998 resultados para Piaget
Resumo:
Esta investigação centrou-se essencialmente na importância da Língua Estrangeira (L.E.) na Formação de Professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e nas repercussões que o ensino/aprendizagem da mesma terá junto das crianças desse nível de ensino, no que diz respeito a competências sociais e cognitivas, constando de duas partes: o enquadramento teórico, sobre o qual se fundamenta a pesquisa realizada e o estudo empírico, que procura testar a hipótese formulada. O suporte teórico-conceptual assenta, por um lado, sobre as teorias de Vigotsky e de Piaget, especificamente no que se refere à articulação entre o pensamento e a linguagem na criança, e, por outro lado, em aspectos relacionados com o ensino das línguas em contexto europeu, sem esquecer a problemática do plurilinguísmo e do pluriculturalismo. Este suporte inclui ainda uma visão diacrónica da Formação Inicial de Professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, no que concerne à existência de uma componente de ensino e/ou ensino/aprendizagem da L.E. nos planos de estudos dessa formação. Em último lugar, abordámos o ensino precoce da L.E., dele ressaltando as competências essenciais. O trabalho de campo, que diz respeito a uma amostra de cento e noventa e cinco professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico a leccionar em escolas dos onze concelhos da Região Autónoma da Madeira (R.A.M.), distribuídos por três grupos (um grupo de professores que integra um projecto de formação em L.E. e outros dois grupos de professores sem formação), teve a duração de um ano lectivo e consistiu na recolha de informação sobre aspectos relacionados com o ensino/aprendizagem precoce da L.E. e sua implicação na aprendizagem de competências cognitivas e sociais por crianças do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, na opinião dos docentes que constituíam a amostra. Anteriormente havíamos procedido à recolha de informação sobre a situação desse ensino precoce nas escolas do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da Região Autónoma da Madeira, junto da Directora Regional de Educação. Utilizámos dois instrumentos de recolha de dados, consoante a informação necessária e a natureza da análise a realizar. O primeiro instrumento foi uma Entrevista, cujo guião foi por nós estruturado e redigido e que foi aplicado à Directora Regional de Educação. O segundo instrumento, um Questionário, igualmente da nossa autoria, foi aplicado à amostra experimental, após ter sido pilotado numa amostra criada para esse efeito. Os elementos recolhidos foram abordados qualitativa e quantitativamente. Numa abordagem qualitativa, analisámos o texto das respostas às perguntas da Entrevista, as quais incidiam sensivelmente sobre aspectos contidos no Questionário e acima discriminados. Numa abordagem estatística, analisámos os dados do Questionário respeitantes às vantagens da aprendizagem de uma L.E. por crianças do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, à integração dessa aprendizagem no horário escolar das crianças, à articulação com as restantes áreas curriculares, assim como às metodologias adequadas (grupo I), para além dos dados relativos à Formação Inicial dos Professores em L.E. e às lacunas por eles sentidas, quando chamados a promover o ensino/aprendizagem da L.E. (grupo II). Os resultados do estudo sugerem que todos os alunos, de acordo com as respostas dos docentes interrogados, manifestam maior desenvolvimento tanto a nível das capacidades cognitivas como a nível das capacidades sociais. Os professores são unânimes em afirmar que o ensino/aprendizagem de L.E. deve ocorrer em horário extra-curricular, mas em articulação com as restantes áreas curriculares. É também consensual entre os professores o reconhecimento da necessidade da utilização de metodologias adequadas a esse ensino/aprendizagem, as quais deviam constar da Formação Inicial. O trabalho sublinha o significado que deve ser atribuído ao ensino precoce da L.E. e os resultados contribuem para validar a hipótese de que o sucesso dos alunos no ensino/aprendizagem de competências sociais e de competências cognitivas se deve também à aprendizagem de uma L.E., cuja preparação deve ser contemplada na Formação Inicial de Professores.
Resumo:
O presente relatório de estágio foi elaborado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.o Ciclo do Ensino Básico e tem por finalidade explanar a intervenção pedagógica desenvolvida na componente Educação Pré-Escolar, com um grupo composto por 24 crianças, com idades compreendidas entre os três e quatro anos de idade. O relatório abarca o enquadramento teórico, onde é feita uma abordagem à construção da identidade profissional docente, à qualidade na educação e aos pressupostos teóricos da teoria de Jean Piaget e Lev Vygotsky. Neste relatório expõe-se as opções metodológicas consideradas ao longo do estágio e apresenta-se a fundamentação da intervenção pedagógica. A última parte do relatório é dedicada ao contexto de estágio, onde se dá a conhecer a instituição e o meio envolvente, a caracterização do grupo de crianças, do espaço educativo, da equipa pedagógica e as rotinas da Pré I. Aborda-se ainda as temáticas trabalhadas com o grupo, os instrumentos que sustentaram a prática pedagógica, a resposta à questão problemática delineada inicialmente, a intervenção efetuada com a comunidade educativa e por fim apresenta-se a reflexão final.
Resumo:
O presente Relatório de Estágio foi realizado no âmbito da Unidade Curricular de Relatório da Prática Pedagógica, do 2.º ano do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da Universidade da Madeira. Neste trabalho apresentou-se a intervenção pedagógica desenvolvida na Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo com Pré-Escolar da Ladeira, numa sala de Educação Pré-Escolar, com crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 4 e 5 anos. Primeiro expôs-se a contextualização teórica que fundamentou a prática, procurando revelar os pressupostos teóricos mais importantes para a ação, tais como a identidade do Educador e principais teorias de Piaget e Vygotsky. Os Modelos Pedagógicos High/Scope, Movimento da Escola Moderna e as estratégias: aprendizagem cooperativa e diferenciação pedagógica também foram elementos indispensáveis para a ação. Recorrendo à observação participante, à análise documental do Projeto Curricular de Grupo e a diálogos com as crianças e a Educadora Cooperante, descobriu-se que o grupo apresentava problemas de comunicação oral. Com a investigação-ação ambicionou-se descobrir meios e atividades que pudessem auxiliar as crianças a comunicar oralmente. Para isto, foi necessário colocar em prática diversas atividades a fim de descobrir quais seriam as mais eficazes, tendo em vista colmatar as dificuldades sentidas. Consequentemente estimulou-se o diálogo, recorreu-se à Expressão Dramática, motivação, reforço positivo, histórias e recontos. Com isto constatou-se que a motivação, reforço positivo, histórias, recontos, diálogos em pequeno e grande grupo, levaram efetivamente as crianças comunicar oralmente de forma voluntária e mais espontânea. Por último, apresentou-se o desenvolvimento do Estágio, onde foi exposta a intervenção com o grupo e comunidade educativa, assim como os instrumentos de avaliação adotados para a verificação da aquisição das aprendizagens.
Resumo:
Esta pesquisa tem como título Inovação Pedagógica em Busca de Mudanças Qualitativas no Ensino Fundamental I, com o objetivo de investigar a prática pedagógica no sentido de identificar a existência ou não de inovação pedagógica, no âmbito da Escola de Ensino Infantil e Fundamental Trilha do Saber, situada no município de Guaraciaba do Norte/Ceará/Brasil. A universalização da pesquisa se dá com foco nas interações entre professora e alunos e destes entre si. Os sujeitos desta investigação são os alunos e a professora do 3º ano, turma B, do Ensino Fundamental I. O referencial teórico utilizado nesta investigação tem como base os estudos de Fino a partir de (1999), Fino & Sousa desde (2005); Papert (1980, 1993, 2008); Vygotsky (2007); Perrenoud (2000); Freire (1979, 1985, 2011); Mendonça (2009, 2010); Toffer (1997); Gadotti (2006, 2008); Piaget (2010); Salviane (2009) e outros teóricos, que fundamentam concepções de prática pedagógica inovadora. Esta pesquisa com foco na aprendizagem, nos alunos e nos contextos de aprendizagem é de natureza qualitativa e estudo de caso, segundo a orientação de Yin (2001), Silva (2009), Macedo (2006, 2008); Alvarenga (2010) e Lapassade (2005), uma vez que esse processo de investigação permite a utilização de diversos instrumentos de coleta de dados; utilizou-se a observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada, favorecendo o cruzamento dos dados (triangulação) no procedimento de análise e discussão dos resultados. Concluiu-se, que a escola deve ser um espaço aberto às mudanças e indagações dos alunos compondo-se dos aspectos criativo, dinâmico e inovador assegurando aos aprendizes novos contextos de aprendizagem situada. Concluiu-se, ainda, nesta investigação, que é mais difícil a inovação pedagógica acontecer nas escolas públicas em razão da inclusão de programas e projetos que são implantados pelas políticas educacionais.
Resumo:
A pesquisa em pauta teve como seu principal objetivo investigar de forma compreensiva o portfólio como uma inovação pedagógica no contexto social e cultural do colégio da Policia Militar Diva Portela na cidade de Feira de Santana-BA. Ressalta os aspectos ligados à aprendizagem dos discentes diante deste dispositivo avaliativo portfólio e sua eficácia enquanto norteador do trabalho escolar. Procura ainda identificar as características do portfólio e sua característica enquanto elemento documental da trajetória dos estudantes ou das comunidades colaborativas no que tange à sua aprendizagem. Explicita também aspectos comuns às comunidades colaborativas, a partir do momento em que se estudou esta proposta de inovação pedagógica através do trabalho constante em pequenos grupos em processo de colaboração. Para tanto, dialogamos principalmente com os seguintes teóricos: Vygotsky, Piaget, Papert, Freire, Luckesi, Villas Boas, Fino, Sousa, Guber, Macedo e Demo. Optamos pela pesquisa qualitativa e pelo método etnográfico, onde utilizamos a observação, relatos, a entrevista semi-estruturada e não-estruturada. Ao desenvolver este trabalho com vistas a uma inovação pedagógica, espera-se ampliar as possibilidades de aprimorar a metodologia e o trabalho escolar, à medida que docente e discente participam ativamente da construção da sua construção do conhecimento e sua formação a partir de uma perspectiva processualista, característica fundante do portfólio.
A intermediação da noção de probabilidade na construção de conceitos relacionados à cinética química
Resumo:
Este trabalho procurou identificar como estudantes do Ensino Médio se apropriam de conceitos e elaboram determinados modelos inseridos em cinética química, especificamente o modelo cinético de colisão de partículas numa reação (Teoria das Colisões). Esta análise e as reflexões que a seguiram foram baseadas, sobretudo, nos estudos realizados por Piaget, Piaget e Inhelder, Jun e Fischbein. Utilizamos como documentos as transcrições das entrevistas (pré e pós-testes) realizadas individualmente com cada aluno. Inicialmente, os estudantes foram entrevistados (pré-testes) com o intuito de identificar a familiaridade com a noção de evento probabilístico ou aleatório. Numa segunda etapa (pós-testes), esse conhecimento (ou a ausência parcial/total dele) foi posto à prova numa tentativa de se estabelecerem relações com um conteúdo específico da Química (Teoria das Colisões). Os resultados obtidos apontam para grandes discrepâncias entre o modelo cinético de colisões elaborado pelos estudantes e aquele cientificamente aceito.
Resumo:
The acquiring process of morals on a person is one of the most important aspects of his Social Identity. The basis for his ethics and moral choices are built when he interacts with the world. A child that interacts with participants of Movimento Sem Terra (MST) movement that fights for the Land Reform and the transformation of the society may have the opportunities to acquire the culture, morals and ethics of this movement. Based on this understanding, this work intends to comprehend how children think and incorporate the rules that are the base of the values and principles of MST, considering the diversity of the situations, the limits and the possibilities to experience these values in their everyday life in the Movement. To understand how the process of cognitive construction of the rules takes place in a child, it is important to consider the theories of Jean Piaget. According to him, morals development follows a sequence: the anomie (0 to 2 years old), marked by the absence of rules; the heteronomy (2 to 6/7 years old), where takes place the adoption of rules due to exterior obedience, such as a relative, an institution or a movement; and the autonomy (from 6/7 years old on), in which rules are considered legitimate. All the children in this research have relatives working at MST. The research has two parts. We have first observed the behavior of three groups of children (beyond six years old) while they were involved on their normal activities (kindergarten) activities. On the second moment, we have interviewed 20 children (between 3 and 10 years old). We used flashcards containing scenes; we also told stories and asked moral questions involving the character s behavior. We have noticed the unilateral respect and extern coercion are between the definers of the moral decisions of a child. The empathy and the reduction of the egocentrism help seeing the situation of the point of view of other, although it doesn t mean that one is going to accept others point of view. In the taking decision of the child other factors are also considered such as the space of socialization (family, school). Though the children don t work or take part at MST activities, they have already opinions about involved people behaviors. The interaction with relatives and teachers is one of the most important aspects to encourage them elaborate moral understandings according to the ethics of this movement
Resumo:
This work has proposed to relate the experience product of a pedagogical intervention, performed in a public institution of teaching situated in this capital. It had as objective to validade the applying of a teaching module of geometry, more specifically about the conceptions of perimeter and área in the second cycle of fundamental teaching. This dissertation has presented the problematic which involves the teaching of geometry in different contexts. It has adopted the broach of the radical constructivism while methodological theoretical referencial through which it has tried to explain the phenomena that involves the teaching and the apprenticeship. It appropriates Jean s Piaget contributions related to the development stages, while referencial that will dialogue in the search by sense and comprehension of the geometric apprenticeship process and it runs over Richard s Skemp (1980) theory in order to explicit the student s apprenticeship according to the levels of instrumental comprehesion and relacional comprehension . The research has presented datum related to initial diagnosis evaluantion, the pedagogical intervention and analysis of the activities and students perfomance displaying still the results of the final evaluation. According to the results got, we could check the students group growth front to the acquisition of the concepts of perimeter and área in comparison with the previous knowledges presented in the initial diagnosis evoluation of the students participants of the research. We have concluded evaluating the objectives of the research, connecting the strategies and reasoning employed by the students in order to resolve the questions and then to reach the objectives proposed by the teaching module. We have presented still the main obstacles to the apprenticeship of such concepts
Resumo:
The present work had as principal objective to analyze the, 9th grade students understanding about the solutions of an equation of the 2° degree, using geometric processes of the History of the Mathematics. To do so, the research had as base the elaboration and application of a group of teaching activities, based on Jean Piaget's construtivism. The research consisted of a methodological intervention, that has as subjects the students of a group of 9th grade of the State School José Martins de Vasconcelos, located in the municipal district of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. The intervention was divided in three stages: application of an initial evaluation; development of activities‟ module with emphasis in constructive teaching; and the application of the final evaluation. The data presented in the initial evaluation revealed a low level of the students' understanding with relationship to the calculation of areas of rectangles, resolution of equations of the 1st and 2nd degrees, and they were to subsidize the elaboration of the teaching module. The data collected in the initial evaluation were commented and presented under descriptive statistics form. The results of the final evaluation were analyzed under the qualitative point of view, based on Richard Skemp's theory on the understanding of mathematical concepts. The general results showed a qualitative increase with relationship to the students' understanding on the mathematical concepts approached in the intervention. Such results indicate that a methodology using the previous student‟s knowledge and the development of teaching activities, learning in the construtivist theory, make possible an understanding on the part of the students concerning the thematic proposal
Resumo:
This work arose from our concerns with the issues of teacher training for early childhood education. From the difficulties encountered as a novice teacher in elementary, we deem important to research training needs of these professionals. Thus, we define the objective of this research to investigate the training needs of novice teachers teaching Early Childhood Education/Elementary school. Our work fits in Educational Research Qualitative Approach, and its construction procedures of the semistructured interview data and document analysis. Our empirical field was made up of schools in the metropolitan region of Natal / RN, offering kindergarten / elementary school. The subjects are five teachers who act as holder of the elementary school class and have 0-3 years of teaching practice, characterizing the second Huberman (2007) as novice teachers. Data analysis, based on principles of content analysis, three themes emerged: Beginner Teaching Professor in Early Childhood Education / Preschool; Reasons explaining the difficulties Faculty / Formative Needs Teaching and Training in Early Childhood Education / Elementary school, from the Training Needs Analysis, with their respective categories, subcategories, contributing to our understanding of the subject matter. The entry into the profession is marked by mixed feelings of euphoria and fear, where there seems to be a "clash" with reality. The difficulties are related to the planning / execution of activities, meet the individual needs of learning and assessment of children. As a strategy to overcome the difficulties the teachers exercise the action-reflection-action in their practices and seek continuous updates in the theoretical and methodological framework of early childhood education. The reasons that define these difficulties may be related to the teacher, school, family, and students of these institutions. In experiencing these difficulties has outlined the need for teacher training, among which stand out studies on ethics in teaching with children, the concept of children and their childhoods, peculiarities of teaching / learning in preschool, toys and legal determinations on early childhood education, multi-language and expressions in early childhood education, specific content areas of knowledge, among others. Furthermore, studies on the theoretical as Piaget, Vigotsky, Maria Carmen Barbosa and Emily Smith. For these professionals to be a professional early childhood education is: like children, be patient and careful, have specific theoretical and practical training for teachers in kindergarten, being able to improvise with seriousness and competence and get updates on continuing education. The surveys, together with the authors and teachers, to confirm our understanding that the training needs of beginners may be related to shortcomings in the initial and continuing education
Resumo:
The study was aimed to test a teaching module on the Zoltan Paul Dienes theory, focusing on the content: The transformation of measurements: length, areas and volumes. The study based on constructivist theory consisted in a methodological intervention with students of the 7th period of the Course of Pedagogy, in Central Campus, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). A preliminary study with 40 students called diagnostic evaluation found that students did not understand the concept of measurements transformation and its processing steps. The latter was performed only with the help of the table of measurements transformation with no understanding of the content. He applied a pretest, a set of activities and a post-test. The latter was used as a tool for evaluation of the student learning process. The answers of these ones were evaluated according to the concept of reflective abstraction of Jean Piaget, one of the authors who influenced the Dienes theory
Resumo:
This work arose from our concerns with the issues of teacher training for early childhood education. From the difficulties encountered as a novice teacher in elementary, we deem important to research training needs of these professionals. Thus, we define the objective of this research to investigate the training needs of novice teachers teaching Early Childhood Education/Elementary school. Our work fits in Educational Research Qualitative Approach, and its construction procedures of the semistructured interview data and document analysis. Our empirical field was made up of schools in the metropolitan region of Natal / RN, offering kindergarten / elementary school. The subjects are five teachers who act as holder of the elementary school class and have 0-3 years of teaching practice, characterizing the second Huberman (2007) as novice teachers. Data analysis, based on principles of content analysis, three themes emerged: Beginner Teaching Professor in Early Childhood Education / Preschool; Reasons explaining the difficulties Faculty / Formative Needs Teaching and Training in Early Childhood Education / Elementary school, from the Training Needs Analysis, with their respective categories, subcategories, contributing to our understanding of the subject matter. The entry into the profession is marked by mixed feelings of euphoria and fear, where there seems to be a "clash" with reality. The difficulties are related to the planning / execution of activities, meet the individual needs of learning and assessment of children. As a strategy to overcome the difficulties the teachers exercise the action-reflection-action in their practices and seek continuous updates in the theoretical and methodological framework of early childhood education. The reasons that define these difficulties may be related to the teacher, school, family, and students of these institutions. In experiencing these difficulties has outlined the need for teacher training, among which stand out studies on ethics in teaching with children, the concept of children and their childhoods, peculiarities of teaching / learning in preschool, toys and legal determinations on early childhood education, multi-language and expressions in early childhood education, specific content areas of knowledge, among others. Furthermore, studies on the theoretical as Piaget, Vigotsky, Maria Carmen Barbosa and Emily Smith. For these professionals to be a professional early childhood education is: like children, be patient and careful, have specific theoretical and practical training for teachers in kindergarten, being able to improvise with seriousness and competence and get updates on continuing education. The surveys, together with the authors and teachers, to confirm our understanding that the training needs of beginners may be related to shortcomings in the initial and continuing education
Resumo:
This study investigates how the reading of fairy tales can be an instrument for reflection on the bullying phenomenon in the live of students. Its relevance is present the work with literature as an alternative to facilitate the understanding of children and young people about this violence practice, on the basis of the discussion moments, mediated in the classroom. Methodologically based in the principles of qualitative investigation, setting itself as a bibliographic research, and linked to the content analysis in order to make inferences and construct interpretations from the study of tales that encourage discussion and reflection about the bullying theme. In this work were selected the following stories: Cinderella 1812) and a One-eye, Two-eyes, Three-eyes (1812) of Grimm Brothers; John-Slapstick (1837), The Storks (1838), and The Ugly Duckling (1844) of Andersen, to make possible a more explicit interface between literature and the bullying theme, providing fertile material for moments of debate. Was taken as the theoretical reference studies of Eco (2003), Jouve (2002), Zilberman (2003, 2004), Lajolo (2001), Rabbit (2008), Bettelheim (2007), Amarilha (2004), Held (1980), Beaudoin and Taylor (2006), Fante and Stone (2008), Middelton-Moz and Zawadski (2007), Olweus (2006), Jares (2002, 2006), Beane (2010), La Taille (2006, 2009) and Piaget (1994). The analysis demonstrated that the characteristics inherent in the literature allow the realization of readings in which the bullying theme can be discussed among students, to contribute positively in the education of children and young people and reflect about violence. This is possible way, especially because of the involvement promoted by the reading of literary texts, allowing that students see, in fiction, possibilities of change
Resumo:
The main goal of the present study is to propose a methodological approach to the teaching of Geometry and, in particular, to the construction of the concepts of circle (circumference) and ellipse by 7th and 8th grade students. In order to aid the students in the construction of these concepts, we developed a module based on mathematical modeling, and both Urban Geometry (Taxicab Geometry) and Isoperimetric Geometry. Our analysis was based on Jean Piaget's Equilibrium Theory. Emphasizing the use of intuition based on accumulated past experiences, the students were encouraged to come up with a hypothesis, try it out, discuss it with their peers, and derive conclusions. Although the graphs of circles and ellipses assume different shapes in Urban and Isoperimetric Geometry than they do in the standard Euclidian Geometry, their definitions are identical regardless of the metric used. Thus, by comparing the graphs produced in the different metrics, the students were able to consolidate their understanding of these concepts. The intervention took place in a series of small group activities. At the end of the study, the 53 seventh grade and the 55 eighth grade students had a better understanding of the concepts of circle and ellipse
Resumo:
This study focuses on the child within the hospital environment. Its purpose is to describe children s perceptions of their illness and time in hospital and to identify their main hardships during treatment. This study has a qualitative nature and is theoretically and methodologically supported by the creative and sensitive method developed by Cabral (1998), studies by Piaget, Vygotsky and Wallon on child development, and studies conducted by Pinto (2005), Collet (2004), Chiattone (2003), Silva (2002), Lima et.al (1999) on in-patient children. For this study, 13 children between the ages of 7 and 12 at a public hospital institution specialized in child care in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, were interviewed. As a criterion for taking part in this study the children would have to have been in hospital for over three days and be fully capable of physically and emotionally interacting with the researcher at the time the interview took place. Analysis drew on the study of the empirical material made up of interviews and a field diary where notes had been entered for the children s reactions, expressions and gestures. Results show that there is some understanding, on the part of these children, of their illness, with their parents as the main informants. They accept being in hospital because they need treatment, but they realize that life becomes different especially on account of the constraints resulting from the illness and the hospital itself. The main hardships during treatment are: lack of recreational activities in the evenings and on the weekends within the hospital environment; absence of family members, especially brothers and sisters; and lack of explanation on the part of health professionals regarding some procedures as these are being carried out. Our conclusion is that children perceive illness and the hospital environment as something that changes the rhythm of their lives bringing on them perturbations, fears and anxieties. Hence, we suggest that professionals working with in-patient children should be especially prepared to deal with these children and their parents, aiming at bringing down fears and anguishes, clear their doubts and, in addition, advise the parents in respect of their children s treatment while in hospital and after hospital discharge. The hospital environment should also be cheerful and colorful and have a toy room under the coordination of persons especially prepared for that purpose