Length of concentrate finishing affects the fatty acid composition of grass-fed andgenetically lean beef: an emphasis on trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles

2.4. The author may post the VoR version of the article (in PDF or HTML form) in the Institutional Repository of the institution in which the author worked at the time the article was first submitted, or (for appropriate journals) in PubMed Central or UK PubMed Central or arXiv, no sooner than one year after first publication of the article in the Journal, subject to file availability and provided the posting includes a prominent statement of the full bibliographical details, a copyright notice in the name of the copyright holder (Cambridge University Press or the sponsoring Society, as appropriate), and a link to the online edition of the Journal at Cambridge Journals Online.

Sediment Quality in Puget Sound Year 3 - Southern Puget Sound

As a component of a three-year cooperative effort of the Washington State Department of Ecology and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, surficial sediment samples from 100 locations in southern Puget Sound were collected in 1999 to determine their relative quality based on measures of toxicity, chemical contamination, and benthic infaunal assemblage structure. The survey encompassed an area of approximately 858 km2, ranging from East and Colvos Passages south to Oakland Bay, and including Hood Canal. Toxic responses were most severe in some of the industrialized waterways of Tacoma’s Commencement Bay. Other industrialized harbors in which sediments induced toxic responses on smaller scales included the Port of Olympia, Oakland Bay at Shelton, Gig Harbor, Port Ludlow, and Port Gamble. Based on the methods selected for this survey, the spatial extent of toxicity for the southern Puget Sound survey area was 0% of the total survey area for amphipod survival, 5.7% for urchin fertilization, 0.2% for microbial bioluminescence, and 5- 38% with the cytochrome P450 HRGS assay. Measurements of trace metals, PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, other organic chemicals, and other characteristics of the sediments, indicated that 20 of the 100 samples collected had one or more chemical concentrations that exceeded applicable, effects-based sediment guidelines and/or Washington State standards. Chemical contamination was highest in eight samples collected in or near the industrialized waterways of Commencement Bay. Samples from the Thea Foss and Middle Waterways were primarily contaminated with a mixture of PAHs and trace metals, whereas those from Hylebos Waterway were contaminated with chlorinated organic hydrocarbons. The remaining 12 samples with elevated chemical concentrations primarily had high levels of other chemicals, including bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, and phenol. The characteristics of benthic infaunal assemblages in south Puget Sound differed considerably among locations and habitat types throughout the study area. In general, many of the small embayments and inlets throughout the study area had infaunal assemblages with relatively low total abundance, taxa richness, evenness, and dominance values, although total abundance values were very high in some cases, typically due to high abundance of one organism such as the polychaete Aphelochaeta sp. N1. The majority of the samples collected from passages, outer embayments, and larger bodies of water tended to have infaunal assemblages with higher total abundance, taxa richness, evenness, and dominance values. Two samples collected in the Port of Olympia near a superfund cleanup site had no living organisms in them. A weight-of-evidence approach used to simultaneously examine all three “sediment quality triad” parameters, identified 11 stations (representing 4.4 km2, 0.5% of the total study area) with sediment toxicity, chemical contamination, and altered benthos (i.e., degraded sediment quality), 36 stations (493.5 km2, 57.5% total study area) with no toxicity or chemical contamination (i.e., high sediment quality), 35 stations (274.1 km2, 32.0% total study area) with one impaired sediment triad parameter (i.e., intermediate/high sediment quality), and 18 stations (85.7km2, 10.0% total study area) with two impaired sediment parameters (i.e., intermediate/degraded quality sediments). Generally, upon comparison, the number of stations with degraded sediments based upon the sediment quality triad of data was slightly greater in the central Puget Sound than in the northern and southern Puget Sound study areas, with the percent of the total study area degraded in each region decreasing from central to north to south (2.8, 1.3 and 0.5%, respectively). Overall, the sediments collected in Puget Sound during the combined 1997-1999 surveys were among the least contaminated relative to other marine bays and estuaries studied by NOAA using equivalent methods. (PDF contains 351 pages)

Características antropométricas, condición física y velocidad de lanzamiento en balonmano de élite y amateur

166 p.

Excitation energies and decay properties of T = 3/2 states in ^(17)O, ^(17)F and ^(21)Na

The two lowest T = 3/2 levels in ²¹Na have been studied in the ¹⁹F(³He, n), ²⁰Ne (p,p) and ²⁰Ne (p,p’) reactions, and their excitation energies, spins, parities and widths have been determined. In a separate investigation, branching ratios were measured for the isospin-nonconserving particle decays of the lowest T = 3/2 levels in ¹⁷O and ¹⁷F to the ground state and first two excited states of ¹⁶O, by studying the ¹⁵N(³He,n) ¹⁷F*(p) ¹⁶O and ¹⁸O(³He, α)¹⁷O*(n) ¹⁶O reactions.

The ¹⁹F(³He,n) ²¹Na reaction was studied at incident energies between 4.2 and 5.9 MeV using a pulsed-beam neutron-time-of-flight spectrometer. Two T = 3/2 levels were identified at excitation energies of 8.99 ± 0.05 MeV (J > ½) and 9.22 ± 0.015 MeV (J ^π = ½⁺, Γ ˂ 40 keV). The spins and parities were determined by a comparison of the measured angular distributions with the results of DWBA calculations.

These two levels were also obsesrved as isospin-forbidden resonances in the ²⁰Ne(p,p) and ²⁰Ne(p,p’) reactions. Excitation energies were measured and spins, parities, and widths were determined from a single level dispersion theory analysis. The following results were obtained:

E_x = 8.973 ± 0.007 MeV, J ^π = 5/2 ⁺ or 3/2⁺, Γ ≤ 1.2 keV,

^Γp_o = 0.1 ± 0.05 keV; E_x = 9.217 ± 0.007 MeV, J^π = ½ ⁺,

Γ = 2.3 ± 0.5 keV, ^Γp_o = 1.1 ± 0.3 keV.

Isospin assignments were made on the basis of excitation energies, spins, parities, and widths.

Branching ratios for the isospin-nonconserving proton decays of the 11.20 MeV, T = 3/2 level in ¹⁷F were measured by the ¹⁵N(³He,n) ¹⁷ F*(p) ¹⁶O reaction to be 0.088 ± 0.016 to the ground state of ¹⁶O and 0.22 ± 0.04 to the unresolved 6.05 and 6.13 MeV levels of ¹⁶O. Branching ratios for the neutron decays of the analogous T = 3/2 level, at 11.08 MeV in ¹⁷O, were measured by the ¹⁶O(³He, α)¹⁷O*(n)¹⁶O reaction to be 0.91 ± 0.15 to the ground state of ¹⁶O and 0.05 ± 0.02 to the unresolved 6.05 and 6.13 MeV states. By comparing the ratios of reduced widths for the mirror decays, the form of the isospin impurity in the T = 3/2 levels is shown to depend on T_z.

Legitimaciones sociales de las políticas patrimoniales y museísticas

Cap. 1. Proyectos patrimoniales y museísticos en las sociedades democráticas y capitalistas: entre la legitimación formal y la vinculación social. Iñaki Arrieta Urtizberea. Cap. 2. Musées et patrimoine immatériel au Québec : enjeux politiques et sociaux. Laurier Turgeon. Cap. 3. “El patrimonio pertenece a todos”. De la universalidad a la identidad, ¿cuál es el lugar de la participación social? Victoria Quintero Morón. Cap. 4. La legitimación social y política de los museos: dos casos del estado de Oaxaca, México. Teresa Morales Lersch y Cuauhtémoc Camarena Ocampo. Cap. 5. Reinterpretaciones de la misión social de los museos: políticas de la cultura en la red de museos de Loures, Portugal. Marta Anico. Cap. 6. La comunicación de los museos y sus relaciones con las políticas culturales de las ciudades. Entre la repetición de estrategias y la innovación. Daniel Paül i Agustí. Cap. 7. El Patrimonio de la Guerra Civil como útil de concienciación social al amparo de la Ley de la Memoria Histórica. Óscar Navajas Corral y Julián González Fraile. Cap. 8. Política y planificación museística, y participación social en Cataluña: un breve recorrido histórico y algunas reflexiones. Daniel Solé i Lladós. Cap. 9. Diagnóstico de las acciones de los museos catalanes como parte de las políticas de integración. Fabien Van Geert. Cap. 10. Los inexistentes alcornocaleños y las experiencias museísticas etnográficas en el Parque Natural Los Alcornocales. Agustín Coca Pérez.

E. U. Magisterio de Vitoria-Gasteiz. Plan general Practicum III. Comisión de prácticas, 4 de julio de 2014

[ES]Las Prácticas Escolares se realizarán en los dos ciclos de Educación Infantil (0-3, 3-6) y en los tres de Educación Primaria (1º-2º, 3º-4º, 5º-6º). Al tratarse de un Prácticum progresivo, cada estudiante cursa la materia a lo largo del segundo, tercer y cuarto curso (Prácticum I, Prácticum II y Prácticum III) con contenidos que tienen continuidad y que suponen un nivel de competencia superior respecto el anterior. Además, el alumnado que en 4º curso se matricule en el minor de Educación Física deberá realizar su periodo de prácticas junto a una maestra o maestro especialista en esta materia, quien tutorizará sus prácticas. El Prácticum supone para el alumnado una oportunidad de adquirir e integrar las habilidades, los conocimientos, las competencias y la práctica necesarios para el ejercicio de su profesión, así como una ocasión para reflexionar de forma individual y grupal acerca del aprendizaje realizado y de la práctica llevada a cabo.

Ejercicios resueltos de investigación operativa : exámenes propuestos en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales

La asignatura Investigación Operativa es una asignatura cuatrimestral dedicada fundamentalmente a la introducción de los modelos deterministas más elementales dentro de la investigación de operaciones. Esta asignatura se ha impartido en los últimos años en el tercer curso de la Licenciatura de Administración y Dirección de Empresas (L.A.D.E.) en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales de la UPV/EHU. Esta publicación recoge los problemas resueltos propuestos en los exámenes de las distintas convocatorias entre los años 2005 y 2010. El temario oficial de la asignatura desglosado por temas es el siguiente: 1. Programación lineal entera: 1.1 Formulación de problemas de Programación Lineal Entera. 1.2 Método de ramificación y acotación (Branch and Bound). 1.3 Otros métodos de resolución. 2. Programación multiobjetivo y por metas: 2.1 Introducción a la Programación Multiobjetivo. 2.2 Programación por metas. 2.3 Programación por prioridades. 3. Modelos en redes: 3.1 Conceptos básicos. 3.2 Problema del árbol de expansión minimal. 3.3 Problema del camino más corto. 3.4 Problema del camino más largo. 3.5 Problema del flujo máximo. 3.6 Problema de asignación. 3.7 Planificación de Proyectos: Métodos C.P.M. y P.E.R.T.

Avaliação do PRA e CD30s no transplante renal intervivos. Acompanhamento no 1 ano e após 6 anos em pacientes do Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil)

O CD30 solúvel (CD30s) é uma glicoproteína transmembrana da família do fator de necrose tumoral expressa na superfície das células T. Quando este marcador é clivado ele torna-se solúvel, sendo detectado na circulação. Atualmente, o valor de CD30s pré-transplante vem sido demonstrado como um bom preditor de rejeição aguda (RA) e perda do enxerto. Poucos estudos foram realizados para sua avaliação no pós-transplante e sua correlação com sobrevida e TFG. Avaliar a eficácia da determinação dos marcadores laboratoriais CD30 solúvel (CD30s) e anticorpos reativos contra painel HLA (PRA) em seis meses, um ano e seis anos pós-transplante renal em receptores de doadores vivos, correlacionando estes marcadores com episódios de rejeição aguda, eventos infecciosos no pós-transplante, perda do enxerto e óbito do paciente transplantado. E, avaliar a correlação destes marcadores com a sobrevida do enxerto renal nestes períodos. Os pacientes estudados foram transplantados renais com doadores vivos no Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso (HFB) do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2006 e do período de agosto de 2010 a maio de 2011, sendo uma extensão de um trabalho realizado previamente. CD30s e PRA foram analisados nas amostras coletadas no pré-transplante e com 7, 14, 21 dias, 1, 3, 6, 12 meses após o transplante e nos pacientes transplantados em 2006 amostras após 6 anos de transplante. A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi estimada utilizando MDRD e CKD-epi e 6 meses, 1 ano e 6 anos após o transplante. Os pacientes foram agrupados em 5 grupos: sem eventos, com perda do enxerto, óbito, rejeição aguda e pacientes com quadros infecciosos. Estes grupos foram avaliados com relação ao CD30s, PRA I e II e comparados dois a dois. O teste qui quadrado foi utilizado. Quando necessário aplicou-se a correção de Yates, o teste de Fisher, o teste de Kruskal-wallis. Foi considerado estatisticamente significante p<0,05. As análises foram feitas pelo programa EPI-Info (versão 3.5.3). Setenta e seis pacientes com doadores vivos foram incluídos no estudo 47 pacientes não tiveram nenhum evento (grupo 1), 7 pacientes perderam o enxerto (grupo 2), 3 pacientes faleceram (grupo 3), 11 pacientes ficaram no grupo de rejeição aguda (grupo 4) e oito pacientes tiveram infecção por CMV e herpes (grupo 5). Os pacientes do grupo de RA tiveram correlação positiva com os valores tanto de CD30s Pré-transplante (p=0,01), quanto do CD30s pós-transplante (p=0,002) e PRA I e II (p<0,001), respectivamente, quando comparados com pacientes sem eventos. A TFG tanto com MDRD e CKD-Epi não mostrou correlação com CD30s pré e pós-transplante e nem PRA I e II. A TFG com as duas fórmulas foi menor no grupo com RA comparado com o grupo sem evento após 6 anos de transplante (p=0,006). CD30s é um bom preditor de RA, assim como PRAI e II. E, também mais uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada no acompanhamento pós-transplante Renal. A RA é um preditor isolado para diminuição de TFG no transplante.

冲绳海槽北部PC-1岩芯24 cal.kaBP 以来孢粉记录的古环境信息

东海陆架是世界上最宽阔的陆架之一，面积达770 000 km2左右。在末次冰盛期（LGM），东海海平面下降120～130 m左右，绝大部分陆架暴露出海面。而冲绳海槽是第四纪以来一直保持海洋环境的东海深海区。本文以冲绳海槽北部PC-1岩芯为材料，通过分析该孔的孢粉，加上详细的AMS 14C测年，恢复了周边地区24 cal.kaBP以来的古植被，并推测古环境和古气候变化，重点讨论了LGM时期出露大陆架上发育的植被。 PC-1孔（31°27.5′N，128°24.8′E）位于黑潮支流对马暖流东侧，水深590 m，柱长812 cm。孢粉分析按间隔8 cm取样，个别为4~6 cm，共分析了103个孢粉样品。利用9个AMS 14C数据建立年龄标尺，用Calib5.1.0软件进行年龄校正。通过相邻样品深度的线性内插获得每个样品的年龄，采用外延法得到顶部和底部的校正年龄分别为351cal aBP、24 280 cal aBP，孢粉样品的时间分辨率平均为230 a。 根据孢粉百分比和沉积率的变化，可划分出四个带：Ⅰ带（812～715 cm，24.2～21.1 cal. kaBP）、Ⅱ带（715～451 cm，21.1～15.2 cal. kaBP）、Ⅲ带（451～251 cm，15.2～10.8 cal. kaBP）、Ⅳ带（251～0 cm，10.8～0.3 cal. kaBP），分别对应MIS 3末期、末次冰盛期、冰消期和全新世。末次冰盛期草本植物花粉占优势，孢粉沉积率较高，此时草本花粉主要来源于出露的大陆架，其上发育了以蒿属为主的草地植被，气候比较寒冷干燥；冰消期海平面开始回升，松属花粉含量升高，草本植物花粉含量下降；全新世以木本植物花粉占绝对优势，栗属－栲属花粉迅速增加，蕨类孢子含量升高，草本植物花粉含量锐减，孢粉沉积率降低，由于海平面回升，大陆架被淹没，此时孢粉主要来源于日本岛，九州地区生长了以栲属、栎属为主的常绿阔叶与落叶阔叶林，气候温暖湿润。 叶枝杉属花粉在整个岩芯中零星出现。叶枝杉属植物分布于菲律宾吕宋北部至塔斯马尼亚和新西兰气候潮湿的山地林中，该属花粉在岩芯中的出现，可能暗示了黑潮的影响或者是较强的夏季风。 草本植物与松属花粉百分比变化很好的反映了海平面的升降，松属花粉含量较高指示海平面较高。对岩芯中主要类型的花粉百分比进行了频谱分析，显示存在千年尺度的准周期变化，有明显的6.8，3.8，2.2，1.6 ka的周期。 孢粉样品中的炭屑统计表明，末次冰消期炭屑含量最高，可能因为末次冰消期降雨量增加，炭屑可被降水带到沉积地点沉积下来；全新世的炭屑浓度较高，尤其在晚全新世，出现了一个峰值，究其原因可能与气候变化和人类活动有关。

神农架的植被及其1：200，200植被图的编制

神农架位于湖北省西部，长江以北、汉水以南的广阔地带，属北亚热带向暖温带的过渡区域。本文依据该地区所处地理位置的植被分布规律等资料，绘制了1：20万的植被复原图。并在此基础上，运用ERDAS imagine 8.4和Maplnfoprofessional 6.0软件，分别对神农架地区的TM影像（5、4、3波段）进行监督分类及目视解译，同时结合野外的样方调查，绘制了神农架地区1：20万的植被类型图，并建立了相应的属性数据库。最后，根据野外的GPS定位点对制图精度进行了Kappa检验。 制图结果表明，制图区总面积3476.67 km2，共计504个斑块。据统计，林地面积2607.45 km2，森林覆盖率75%;山地灌丛及亚高山灌丛总面积358.62 km2，占总面积的10.3%：草甸面积156.84 km2，占4.51%。自然植被划分为10个植被型，46个群系，以及农田（包括居民点）和茶园两种农业土地利用类型。其中针叶、落叶阔叶混交林面积最大（6个群系），约908 km2，占总面积的26.12%;其它依次为落叶阔叶林（1 1个群系），针叶林（4个群系），常绿阔叶林（3个群系），山地灌丛（5个群系），常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶混交林（3个群系），亚高山灌丛(6个群系)，草甸（4个群系）以及亚高山针叶林（3个群系）等。另外，两种农业土地利用类型面积共计430 kn12，占总面积的12.37%。 植被类型图与复原图叠加分析表明：①常绿阔叶林的理论分布区域，由常绿阔叶林，常绿、落叶阔叶混交林等7种植被型以及农田（含居民点）等土地利用类型共同组成。因处低海拔区域，人口集中，所以农田（含居民点）分布最广，所占面积最大，占到该区域面积的35.28%;加上长期的人为干扰，常绿阔叶林面积缩小至48.76 krr12，占到该区域面积的13.93%;②常绿、落叶阔叶混交林的理论分布区域内，因干扰后落叶阔叶林恢复较快，逐渐占据优势。另外，该区域海拔较低，人类活动也较频繁，农田（含居民点）面积仍有相当的比例;③针阔混交林理论分布区海拔位置高，人为活动影响少，原地带性植被保存较好，分布面积最大;其余部分为落阔林等7种植被型共同组成。④针叶林理论分布区域应是以巴山冷杉林为单优种的亚高山针叶林带，但因历史上的皆伐及火烧等原因，现面积仅有17 kfr12，占该区域的19.8%，其余则为亚高山灌丛及亚高山草甸所替代。

用光化学方法氧化Tb~(3+)、Pr~(3+)、Ce~(3+)离子

本文内容包括Tb~(3+)、Pr~(3+)、Ce~(3+)的光氧化。研究了各种因素对氧化率或四价离子生成量的影响。在Tb~(3+)光氧化的基础上，建立了混合钇族稀土中Tb的光化学分析法及混合稀土中Tb的化学氧化分析方法。Tb~(3+)、Pr~(3+)的光氧化是开创性的工作，Tb的分析方法具有一定的应用价值。1 Ce~(3+)d HZO_3－HClO_4体系中的光氧化 用低压汞灯（254nm)、高压汞灯(366nm)和氩离子激光器(351/364nm, 458 nm, 477nm, 502 nm, 514, nm)光辐照Ce~(3+)-HZO_3-HClO_4溶液，Ce~(3+)发生光氧化反应，生成Ce(ZO_3)_4沉淀 。在低压汞灯254 nm波段可获得较高的氧化率，具它波段下的氧化率低，以低压汞灯为光源辐照。研究了温度、光强、酸度、Ce~(3+)初始浓度及辐照时间对氧化率的影响。降低酸度，选择较高的温度和较大的光强，有利于Ce~(3+)的光氧化。2 Tb~(3+)在KIO_4-KOH体系中的光氧化 用高压汞灯（366nm)光辐照Tb~(3+)-KIO_4-KOH溶液，首次实现了Tb~(3+)的光氧化。研究了碱度、络合剂浓度，Tb~(3+)初始浓度、辐照面积，光强和辐照时间等因素对Tb~(4+)生成的影响。测定了Tb(IV)/Rb(III)的氧化还原电势。适宜的KOH浓度应大于0.3M，KIO_4的浓度要比Tb~(3+)初始浓度大几个数量级。当KOH=0.6M, KIO_4=0.22M, 温度为13 ℃时。E_(Tb(IV)/Tb(III))=0.68优，生成的Tb~(4+)可溶性络离子为红棕色，最大吸收峰在420nm附近，比较稳定。3 用光氧化法分析钇族混合稀土中的Tb 根据Tb~(3+)在KIO_4-KOH体系中的光氧化反应，建立了钇族混合稀土中Tb的分光光度分析方法。在高压汞灯366nm的光辐照不无色的Tb~(3+)转变为红棕色的Tb~(4+)，其谱带的吸收峰值在420nm，其它三价钇族稀土无此反应，故无千扰，在Tb的分析浓度范围为1*10~(-5)M - 1*10~(-3)M时，符合Beer定律，Tb在钇族混合稀土中含量的分析最低限为0.2%。此方法可用于萃取钇族稀土过程中Tb的分析，方法简便快速。4 用化学氧化法分析混合稀土中的Tb 根据Tb~(3+)在KIO_4-KOH-K_2S_2O_8体系中的氧化反应，建立了混和稀土中Tb的分光光度分析方法。Tb~(3+)-KzO_4-KOH-K_2S_2O_8溶液加热，Tb~(3+)被氧化的Tb~(4+)，其颜色由无色转变为红棕色，最大吸收峰在420nm。Ce~(3+)加入KIO＿4－KOH溶液后，立即被完全氧化为Ce~(4+), Ce~(4+)在420nm也有吸收，其干扰可以在本底中排除，其它三价稀土离子在此体系中不能发生氧化反应，故无干扰。在Tb的分析浓度范围为5*10~(-5)-5*10~(-4)M时，符合Beer定律，Tb在混合稀土中含量分析的最低限为1％。此方法可用于萃取稀土过程中Tb的分析和监控，方法简便快速。5 Pr~(3+)在KZO_4－KOH体系中的光氧化用高压汞灯光辐照Pr~(3+)-KZO_4-KOH溶液，首次实现了Pr~(3+)的光氧化。生成的Pr~(4+)为棕褐色，最大吸收峰在400nm附近，稳定性较差，在水溶液中发生自还原反应。按Pr~(4+)在400nm的吸收峰值，研究了辐照时间，Pr~(3+)初始浓度，KOH浓度、KZO＿4浓度及Ce~(4+)共存时对Pr~9(4+)生成的影响。相应增加KOH及KZO＿4用量，有利于Pr~(4+)的生成，Ce~(4+)对Pr~(3+)的光氧化无所谓的“带同氧化作用”。

6-(1H-吲哚-3-甲基)-5-乙基-3H-嘧啶-4-酮类化合物的合成及抗HIV活性研究

基于二氢烷氧苄基嘧啶酮(DABO)类非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTIs)的构效关系研究,设计合成了2个新的6-(1H-吲哚-3-甲基)-5-乙基-3H-嘧啶-4-酮类化合物,并采用C8166细胞进行了体外抗HIV活性测试,为新型S-DABO类非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂结构修饰提出了新的设想.

中国部分地区未经治疗HIV-1 感染者耐药基因研究

高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)的应用，极大的降低了AIDS发病率和死亡 率，延长了HIV感染者的生命。但HIV耐药在很大程度上影响了HAART的疗效， 耐药株的产生成为影响抗病毒治疗效果的主要因素。欧洲、美国的耐药监测技术 规范均推荐在新感染未经抗病毒药物治疗的患者中进行原发耐药检测。我国政府 于2003年底出台了艾滋病治疗的“四免一关怀”政策，陆续在全国范围内开展了大 规模的免费抗病毒治疗，监测我国未经抗病毒药物治疗HIV-1感染者中的耐药情 况可以为制定合理的用药方案和减少耐药毒株出现提供科学依据。 根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的“HIV 耐药监测指南”，无偿献血者中的HIV-1 感染者，可以认定为HIV 新诊断未治疗人群。分析了云南无偿献血者的血浆和 外周血单核细胞(PBMC)，研究云南无偿献血人群的耐药状况。 已有实验室血清学方法识别HIV-1 新近感染和长期感染，用BED-CEIA 方 法，在河南、安徽、山西自愿咨询检测(VCT)人群中检出新近感染人群，进行耐 药基因研究, 对照研究了部分长期感染人群。 样品提取核酸后，巢式聚合酶链反应(nested-PCR)扩增pol 基因区(含蛋白酶 区1～99 氨基酸全长和逆转录酶区1～242 氨基酸)。PCR 产物双脱氧法测序，所 得序列与洛斯阿拉莫斯HIV 核酸序列库(Los Alamos HIV Database)标准株构建系 统进化树分析亚型；用斯坦福大学耐药数据库(Standford HIV Drug Resistance Database)分析耐药。 研究发现，云南省2005～2006 年无偿献血者中，有52 例为HIV-1 阳性，其 中49 例血浆和相应的PBMC 样品病毒基因扩增成功。序列分析表明，HIV 病毒 的亚型分布为CRF08_BC (51.0%), CRF07_BC (24.5%), CRF01_AE (20.4%)和B (4.1%)；所有样品均未发现蛋白酶抑制剂（PI）耐药基因位点主要突变，只在6 例(11.7%)样品中发现7 例次PI 次要耐药位点突变；另外，在9 例(18.4%)样品中发现10 例次核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI) 耐药突变，1 例(2.0%)发生非核苷类 逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI) 耐药突变；针对具体药物PI/NRTI/NNRTI 均只有1 例 有潜在的低度耐药，临床仍对药物敏感。PBMC 和血浆的病毒耐药没有显著差异。 从河南、安徽、山西27 个VCT 检测点2006～2007 年采集的10310 例样品 中，通过WB 和BED-CEIA 检测出新近感染人群63 例，分析成功50 例血浆样 品；河南VCT 长期感染样品中随机抽样，分析成功19 例样品。分析成功的69 例VCT 样品中，HIV 病毒株的亚型分布分别为B’ (95.7%)，CRF01_AE(2.9%)和 C(1.4%)。上诉样品均未检出PI 主要耐药相关突变，只在26 例(37.7%)样品中存 在27 例次PI 次要耐药相关突变；3 例(4.3%)样品出现6 例次NRTI 耐药相关突 变，7 例(10.1%)样品出现8 例次NNRTI 耐药相关突变。通过与斯坦福大学耐药 数据库比对，没有发现针对PI 类药物的临床耐药；但有2 例(2.8%)针对NRTI 类 药物耐药，1 例有M184V 突变导致对拉米夫定(3TC)和氟代拉米夫定(FTC)高度 耐药；1 例样品存在T215Y、M41L、L210W 三重突变位点，对阿巴卡韦(ABC)、 去羟肌苷(ddI)和坦那夫韦(TDF)中度耐药，对齐多夫定(AZT)和司他夫定(d4T)高 度耐药；针对NNRTI 类药物，有3 例(4.3%)毒株有耐药，1 例有K103N 突变导 致对奈韦拉平(NVP)、地拉韦啶(DLV)和依菲韦伦(EFV)的高度耐药；1 例有Y188L 突变导致对NVP 和EFV 的高度耐药；1 例存在K101E 和G190A 双重突变，导 致对NVP 的高度耐药，对DLV、EFV 和依曲韦林(ETR)中度耐药。 比较长期感染和新近感染者之间的亚型和耐药，未发现显著差异。 研究结果表明，云南、河南和安徽未经治疗HIV-1 感染者中耐药处于低流行 状态。亚型分布云南无偿献血者以CRF_BC 为主，河南、安徽VCT 人群以B’ 为主。应持续在未经治疗人群中进行耐药监测。

5.3-W Nd:YVO_4 passively mode-locked laser by a novel semiconductor saturable absorber mirror

We report a diode end-pumped continuous wave (CW) passively mode-locked Nd:YVO4 laser with a homemade semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). The maximum average output power is 5.3 W at the incident pump power of 17 W, which corresponds to an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 31.2% and slope efficiency of 34.7%. The corresponding optical spectrum has a 0.2-nm full width at half maximum (FWHM), and the pulse repetition rate is 83 MHz.

Narrow-beam divergence 1.55μm laser diodes with integrated self-aligned spotsize conVerter

This paper describes the high performance of narrow-beam divergence spot size converter (SSC) integrated separately confined heterostructure (SCH) LD. The upper optical confinement layer (OCL) and the butt-coupled tapered thickness waveguide were regrown simultaneously, which not only offered the separated optimization of the active region and the integrated spotsize converter, but also reduced the difficulty of the butt-joint selective regrowth. The threshold current was as low as 5.4 mA, the output power at 55 mA was 10.1 mW, the vertical and horizontal far field divergence angles were as low as 9°and 15°, and the 1-dB misalignment tolerances were 3.6 and 3.4μm, respectively.