Study of oscillatory behavior of recording process arising from electron-hole competition in strongly oxidized LiNbO3 : Ce : Cu

We have investigated ultraviolet (UV) photorefractive effect of lithium niobate doubly doped with Ce and Cu. It is found the diffraction efficiency shows oscillating behavior Under UV-1ight-recording. A model in which electrons and holes can be excited from impurity centers in the UV region is proposed to study the oscillatory behavior of the diffraction efficiency. Oil the basis of the material equations and the coupled-wave equations, we found that the oscillatory behavior is due to the oscillation of the relative spatial phase shift Phi. And the electron-hole competition may cause the oscillation of the relative spatial phase shift. A switch point from electron grating to hole grating is chosen to realize nonvolatile readout by a red light with high sensitivity (0.4 cm/J). (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Behavior of spherical particles at low Reynolds numbers in a fluctuating translational flow

The behavior of spheres in non-steady translational flow has been studied experimentally for values of Reynolds number from 0.2 to 3000. The aim of the work was to improve our qualitative understanding of particle transport in turbulent gaseous media, a process of extreme importance in power plants and energy transfer mechanisms.

Particles, subjected to sinusoidal oscillations parallel to the direction of steady translation, were found to have changes in average drag coefficient depending upon their translational Reynolds number, the density ratio, and the dimensionless frequency and amplitude of the oscillations. When the Reynolds number based on sphere diameter was less than 200, the oscillation had negligible effect on the average particle drag.

For Reynolds numbers exceeding 300, the coefficient of the mean drag was increased significantly in a particular frequency range. For example, at a Reynolds number of 3000, a 25 per cent increase in drag coefficient can be produced with an amplitude of oscillation of only 2 per cent of the sphere diameter, providing the frequency is near the frequency at which vortices would be shed in a steady flow at the mean speed. Flow visualization shows that over a wide range of frequencies, the vortex shedding frequency locks in to the oscillation frequency. Maximum effect at the natural frequency and lock-in show that a non-linear interaction between wake vortex shedding and the oscillation is responsible for the increase in drag.

Thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of an argon plasma jet. Decomposition of nitric oxide between 1300 - 1750 degrees K in an argon plasma

In the first part of the study, an RF coupled, atmospheric pressure, laminar plasma jet of argon was investigated for thermodynamic equilibrium and some rate processes.

Improved values of transition probabilities for 17 lines of argon I were developed from known values for 7 lines. The effect of inhomogeneity of the source was pointed out.

The temperatures, T, and the electron densities, n_e , were determined spectroscopically from the population densities of the higher excited states assuming the Saha-Boltzmann relationship to be valid for these states. The axial velocities, v_z, were measured by tracing the paths of particles of boron nitride using a three-dimentional mapping technique. The above quantities varied in the following ranges: 10¹² ˂ n_e ˂ 10¹⁵ particles/cm³, 3500 ˂ T ˂ 11000 °K, and 200 ˂ v_z ˂ 1200 cm/sec.

The absence of excitation equilibrium for the lower excitation population including the ground state under certain conditions of T and n_e was established and the departure from equilibrium was examined quantitatively. The ground state was shown to be highly underpopulated for the decaying plasma.

Rates of recombination between electrons and ions were obtained by solving the steady-state equation of continuity for electrons. The observed rates were consistent with a dissociative-molecular ion mechanism with a steady-state assumption for the molecular ions.

In the second part of the study, decomposition of NO was studied in the plasma at lower temperatures. The mole fractions of NO denoted by x_NO were determined gas-chromatographically and varied between 0.0012 ˂ x_NO ˂ 0.0055. The temperatures were measured pyrometrically and varied between 1300 ˂ T ˂ 1750°K. The observed rates of decomposition were orders of magnitude greater than those obtained by the previous workers under purely thermal reaction conditions. The overall activation energy was about 9 kcal/g mol which was considerably lower than the value under thermal conditions. The effect of excess nitrogen was to reduce the rate of decomposition of NO and to increase the order of the reaction with respect to NO from 1.33 to 1.85. The observed rates were consistent with a chain mechanism in which atomic nitrogen and oxygen act as chain carriers. The increased rates of decomposition and the reduced activation energy in the presence of the plasma could be explained on the basis of the observed large amount of atomic nitrogen which was probably formed as the result of reactions between excited atoms and ions of argon and the molecular nitrogen.

Chemical and Electrochemical Behavior of Graphene-Covered Silicon Photoanodes

This dissertation describes efforts over the last five years to develop protective layers for semiconductor photoelectrodes based on monolayer or few-layer graphene sheets. Graphene is an attractive candidate for a protective layer because of its known chemical inertness, transparency, ease of deposition, and limited number of electronic states. Monolayer graphene was found to effectively inhibit loss of photocurrent over 1000 seconds at n-Si/aqueous electrolyte interfaces that exhibit total loss over photocurrent over 100 seconds. Further, the presence of graphene was found to effect only partial Fermi level pinning at the Si/graphene interface with respect to a range of nonaqueous electrolytes. Fluorination of graphene was found to extend the stability imparted on n-Si by the monolayer sheet in aqueous Fe(CN)₆^3-/4- electrolyte to over 100,000 seconds. It was demonstrated that the stability of the photocurrent of n-Si/fluorinated graphene/aqueous electrolyte interfaces relative to n-Si/aqueous electrolyte interfaces is likely attributable to the inhibition of oxidation of the silicon surface.

This dissertation also relates efforts to describe and define terminology relevant to the field of photoelectrochemistry and solar fuels production. Terminology describing varying interfaces employed in electrochemical solar fuels devices are defined, and the research challenges associated with each are discussed. Methods for determining the efficiency of varying photoelectrochemical and solar-fuel-producing cells from the current-voltage behavior of the individual components of such a device without requiring the device be constructed are described, and a range of commonly employed performance metrics are explored.

A singular perturbation method of calculating the behavior of supercavitating hydrofoils with rounded noses

A simple, direct and accurate method to predict the pressure distribution on supercavitating hydrofoils with rounded noses is presented. The thickness of body and cavity is assumed to be small. The method adopted in the present work is that of singular perturbation theory. Far from the leading edge linearized free streamline theory is applied. Near the leading edge, however, where singularities of the linearized theory occur, a non-linear local solution is employed. The two unknown parameters which characterize this local solution are determined by a matching procedure. A uniformly valid solution is then constructed with the aid of the singular perturbation approach.

The present work is divided into two parts. In Part I isolated supercavitating hydrofoils of arbitrary profile shape with parabolic noses are investigated by the present method and its results are compared with the new computational results made with Wu and Wang's exact "functional iterative" method. The agreement is very good. In Part II this method is applied to a linear cascade of such hydrofoils with elliptic noses. A number of cases are worked out over a range of cascade parameters from which a good idea of the behavior of this type of important flow configuration is obtained.

Some of the computational aspects of Wu and Wang's functional iterative method heretofore not successfully applied to this type of problem are described in an appendix.

Behavior ecology of the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas: insights from an animal-borne video and data logging system

Dosidicus gigas is a large pelagic cephalopod of the eastern Pacific that has recently undergone an unexpected, significant range expansion up the coast of North America. The impact that such a range expansion is expected to have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems has motivated a thorough study of this top predator, a squid whose lifestyle has been quite mysterious until recently. Unfortunately, Dosidicus spends daylight hours at depths prohibitive to making observations without significant artificial interference. Observations of this squid‟s natural behaviors have thus far been considerably limited by the bright illumination and loud noises of remotely-operated-vehicles, or else the presence of humans from boats or with SCUBA. However, recent technological innovations have allowed for observations to take place in the absence of humans, or significant human intrusion, through the use of animal-borne devices such as National Geographic‟s CRITTERCAM. Utilizing the advanced video recording and data logging technology of this device, this study seeks to characterize unknown components of Dosidicus gigas behavior at depth. Data from two successful CRITTERCAM deployments reveal an assortment of new observations concerning Dosidicus lifestyle. Tri-axial accelerometers enable a confident description of Dosidicus orientation during ascents, descents, and depth maintenance behavior - previously not possible with simple depth tags. Video documentation of intraspecific interactions between Dosidicus permits the identification of ten chromatic components, a previously undescribed basal chromatic behavior, and multiple distinct body postures. And finally, based on visualizations of spermatophore release by D. gigas and repetitive behavior patterns between squid pairs, this thesis proposes the existence of a new mating behavior in Dosidicus. This study intends to provide the first glimpse into the natural behavior of Dosidicus, establishing the groundwork for a comprehensive ethogram to be supported with data from future CRITTERCAM deployments. Cataloguing these behaviors will be useful in accounting for Dosidicus‟ current range expansion in the northeast Pacific, as well as to inform public interest in the impacts this expansion will have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems.

Alterações comportamentais e a análise do estresse oxidativo na idade adulta de animais expostos a hipóxia pré-natal

A Hipóxia-Isquêmica (HI) pré-natal é caracterizada por uma redução no aporte de oxigênio e nutrientes para o feto durante o período gestacional, que pode acarretar, a longo prazo, em dificuldade de concentração e aprendizagem, hiperatividade e déficit de memória. Esses prejuízos podem persistir ou se agravar até a idade adulta, levando ainda ao aparecimento de doenças como epilepsia e paralisia cerebral (PC). A privação de oxigênio e nutrientes, assim como o estresse materno, anemia, eclâmpsia e uso de drogas durante a gestação, podem causar estresse oxidativo durante os períodos críticos do desenvolvimento, e pode ser a principal razão para as mudanças que levam a programação fetal. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a geração de espécies reativas e a consequente formação de estresse oxidativo nos animais adultos, com as alterações da biodisponibilidade do óxido nítrico de forma sistêmica, além de mudanças nos comportamentos motor e de ansiedade, manutenção da memória e aprendizado. Para a hipóxia, foi utilizado o modelo de clampeamento das artérias uterinas das ratas no 18 dia gestacional por 45 min, analisando os filhotes após 90 dias de nascidos. Foram utilizados os testes Open Field e labirinto em cruz elevada para a análise comportamental, e análises das enzimas glutationa peroxidase (GPx), superóxido desmutase (SOD) e catalase, além de quantificação de nitritos, TBARs e carbonilação de proteínas para avaliação de mecanismos oxidantes e antioxidantes. Os resultados demonstraram que o insulto durante a gestação pode acarretar em redução na formação da enzima GPx, além de maior concentração de nitritos analisados nos soros dos animais hipoxiados quando comparados aos controles, contribuindo para o dano oxidativo. Também foi observada redução na memória de habituação e comportamento motor, além de elevado comportamento ansioso em animais hipoxiados, diferentemente de controles. Concluímos assim que a hipóxia isquêmica pré-natal pode alterar permanentemente o estado oxidativo dos animais, além de atuar na formação do comportamento motor, memória de habituação e ansiedade. As descobertas aqui apresentadas contribuem para ampliar o entendimento acerca do evento de hipóxia isquêmica pré-natal, além de prover ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de mecanismos protetores e preventivos aos possíveis danos por ela causados.

Modeling habits as self-sustaining patterns of sensorimotor behavior

In the recent history of psychology and cognitive neuroscience, the notion of habit has been reduced to a stimulus-triggered response probability correlation. In this paper we use a computational model to present an alternative theoretical view (with some philosophical implications), where habits are seen as self-maintaining patterns of behavior that share properties in common with self-maintaining biological processes, and that inhabit a complex ecological context, including the presence and influence of other habits. Far from mechanical automatisms, this organismic and self-organizing concept of habit can overcome the dominating atomistic and statistical conceptions, and the high temporal resolution effects of situatedness, embodiment and sensorimotor loops emerge as playing a more central, subtle and complex role in the organization of behavior. The model is based on a novel "iterant deformable sensorimotor medium (IDSM)," designed such that trajectories taken through sensorimotor-space increase the likelihood that in the future, similar trajectories will be taken. We couple the IDSM to sensors and motors of a simulated robot, and show that under certain conditions, the IDSM conditions, the IDSM forms self-maintaining patterns of activity that operate across the IDSM, the robot's body, and the environment. We present various environments and the resulting habits that form in them. The model acts as an abstraction of habits at a much needed sensorimotor "meso-scale" between microscopic neuron-based models and macroscopic descriptions of behavior. Finally, we discuss how this model and extensions of it can help us understand aspects of behavioral self-organization, historicity and autonomy that remain out of the scope of contemporary representationalist frameworks.

Maternidade precoce a (des)proteção pública as mulheres que foram mães antes dos 18 anos

A maternidade na adolescência é um fenômeno que atinge cerca de 20% dos partos no Brasil. A importância deste tema no campo dos direitos articula-se à dupla condição de proteção conferida à estas mulheres: a de adolescente e a de mãe. O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma tese de doutorado com vistas à identificação das políticas sociais efetivamente acessadas por mulheres que foram mães na adolescência antes e após o parto. Buscamos verificar se os direitos sociais firmados na legislação brasileira foram disponibilizados a elas ao longo de sua vida. O campo de pesquisa compreendeu duas unidades públicas de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa e a técnica empregada foi a saturação de informações, com sete mulheres entrevistadas após quatro anos do nascimento de seus filhos. A eleição desta idade buscou garantir um período distanciamento do início da vida da criança, verificando o impacto do nascimento desta na via da mulher de maneira mais isenta. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da prefeitura da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados demonstram que que as mulheres que foram mães adolescentes atravessaram um cotidiano de pobreza, sobrecarga da figura materna, hierarquia de gênero e ausência de políticas públicas. Mesmo às que estavam em situação de risco, não foram proporcionadas políticas de apoio para a reversão do quadro.A conclusão que se chega é que as mães adolescentes são pouco atingidas por estas políticas públicas porque antes da gravidez estas adolescentes não eram vistas como ameaças à sociedade. Após a gravidez, passam pela rotulação do desperdício de oportunidades, e portanto, continuam sem a proteção da política pública, uma vez que do ponto de vista dos discursos da meritocracia individual presentes nas políticas do risco, não devem ser apoiadas em seus comportamentos tidos como promíscuos. Conclui-se ainda que a melhor estratégia de prevenção da maternidade adolescentes reside no oferecimento de oportunidades concretas de melhorias materias às famílias, de modo que as mulheres não necessitem tormar para si prematuramente as responsabilidades do mundo adulto e que possam ser estimuladas a incluir em seus planos futuros de uma inserção profissional mais qualificada. O estímulo à escolaridade materna (pelos benefícios que a mesma proporciona de melhor inserção no mercado de trabalho e de acesso a renda) é considerado um elemento fundamental neste processo, assim como os programas de valorização do envolvimento masculino nas questões de reprodução/cuidado infantil, programas de promoção de qualidade de vida e prevenção das violências. A tese termina reafirmando a base histórica do exercício dos direitos e a necessidade da explicitação da natureza política do enfrentamento da questão social.

As disfunções sexuais femininas no periódico Archives of Sexual Behavior.

Após o sucesso de vendas do Viagra, medicamento indicado para o tratamento da disfunção erétil, lançado em 1998, houve uma rápida proliferação de artigos, livros e encontros sobre as disfunções sexuais femininas. Desde 2000, um intenso debate sobre o envolvimento da indústria farmacêutica na produção biomédica sobre as disfunções sexuais femininas e a concomitante busca por um medicamento similar ao Viagra destinado às mulheres tem envolvido profissionais de diferentes disciplinas. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar os discursos científicos sobre as disfunções sexuais femininas, através do exame dos artigos publicados no periódico Archives of Sexual Behavior, desde sua fundação, em 1971, até 2007. O periódico foi escolhido por sua legitimidade neste campo de saberes, por abranger um amplo período (36 anos) e seu caráter multidisciplinar. Pretendeu-se investigar quando, como e por quais grupos profissionais as disfunções sexuais femininas foram descritas e abordadas no periódico. No caso das chamadas disfunções sexuais, as descrições científicas, que vêm aumentando significativamente nos últimos anos, dão origem a prescrições de terapias, medicamentos, intervenções cirúrgicas, programas de educação sexual e políticas públicas. Ou seja, subjacente a esse discurso, que afirma ser empírico e imparcial, estão processos que se encontram muito além dos limites de um laboratório ou das atividades de um pesquisador. Buscou-se, assim, pensar a produção científica como produto de articulações e negociações que se desenrolam em esferas diversas, envolvendo processos culturais, sociais, econômicos e também cognitivos ou científicos, em contraposição às concepções que caracterizam a ciência como um projeto que apenas revela verdades. Para tanto, foi apresentado o contexto do surgimento de uma ciência da sexualidade, no decorrer do século XIX e, em seguida, o contexto no qual emergiram os discursos sobre as disfunções sexuais femininas, o que propiciou sua emergência naquele dado momento, o modo como foram definidas e por quem, como se articularam a processos sociais, econômicos e culturais e que transformações sofreram ao longo dos anos.

Social structure and underwater behavior of harbor seals in southern Monterey Bay, California

To understand harbor seal social and mating strategies, I examined site fidelity, seasonal abundance and distribution, herd integrity, and underwater behavior of individual harbor seals in southern Monterey Bay. Individual harbor seals (n = 444) were identified by natural markings and represented greater than 80% of an estimated 520 seals within this community. Year to year fidelity of individual harbor seals to southern Monterey Bay coastline was 84% (n = 388), and long-term associations (>2 yrs) among individuals were common (>40%). Consistent with these long-term associations, harbor seals were highly social underwater throughout the year. Underwater social behavior included three primary types: (1) visual and acoustic displays, such as vocalizing, surface splashing, and bubble-blowing; (2) playful or agonistic social behavior such as rolling, mounting, attending, and biting; and (3) signal gestures such as head-thrusting, fore-flipper scratch~ng, and growling. Frequency of these types of behavior was related to seal age, gender, season, and resource availability. Underwater behavior had a variety of functions, including promotion of learning and social development, reduction of aggression and preservation of social bonds by maintaining social hierarchy, and facilitation of mate selection during breeding season. Social behavior among adult males was significantly correlated with vocalization characteristics (r = 0.99, X2 = 37.7, p = 0.00087), indicating that seals may assess their competition based on underwater vocalization displays and adopt individual strategies for attracting females during breeding season based on social status. Individual mating strategies may include defending underwater territories, using scramble tactics, and developing social alliances. (PDF contains 105 pages)

Effects of chloride substitution on the chemical and physical properties and the crystallization behavior in heavy metal fluoride glasses

Effect of the substitutions of chloride for fluoride on the chemical and physical properties and the crystallization behavior in heavy metal fluoride glasses has been investigated. The characteristic temperature of the glass does not changed obviously when the fluoride was taken place by chloride. Compared with samples of being free of ErF3, the doping samples are more inclined to be surface crystallization. Optical basicity in the glass system increases with increasing the negative charge provided by the chloride atoms and the absorption peak red shifted is observed in absorption spectra. XRD measurements show that not a single crystalline phase appears in the heated glass samples, which indicate the substitutions of chloride for fluoride with a variety of crystalline precipitation trends. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.