Chemical analysis of the essential oil extracted from the seeds of Licaria puchury-major

The essential oil from seeds of Licaria puchury-major was isolated by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by GC and GUMS. Sixteen compounds were identified, representing 91.4% of the total oil. The major components were safrole (58.4%), dodecanoic acid (13.7%) and alpha-terpineol (8.4%). Oxygenated monoterpenoids were the main group of compounds.

Detecting Major Genes Controlling Robustness of Chicken Body Weight Using Double Generalized Linear Models

Detecting both the majors genes that control the phenotypic mean and those controlling phenotypic variance has been raised in quantitative trait loci analysis. In order to mapping both kinds of genes, we applied the idea of the classic Haley-Knott regression to double generalized linear models. We performed both kinds of quantitative trait loci detection for a Red Jungle Fowl x White Leghorn F2 intercross using double generalized linear models. It is shown that double generalized linear model is a proper and efficient approach for localizing variance-controlling genes. We compared two models with or without fixed sex effect and prefer including the sex effect in order to reduce the residual variances. We found that different genes might take effect on the body weight at different time as the chicken grows.

High female mortality resulting in herd collapse in free-ranging domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Sweden

Reindeer herding in Sweden is a form of pastoralism practised by the indigenous Sami population. The economy is mainly based on meat production. Herd size is generally regulated by harvest in order not to overuse grazing ranges and keep a productive herd. Nonetheless, herd growth and room for harvest is currently small in many areas. Negative herd growth and low harvest rate were observed in one of two herds in a reindeer herding community in Central Sweden. The herds (A and B) used the same ranges from April until the autumn gathering in October-December, but were separated on different ranges over winter. Analyses of capture-recapture for 723 adult female reindeer over five years (2007-2012) revealed high annual losses (7.1% and 18.4%, for herd A and B respectively). A continuing decline in the total reindeer number in herd B demonstrated an inability to maintain the herd size in spite of a very small harvest. An estimated breakpoint for when herd size cannot be kept stable confirmed that the observed female mortality rate in herd B represented a state of herd collapse. Lower calving success in herd B compared to A indicated differences in winter foraging conditions. However, we found only minor differences in animal body condition between the herds in autumn. We found no evidence that a lower autumn body mass generally increased the risk for a female of dying from one autumn to the next. We conclude that the prime driver of the on-going collapse of herd B is not high animal density or poor body condition. Accidents or disease seem unlikely as major causes of mortality. Predation, primarily by lynx and wolverine, appears to be the most plausible reason for the high female mortality and state of collapse in the studied reindeer herding community.

Carbon Sequestration and Major Population Centers in Maine

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HAZARD AREAS ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR VOLCANOES IN THE CASCADE MOUNTAIN RANGE

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Hazard Areas Associated with Major Volcanoes in the Cascade Mountain Range

The Cascade Mountain Range in Washington State is the site of several active volcanoes that have the potential to erupt which would deeply affect the lives of those who live near them. This study explores the hazard areas associated with the five largest volcanoes in the region: Mt. Baker, Glacier Peak, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams and Mt. St. Helens. It was determined which geographic regions would be affected by tephra, pyroclastic blasts and lahar flows and the associated populations that live in each of these areas. The level of emergency preparedness necessary for a volcanic eruption could be better determined based on the findings of this study.

Otto Klitgord and Major Benjamin Namm

Otto Klitgord is depicted giving Benjamin H. Namm, chairman of the college's Board of Trustees a degree. Otto Klitgord was the first president of the New York City College of Technology. He was named director of the New York State Institute of Applied Arts and Sciences when it was formed in the 1946 and became president in the 1950s when the administration was reorganized. Klitgord served until 1960, making his tenure as president the longest in City Tech's history.

Latin America major player in the international financial markets, agony and ecstasy

This study deals with the complex relationship between the International Financial Markets (IFMs) and the countries of the Latin America Group, emphasizing the entrance and the exit conditions for these countries in the last two indebtedness cycles - 1967/1982 and 1990/1994. Finally, it makes some considerations about the consequences of these Latin America countries of being linking economic policies to the external financing abtained in the IFMs.

Avaliação toxicológica pré-clínica do fitoterápico contendo Aristolochia cymbifera, Plantago major, Luehea grandiflora, Myrocarpus frondosus, Piptadenia colubrina (Cassaú composto) em ratos wistar.

Avaliou-se a segurança de um fitoterápico, constituído de extratos fluidos de Aristolochia cymbifera (“cassaú”), Plantago major L.(“transagem”), Luehea grandiflora Mart.(“açoita-cavalo”), Myrocarpus frondosus Allemão (“cabreúva”), Piptadenia colubrina Benth (“angico”) (Cassaú Composto® ), através de estudos de toxicidade aguda e subcrônica, tendo como base a resolução Nº 90, de 16 de março de 2004 da ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Para o teste de toxicidade aguda, ratos Wistar de ambos os sexos foram tratados por via oral com uma única dose de 26 ml/kg, correspondendo a 20 vezes a dose terapêutica indicada pelo fabricante para seres humanos adultos. Os resultados revelaram haver sinais de toxicidade sistêmica com o aparecimento de ataxia, porém de forma transitória e reversível, não causando interferência no desenvolvimento ponderal dos animais, nos consumos de água e ração, nas produções de urina e fezes, bem como alterações macroscópicas nos órgãos dos animais. Avaliou-se também a exposição a doses repetidas do fitoterápico (toxicidade subcrônica). Constituiram-se 4 grupos experimentais (10 animais/sexo/dose), onde administrou-se por via oral a ratos Wistar, durante 30 dias, doses diárias de 1,3 ml/kg, 6,5 ml/kg e 13 ml/kg, respectivamente a dose terapêutica indicada pelo fabricante para seres humanos adultos, 5 vezes, e 10 vezes a dose terapêutica, além de um grupo controle, onde administrou-se o veículo do fitoterápico. Os resultados revelaram ausência de toxicidade sistêmica, fundamentados na ausência de alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas sangüíneas, bem como peso e análises histopatológicas dos órgãos, nos diferentes grupos. As flutuações nos consumos de água e ração, bem como produções de urina e fezes, não influenciaram de maneira negativa o desenvolvimento ponderal dos animais. Concluiu-se portanto, que a utilização do fitoterápico nas doses e períodos referidos pode ser considerado segura.

Inhibition of the myotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu venom and its two major myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II, by the aqueous extract of Tabernaemontana catharinensis A. DC. (Apocynaceae)

Partial neutralization of the myotoxic effect of Bothrops jararacussu venom (BV) and two of its myotoxins [bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), catalytically inactive, and II (BthTX-II), showing low PLA(2) activity], by the lyophilized aqueous extract of Tabernaemontana catharinensis (AE), was studied in rat isolated soleus muscle preparations (in vitro) and through i.m. injection in the gastrocnemius muscle (in vivo) by determination of creatine kinase (CK) activity and histopathological analysis. Incubation of soleus muscle for 1 h with BV or toxins (20 mug/ml) plus AE (400 mug/ml) added immediately after BV, BthTX-I or BthTX-II reduced CK levels by 53%, 37% and 56%, respectively. The myonecrotic effects of BV (20 mug/ml) upon soleus muscle was reduced 24%, 35% and 36% when AE (400 mug/ml) was added 1 h after BV and CK was evaluated 30 min, 1 and 2 h later, respectively. For BthTX-I these values were 46%, 48% and 47%, while for BthTX-II no inhibitory effect was detected. Histological analysis of soleus muscle after incubation with AE (400 mug/ml, I h) did not reveal any change in muscle fibers, but severe necrosis induced by -BV or toxins (20 mug/ml) was clearly in evidence, and decreased significantly when soleus muscle was protected by AE. This protection was also observed when AE was administered 1 h after BV or BthTX-I, but not after BthTX-II. AE did not inhibit the catalytic PLA(2), activity of BthTX-II or BV and did not change the PAGE pattern of BV, BthTX-I or BthTX-II. In vivo assays were performed in 100-g rats and maximal CK release was attained at a dose of 100 mug of BV, 3 h after injection. AE was not effective when injected 20 s after BV or toxins. However, injecting BV or toxins (100 mug), which were pre-incubated with AE (2 mg) caused an inhibition of 57%, 59% and 51%, respectively, with zero time pre-incubation, but was less effective with I h pre-incubation. This plant represents a potential source of promising myotoxin inhibitors. (C) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.