876 resultados para Financing small and medium enterprises
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Mode of access: Internet.
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"September 1990."
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Cover title.
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"Reprinted from Municipal year book, 1937."
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Includes bibliographical references.
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Includes index.
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"Ceylon in 1894": fold. broadside in pocket.
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Tables.
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On cover: Task force report on revolving funds and business enterprises of the Government, Appendix J. An appendix to a report by the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government with title: Reorganization of Federal business enterprises; a report to the Congress, March 1949.
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This paper examines the potential for cluster associations to act globally on behalf of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) utilising networked internet-based capabilities to trade globally. The slow up-take of such new technology and the problems involved is also becoming of increased interest to policymakers. This paper argues that cluster associations with low power-dependence and decentralised structures are better able to provide the necessary support that networks of SMEs require to utilise the technology.
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The generic pharmaceutical value chain model has been employed to describe both the global pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries till now. This research investigates the organisational value chain in Australian biotechnology companies in order to assess the appropriateness of the pharmaceutical value chain to small-and medium-sized biotechnology companies. The main theme of the research is: Can a generic model of the organisational value chain be defined for the biotechnology industry? Emanating from the literature, two research propositions were developed. RP1: there are eight major definable elements/activities of the organisational value chain for the biotechnology industry. RP2: Coverage of the elements in the biotechnology value chain ranges from focused to broad. A multiple case study methodology was used to explore these propositions. To develop a number of case studies, data was collected from senior managers of small and medium Australian biotechnology companies using an interview instrument, as well as from publicly available documentation and through observation. The results were analysed using cross-case comparisons. The results showed that an aggregation of the value chains of each organisation can be reduced to these eight definable elements that constitute the biotechnology value chain: basic research, applied research, development, verification and validation, prototype development, clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing. However, the findings also indicate that these major elements of the value chain need to be further reduced into sub-activities or sub-tasks to cater for the unique differences between biotechnology companies. Generally, the findings were consistent with the literature. However, a wider sampling, including international biotechnology organisations should be studied. The major contribution of this research is in the development of a value chain model, including general sub-tasks, for the Australian biotechnology industry.
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This article presents a new framework for analyzing the simultaneous determination of current account imbalances and the path of national income. Using standard macroeconomic behavioral relationships, it first examines how and why current account deficits matter by investigating links between domestic consumption, government spending, output, saving, investment, interest rates, and capital flows. Central to the model is the distinction between aggregate output and expenditure that enables dissection of the effects of discretionary fiscal change on the current account and national income. The framework yields results relevant to the twin deficits hypothesis that are contrary to those of standard models.
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Of those explants tested, immature zygotic embryo tissues proved to be the best for initiating callus with potential for somatic embryogenesis. Slicing of this tissue and use of the central sections (near to and including the meristematic tissue) gave the best embryogenic response. Slices that were placed under illumination necrosed more rapidly and to a greater degree than those incubated in the dark. Explant slice necrosis could be prevented or severely retarded by the addition of activated charcoal into the medium. Washing the explants for short periods of time prior to culture was also found to improve callus production. Prolonged washing resulted in low rates of callus production. In an attempt to prevent ethylene accumulation in the culture vessel headspace, AVG, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor and STS, a chemical which reduces the physiological action of ethylene, were successfully used to promote somatic embryogenesis. Spermidine, putrescine and spermine, polyamines that are known to delay plant senescence and promote somatic embryogenesis in some plant species, enhanced the rate of somatic embryogenesis when they were introduced into the callus induction medium. The use of polyethylene glycol in combination with abscisic acid helped promote somatic embryo formation and maturation as well as the subsequent formation of plantlets. The use of all of these improvements together has created a new and improved protocol for coconut somatic embryogenesis. This new protocol puts significant emphasis on improving the in vitro ecology of the explant, callus and somatic embryogenic tissues.
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Prior studies have shown that innovative information systems (IS) adoption behaviour by small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is greatly dependent on organizational and environmental characteristics. Government influence (i.e., federal and local government agencies) was found to play an important role in the promotion or enforcement of innovative IS adoption by SMEs, and it is vital for ensuring adoption of nationwide innovative IS, particularly in developing economies. This study introduces the construct of enacted capabilities and examines the enacted capabilities that motivate SMEs to use innovative IS (i.e., a government's electronic procurement systems) to its full potential. A model of how enacted capabilities affect IS adoption behaviour through perceived net benefits and attitude is developed. A survey (and follow-up interviews) of CEOs/owners from Malaysian SMEs was conducted. Results indicate the enacted capabilities possessed by SMEs play a prominent role in determining the adoption of government electronic procurement systems by these enterprises.