Consumo, digestibilidade de nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio da silagem de capim-elefante com adição de pedúnculo de caju desidratado

The nutritive value of elephant grass silages, with increasing levels of dehydrated cashew stalk (DCS) was evaluated. Five addition levels were studied (0: 4: 8: 12 and 16%), using 20 rams in a completely randomized design with five treatments (addition levels) and four replicates (animals). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM). crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) were determined, as well as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and silages nitrogen balance (NB) DCS did not affect intakes of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, TC and TDN, neither digestibility of OM, CB, NDF ADF and TC silages. Otherwise. the addition of DCS increased intakes of CP EE and NFC and digestibility of EE, NFC, as well as TON values and nitrogen balance. Inclusion of DCS, showed linear decreasing digestibility of ADF It is concluded that addition of DCS to silages of elephant grass up to 16% on a natural basis can be used as a forage source for ruminants.

Effects of Aspergillus spp. exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro fermentation of tropical forages

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo diferentes níveis de amido para coelhos em crescimento

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do amido dietético sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, para coelhos em fase de crescimento, quatro dietas experimentais foram elaboradas de forma a conter níveis crescentes de amido de milho (23, 28, 33 e 38% de amido total na base da matéria seca (MS), os quais foram fornecidas a 20 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, distribuídos em gaiolas de metabolismo individuais, segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram efeito linear crescente para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e amido, à medida que aumentou o nível de amido dietético nas dietas experimentais. O nível de 38% de amido dietético proporcionou, portanto, o melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade para o amido (87,26%). Não foram observadas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), em relação aos diferentes níveis de amido nas dietas experimentais. No entanto, para o teor de extrato etéreo (EE), foi verificado melhor aproveitamento (89,46%) para os animais alimentados com a dieta contendo 23% de amido. Os coelhos foram eficientes em digerir o amido de milho, quando este apresentou alta participação na porção carboidrato total da dieta.

Quantificação das Bactérias Sólido-Aderidas, Bactérias e Protozoários Líquido-Associados do Rúmen de Bovinos Jovens Alimentados com Amiréia

Foram utilizados quatro bovinos mestiços, castrados, canulados no rúmen com o objetivo de quantificar as bactérias e protozoários líquido-associados, as bactérias sólido-aderidas e relacioná-las com o pH ruminal de bovinos recebendo amiréia dietética (30% de uréia) no concentrado e silagem de milho. Realizaram-se três coletas de conteúdo ruminal, à 1h, às 2h30 e 11h30 após a alimentação. A massa microbiana foi quantificada e qualificada nas diferentes frações das bactérias sólido-aderidas (BSA), bactérias líquido-associadas (BLA) e protozoários líquido-associados (PLA) e seus teores de nitrogênio (N), de matéria seca (MS) e de matéria orgânica (MO), determinados. A população microbiana apresentou crescente contribuição das BSA no decorrer do tempo, o que não ocorreu com BLA e PLA. O teor de MO/MS das BSA também aumentou o tempo 2h30, permanecendo inalterado até 11h30. Os teores de nitrogênio das BSA expressos na matéria orgânica diminuíram em tempos de coleta iguais ou superiores a 2h30, embora os teores de N na matéria seca não apresentassem essa diferença. As relações entre bactéria:protozoário encontradas foram iguais a 1 : 2,1 à 1 h, 2,6: 1 às 2h30 e 2,2: 1 às 11h30 após a alimentação, quando foi observado predomínio de protozoários e bactérias, ambos associados ao líquido ruminal. As quantidades totais e as frações do pool microbiano ruminal não foram influenciadas pelo pH, provavelmente, porque este se manteve sempre acima de 6,39.

Dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) as a protein source for horses

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Translocação orgânica, produtividade e rendimento de óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva com variação dos níveis de N, P, K e Mg

O estudo objetivou avaliar translocação orgânica, índices fisiológicos da análise de crescimento e rendimento do óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva com variação dos níveis de N, P, K e Mg. Assim, foram avaliados os quatro tratamentos contendo 50% N, P, K, 25% Mg; 50% N, P, K, Mg; 65%N, 50%P, 25%K, 100% Mg e 100% N, P, K, Mg. A translocação orgânica foi avaliada por meio da determinação da razão de massa foliar (RMF) e da distribuição de massa seca para os diferentes órgãos. Os índices fisiológicos razão de área foliar (RAF), área foliar específica (AFE), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL) e taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) derivadas que compõem a análise de crescimento foram estimados pelo programa ANACRES, após ajuste exponencial quadrático da área foliar e massa seca de lâminas foliares e total da planta em relação ao tempo. O rendimento do óleo essencial, em porcentagem, foi calculado após extração da parte aérea por hidrodestilação. As plantas submetidas ao tratamento com nível completo de nutrientes (100%N/P/K/Mg) exportaram com menor eficiência o material orgânico a partir da folha e a RMF mostrou queda mais lenta, devido à retenção desse material por mais tempo no local de sua produção. Além disso, não apresentaram melhor produtividade e as curvas da TAL e TCR mostraram quedas mais lentas. As plantas submetidas ao tratamento com 65%N/50%P/25%K/100%Mg revelaram adequada exportação de matéria orgânica da folha para caule e pecíolos, conforme demonstra a RMF e a distribuição de massa seca para esses órgãos. Revelaram ainda a RAF mais elevada no inicio do desenvolvimento e mais baixa aos 94 DAT, indicando sombreamento das folhas como resultado de seu crescimento. A AFE dessas plantas mostrou menor variação durante o ciclo, refletindo espessura mais constante de suas folhas. A TAL e a TCR apresentaram curvas decrescentes, com quedas bem acentuadas em relação às demais plantas. Todos esses índices indicam melhor produtividade das plantas submetidas ao tratamento 65%N/50%P/25%K/100%Mg, que também apresentaram rendimento de óleo essencial, em média, maior durante o ciclo. Conclui-se que a redução de 35% de N, 50% de P, 75% de K (65%N/50%P/25%K/100%Mg) é indicada para o cultivo e extração de óleo essencial de M. piperita.

Agregados em um Latossolo sob sistema plantio direto e rotação de culturas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização da qualidade de água e sedimento na UHE Americana relacionados à ocorrência de plantas aquáticas

Este trabalho foi realizado na UHE Americana, pertencente à Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz, e faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa e desenvolvimento realizado em conjunto com a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (UNESP) de Botucatu. Foram realizadas amostragens de água e sedimento nos meses de outubro e dezembro de 2003 e fevereiro, abril e junho de 2004. Selecionaram-se seis pontos de coleta no reservatório, sendo cinco a montante da barragem e um a jusante. Levantamentos de flora foram realizados nos meses de dezembro de 2003 e abril e julho de 2004, sendo constatados elevados teores de nitrogênio e fósforo nas amostras de água, com valores médios de 3,867 mg L-1 para nitrato, 0,706 mg L-1 para amônia, 1,372 mg L-1 para nitrito e 151,979 µg L-1 para fosfato dissolvido na água. O sedimento apresentou elevado nível de fertilidade, com médias de 32,18 g kg-1 para matéria orgânica, 68,87 mg dm-3 para P, 36,96 mmol dm-3 para Ca e 11,88 mmol dm-3 para Mg. Espécies marginais e flutuantes foram as principais infestantes do reservatório, destacando-se Brachiaria subquadripara, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia auriculata.

Efeito do nitrogênio e do lodo de esgoto nos fatores produtivos do feijoeiro

A disposição final do lodo de esgoto vem se caracterizando como um dos problemas ambientais urbanos mais relevantes da atualidade e que cresce diariamente tanto nos países desenvolvidos quanto nos em desenvolvimento, como reflexo da ampliação das redes de coleta e incremento dos níveis de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto e de adubação química de N nos fatores produtivos do feijoeiro. O lodo de esgoto compostado foi aplicado em dezembro de 2007, em feijão-comum cultivado em sistema de semeadura direta. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, constituídos por seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, assim definidos: T0 - sem adubação nitrogenada; T1 - adubação química nitrogenada de acordo com o recomendado para a cultura; T2 - 50% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e 50% em forma mineral; T3 - 100% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 - 150% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e T5 - 200% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto. O aumento da dose de lodo de esgoto promoveu o incremento no número de vagens, rendimento de matéria seca, rendimento de grãos e na massa de 1.000 grãos.

Rendimento de massa de matéria seca e relação c/n da aveia preta em função do lodo de esgoto e adubação nitrogenada

The final display of sewage sludge has been characterized as one of the most relevant environmental problems in the cities; it daily increases in both developed and developing countries, resulting in larger collection networks and increased treatment levels. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of mineral N and sewage sludge on dry matter yield and C/N ratio in black oat. The experiment was conducted in Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, belonging to the Faculty Agronomic Sciences, Unesp, Botucatu. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks constituted of 6 treatments and 5 replicates, as follows: T0 - without nitrogen fertilization; T1 - 70 kg ha(-1) of the N mineral; T2 - 35 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge and 35 kg ha(-1) of the N in the mineral form; T3 - 70 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge; T4 - 105 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge;- T5 - 140 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge. The parameters evaluated were dry matter acumulation and C/N ratio; with collections made at 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after sowing. Increasing the dose of sewage sludge provided increment in dry matter yield in oat. The N provided a lawoer C/N ratio in plant oats.

Impactos do estresse salino e da cobertura morta nas características químicas do solo e no desenvolvimento do amaranto

Availability of good quality water has been reduced vertiginously, over the last decade, in the world. In some regions, the water resources have high concentration of the dissolved salts, these characteristics of the water make it s use impossible. Water quality can be a limitation for irrigated agriculture, principally in regions of arid or semiarid climate where the water resources are generally saline and are exposed at high evaporation ratio. For that reason, precipitation of the salts occurs near the soil surface and those salts themselves cumulate in the vegetal tissue, reducing the soil fertility and crop production. The adoption of tolerant crop to the water salinity and soil salinity, adaptable to the climatic conditions is other emergent necessity. This work had the goal of studying the effects of four salinity levels of the irrigation water salinity and use of mulch, dried leaves of Forest mangrove (Acacia mangiumWilld), in cultivated soil with amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus, BRS Alegria variety), in greenhouse. It was utilized the transplant of plants to PVC columns, containing 30 kg of silty loam soil, 10 days after emerging, with space of 50 x 50 cm between lines. Treatments were composed by combination of four levels of salinity (0.147; 1.500; 3.000 e 4.500 dS m-1), obtained by addition NaCl (commercial) to irrigation water and soil with and without protection, by mulch. A factorial system 4 x 2 was used with four repetitions, totalizing 32 parcels. The concentrations of nutrients in soil solution have been evaluated, in the dry matter of the vegetal tissue (roots, stem, leaves and raceme residue), at the end of the vegetative cycle. The use of soil protection reduced time for the beginning inflorescence of plants, at the same time, the increase of the salinity delayed this phase of amaranth development. The use of the mulch effectively increased the height, stem diameter, area of the larger leaf, humidity and dry matter content and amaranth grain production. The vegetal species showed salinity tolerance to experimented levels. The adopted treatments did not affect the pH values, exchangeable cation contents, electrical conductivity of soil solution (EC1:5) and saturated extract (ECSE), and Ca+2, Mg+, Fe+2 and Mn+2 contents, in the soil solution. The increase of the salinity concentration in the irrigation water inhibited the mineralization process of the organic matter (OM) and, consequently, the efficiency in the it´s utilization by plants, at the same time, produced increase in the values of the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and potassium adsorption ratio (PAR), in the soil solution. Therefore, the use of the mulch did not affect the first three parameters. The protein and nutrient contents: K+, Ca+2, P, Mg+2 e Cu+2, in amaranth grains, were improved by tillage condition. The raceme residues showed chemical/nutritional composition that makes advantageous its application in animal ration. In this context, it follows that amaranth tolerate the saline stress, of the irrigation water, until 4.500 dS m-1, temperature and relative humidity of the air predominant in the experimental environment

Efeito do lodo de esgoto e nitrogênio na nutrição e desenvolvimento inicial da mamoneira

Aiming to evaluate the application effect of different sewage sludge ( SS) doses, with and without nitrogen addition, in the castorbean initial development, one experiment was installed in an entirely randomized experimental design, in split-plot scheme 5 X 2, constituted of five sewage sludge doses (0, 4, 8, 16 e 32 Mg ha(-1)) and nitrogen addition or not (15 kg ha(-1)), with five replications. The experimental unit was constituted of plastic bags with capacity of 3,5 dm(3) of soil. Fifty days after emergency it was evaluated height of plants, dry matter of the aerial part, nutrient content in the aerial part, soil electrical conductivity and soil chemical analysis. The SS doses promoted increase in the height of plants and dry matter of castorbean. The concentration of N, K, Mg and S and also the micronutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the aerial part of the plants also suffered a positive effect with SS doses, the same didn't occur for the P and Ca concentrations. N addition increased the concentration of N, S, Cu and Zn in the plants. The SS did not present significant effect over pH levels, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic matter and soil cation exchange capacity after the experiment conduction period.

Nitrificação de efluentes de reatores anaeróbicos em filtros submersos aerados

Although the good performance in organic matter and suspended solids removal, the anaerobic reactors are unable to remove ammonia nitrogen from sewage, which makes indispensable to include a step of post-treatment for removal of ammonia or nitrate as necessary. This paper presents the performance of a new variant technology, where the nitrification unit, preceded by anaerobic units, is a submerged aerated biological filter, without continuous sludge discharge in their daily operation. The oxygenation system is very simple and inexpensive, consisting of perforated hoses and compressors. The anaerobic reactors are a septic tank with two chambers followed (8.82 m³) and two parallel anaerobic filters (36 m³ each) filled with ceramic bricks and conics plastic parts. Both followed aerated filters were filled with cut corrugated conduit. The study evaluated the behavior of the system with constant domestic sewage flow (10 m³/d) and different aeration conditions, are these: stage 01, when applied air flow of 0.01 m³ air/min in both aerated filter; stage 02, remained in the initial air flow rate in the second aerated filter and increased at the first to 0.05 m³ air/min; at last, at last, in stage 03, the air flow rate of first aerated filter was 0.10 m³ air/min and on the second remained at 0.01 m³ air/min. The filter FA1 received load of 0.41 kg COD/m³.d, 0.37 kg COD/m³.d and 0.26 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. The FA2 received loads of 0.25 kg COD/m³.d, 0.18 kg COD/m³.d and 0.14 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. During stage 01, were found the following results: 98% removals of BODtotal and 92% of CODtotal, with effluent presenting 9 mg/L of BODtotal final average and 53 mg/L of CODtotal average; suspended solids removals of 93%, with a mean concentration of 10 mg/L in the final effluent; 47% reduction of ammonia of FA2 to FAN 's, presenting average of 28 mg NNH3/ L of ammonia in the effluent with; the dissolved oxygen levels always remained around 2.0 mg/L. During stage 02, were found removals of 97% and 95% to BODtotal and suspended solids, respectively, with average final concentrations of 8 and 7 mg/L, respectively; was removed 60% of ammonia, whose final concentration was 16.3 mg NNH3/ L, and nitrate was increased to a final average concentration of 16.55 mg N-NO3/L. Finally, the stage 03 provided 6 mg/L of DBOtotal (98% removal) and 23 mg/L of CODtotal (95% removal) of final effluent concentrations average. At this stage was identified the higher ammonia oxidation (86%), with final effluent showing average concentration of 6.1 mg N-NH3/L, reaching a minimum of 1.70 mg N-NH3/L. In some moments, during stage 03, there was a moderate denitrification process in the last aerated filter. The average turbidity in the effluent showed around 1.5 NTU, proving the good biomass physical stability. Therefore, the results demonstrate the submerged biological filters potential, filled with high void ratio material (98%), and aerated with hoses and compressor adoption, in the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter oxidation, also generating an effluent with low concentration of solids

Ensaios de tratabilidade aplicados a determinação de parâmetros para dimensionamento de processos de tratamento de água de manancial eutrofizado

Eutrophication is a growing process present in the water sources located in the northeast of Brazil. Among the main consequences of these changes in trophic levels of a water source, stands out adding complexity to the treatment to achieve water standards. By these considerations, this study aimed to define, on a laboratory scale, products and operational conditions to be applied in the processing steps using raw water from Gargalheiras dam, RN, Brazil. The dam mentioned shows a high number of cyanobacteria, with a concentration of cells / ml higher than that established by Decree No. 518/04 MS. The same source was also considered by the state environmental agency in 2009 as hypereutrophic. The static tests developed in this research simulated direct filtration (laboratory filters) and pre-oxidation with chlorine and powdered activated carbon adsorption. The research included the evaluation of the coagulants aluminum hydrochloride (HCA) and alum (SA). The development of the research investigated the conditions for rapid mixing, the dosages of coagulants and pHs of coagulation by the drawing of diagrams. The interference of filtration rate and particle size of filtering means were evaluated as samples and the time of contact were tested with chlorine and activated carbon. By the results of the characterization of the raw water source it was possible to identify the presence of a high pH (7.34). The true color was significant (29 uH) in relation to the apparent color and turbidity (66 uH and 13.60 NTU), reflecting in the measurement of organic matter: MON (8.41 mg.L-1) and Abs254 (0.065 cm-1). The optimization of quick mix set time of 17", the speed gradient of 700 s-1 in the coagulation with HCA and the time of 20" with speed gradient of 800 s-1 for SA. The smaller particle sizes of sand filtering means helped the treatment and the variation in filtration rate did not affect significantly the efficiency of the process. The evaluation of the processing steps found adjustment in standard color and turbidity of the Decree nº 518/04 MS, taking in consideration the average values found in raw water. In the treatment using the HCA for direct filtration the palatable pattern based on the apparent color can be achieved with a dose of 25 mg L-1. With the addition of pre-oxidation step, the standard result was achieved with a reduced dose for 12 mgHCA.L-1. The turbidity standard for water was obtained by direct filtration when the dose exceeds 25 mg L-1 of HCA. With pre-oxidation step there is the possibility of reducing the dose to 20 mg L-1.The addition of CAP adsorption, promoted drinking water for both parameters, with even lower dosage, 13 mg L-1 of HCA. With coagulation using SA removal required for the parameter of apparent color it was achieved with pre-oxidation and 22 mgSA.L-1. Despite the satisfactory results of treatment with the alum, it was not possible to provide water with turbidity less than 1.00 NTU even with the use of all stages of treatment

Decaimento bacteriano em lagoas de estabilização no Nordeste brasileiro

Stabilization pond system consisting in more sewage treatment used in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, representing about 90% of all systems. Fecal bacteria are removed mainly facultative ponds and in maturation ponds. Many factors influence bacterial decay, such as the levels of pH and DO, temperature, light intensity, HDT and nutrient availability. The bacterial decay rate (Kb) is calculated considering many variables, but the hydraulic regime is a significant influence for microorganisms removal, and the dispersed flow which best characterizes a stabilization pond. However, some authors developed equations for the Kb accordant plug flow and complete mixing. This research study aimed to evaluate the bacterial decay of fecal coliform and Enterococcus sp. in stabilization ponds designed to treat domestic sewage, full-scale, in RN. All systems have assessed pretreatment, a facultative pond (LF) followed by two maturation (LM1 and LM2). The parameters availed were: temperature, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, fecal coliform, Enterococcus sp., Chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, fixed and volatile. In general, there were not significant differences for pH, DO and temperature in the ponds, except for the new systems, since they have low flow and hydraulic loads. The removal of organic matter in the ponds was low, about 70%, and nearly all are overloaded organic and operational problems. The bacterial removals were low, with average 96% for LF for fecal coliform, and 98% for Enterococcus sp.; LM1 were in itself a removal for fecal coliform about 71%, and 81% for Enterococcus sp.; LM2 have efficiency of 69% for fecal coliform, and 68% for Enterococcus sp. The equation proposed by Von Sperling (1999), according to the dispersed flow regime, generated empirical values of Kb more approximate to calculated values of Kb. On average, the calculated Kb to coliforms in the LF was 0.31 d-1, and for both maturation ponds were 0.35 d-1. For Enterococcus sp. the average was 0.40 d-1 for LF, 0.55 d-1 for LM1, and 0.58 d-1 for LM2. These results also showed that the Kb obtained in full-scale systems are smaller than those found in pilot-scale ponds. Moreover, one can say that the equation proposed by Marais (1974), according to the complete-mix regime, overestimates Kb. Actual results of Kb indicated that fecal coliforms are more resistant to adverse conditions present in stabilization ponds than Enterococcus sp., therefore, an indicator of microbiological safety and efficiency. The factors significant interventions in the rate of bacterial decay were concentrations of COD, the organic loading and HDT. The few Kb relationship between pH, DO and temperature were not significant. Finally, we conclude that it s essential to correct operation and maintenance, for not performing these activities is one of the main factors contributing to low rates of bacterial decay.