analysis (CCoA) for variables. Regarding M. aquaticum and P. montevidensis it was not verified difference to the average associated macroinvertebrates. However there was a difference for abundance of organisms in the fractal dimension and biomass of specimens. M. aquaticum is more complex and took more macrofauna in relation to P. montevidensis. Regarding the monitoring of the reservoir, it showed up mesotrophic with moderate nutrient concentrations and within the regulatory limits. Benthic macrofauna showed statistical differences in relation to the reservoir region, sample point and temporal variation. The BMWP index showed that the river region has the highest biotic integrity (in all samples above 70 points), and the ecological descriptors of wealth and Margalef diversity of Shannon- Wiener higher. In point 4 (dam downstream) were recorded evidence of possible impacts due to lower wealth and BMWP index which resulted in a questionable quality water. New approaches are needed to focus on the aquatic community in the best understanding of this ecosystem and also with a view to environmental preservation of the Green River Basin.