Charts for the rapid estimation of percentages of plants and/or animals in samples

The need to estimate percentages and/or numbers occurs frequently during practical research work; accurate but rapid estimates can be useful when planning research programmes. Charts are provided that may be used as a visual aid to estimating numbers of animals/plants in a specific situation, for example, the number of fish fry in a subsample from a hatchery tank, or the percentage composition of a sample such as the percentage algal cover in a pond.

The predicament of the freshwater fisheries and aquaculture of Sri Lanka

A discussion is presented on the current problems facing the freshwater fisheries of Sri Lanka, following the decision taken by the Government to abolish the Inland Fisheries Division of the Fisheries Ministry and to stop aid to freshwater fisheries and aquaculture on the grounds that such practices are not in accordance with the history and tradition of the people of Sri Lanka. Without government subsidies, help and regulation, the freshwater fishery and aquaculture sectors are in grave danger of complete collapse. The need for a comprehensive management plan for the multiple use of the country's reservoirs is stressed.

Previsão do comportamento hidráulico de um rio com base na estimativa de coeficientes que controlam seu escoamento. Estudo de caso: Rio Bengalas, Nova Friburgo-RJ

Nesta tese é realizada a modelagem do comportamento hidráulico dos principais rios que compõem a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Bengalas, localizada no município de Nova Friburgo-RJ, a qual abrange a área mais urbanizada da referida cidade. Para a realização das simulações foi utilizado o Sistema de Modelagem de Águas MOHID, ferramenta MOHID Land. Já para a calibração do modelo foram adotados alguns métodos de otimização, mais precisamente, os algoritmos de Luus- Jaakola (LJ) e Colisão de Partículas (PCA), acoplados ao referido sistema, com o intuito de determinar os principais parâmetros necessários à modelagem de corpos hídricos, bem como suas bacias hidrográficas. Foram utilizados dados topográficos do IBGE disponibilizados pela prefeitura após a elaboração do Plano de Águas Pluviais da região de interesse. Com o modelo devidamente calibrado por meio de dados experimentais, foi realizada a validação do mesmo através da simulação de inundações nesta região. Apesar de técnicas de otimização acopladas à plataforma MOHID terem sido utilizadas pela primeira vez em um rio de montanha, os resultados apresentaram-se importantes e qualitativamente satisfatórios do ponto de vista de auxílio à tomada de decisões, tendo como base a prevenção de danos causados pelas elevações da lâmina dágua que ocorrem frequentemente em Nova Friburgo, como por exemplo, a recente tragédia de janeiro de 2011 ocorrida na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Pro dia nascer feliz: Possibilidades de articulação entre educação formal e não formal no Colégio Estadual Guadalajara

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo geral analisar a dinâmica de funcionamento das atividades não formais do Colégio Estadual Guadalajara e apontar para possíveis pontes-diálogo entre educação formal e não formal nesse espaço escolar. Para atingir esse objetivo a dissertação contemplou: a) a descrição das atividades do Núcleo de Cultura do Guadá desde a sua implementação, b) a análise das possíveis relações estabelecidas entre as atividades não formais e as atividades oferecidas pela instituição a partir do proposto pela rede oficial de ensino e c) a influência do Programa Mais Educação na promoção das atividades não formais de ensino pela escola. Nesse sentido, a investigação em foco, ressalta o regime colaborativo entre o ideal de educação integral proposto pelo programa e a perspectiva de formação holística do indivíduo presente nas atividades não formais do C.E. Guadalajara. Para isso conta com aporte teórico de autores como Gohn (2010), Trilla (2008), Gadotti (2005) e Libâneo (2010) para conceituar e categorizar educação formal e não formal. E, com Ferreira (2007), Guará (2006), Cavaliere (2002) e Coelho (s/d) para esclarecer a perspectiva de educação integral e problematizá-la. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram: observação não-participante, análise documental, história oral e aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturada realizadas com as duas animadoras culturais do Núcleo de Cultura. Os resultados revelam que, de fato existem articulações pontuais entre educação formal e não formal na escola pesquisada. Este aspecto está relacionado com a participação de professores no planejamento das atividades não formais e a melhoria do rendimento dos alunos nas disciplinas formais em virtude da participação nas oficinas ofertadas pelo núcleo. No tocante a colaboração do Programa Mais Educação para a promoção das atividades não formais da escola foi constatado que o programa serviu como auxílio para subsidiar atividades que já ocorriam no espaço escolar sem seu financiamento.

A (des)integralidade pela (in)diferença: um estudo sobre práticas assistenciais ao louco na emergência de um hospital quase geral

A atual política de saúde mental brasileira aponta o hospital geral como parte integrante da rede de serviços substitutivos ao manicômio. É preconizado por essa política que os serviços substitutivos levem em consideração, entre outras premissas, o acolhimento, o vínculo e a integralidade na prestação do cuidado. Frente a isso, optou-se por estudar o atendimento ao louco no hospital geral. Este estudo foi realizado no setor de emergência do Hospital Estadual Pedro II, situado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo era analisar as práticas assistenciais ao louco em um hospital geral e os seus efeitos para integralidade. Para isso, buscou-se, especificamente, a) situar a unidade hospitalar e sua relação com a rede de serviços de saúde, destacando os aspectos sociais, políticos e culturais que se inserem; e b) compreender os sentidos e significados sobre integralidade, acolhimento e vínculo atribuídos pelos sujeitos envolvidos nas práticas assistenciais a clientela com transtorno psiquiátrico; e c) identificar a existência de nexos entre essas práticas e as diretrizes do movimento de reforma psiquiátrica, além de mapear os dispositivos de poder e seus efeitos nas práticas assistenciais. Optou-se pelo recurso metodológico do Estudo de Caso. Os dados foram obtidos através de observação, análise documental, entrevista e conversas do cotidiano. Identificou-se que o hospital funciona como a única emergência da região, além de ser a única porta aberta às emergências psiquiátricas. O espaço físico da emergência em pouco favorecia o desenvolvimento de uma atenção acolhedora, resolutiva e humanizada, seja ao louco ou a qualquer outro paciente. As práticas assistenciais ainda eram predominantemente pautadas pelo modo asilar. Acolhimento, vínculo e integralidade faziam parte do discurso, mas ainda não se materializaram nas práticas assistenciais. O estigma atribuído à doença mental foi percebido como empecilho a práticas acolhedoras. A noção de vínculo foi atrelada à responsabilidade. Porém a prática de alguns profissionais da emergência e do próprio serviço de saúde mental não revelou essa responsabilização na coprodução de saúde. As relações de poder no campo seguiam o modelo biomédico hegemônico, com centralidade na figura do médico. Elas foram consideradas empecilho à materialização da integralidade. A fim de possibilitar a concretização do hospital como parte da rede de serviços substitutivos julgou-se necessário investir em novos arranjos institucionais que coloquem o usuário como centro dos modos de produção de atos de saúde; inserir a dimensão cuidadora na formação e qualificação dos profissionais de saúde e, investir especificamente na dimensão sociocultural da reforma psiquiátrica para que o ideário reformista deixe de circular somente os guetos psiquiátrico e garanta um outro lugar para o louco na sociedade.

Mapeamento digital de áreas suscetíveis a escorregamento na parte continental do município de Angra dos Reis, RJ.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a classificação resultante do emprego da Avaliação de Multicritérios, utilizando a técnica AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), em ambiente SIG, para o mapeamento de áreas suscetíveis à escorregamento no município de Angra dos Reis. O estudo exigiu duas imagens Landsat 7 TM, obtidas respectivamente em 14/08/2006 e 17/06/2005. O produto gerado será comparado com os dados já existentes disponibilizados pela Defesa Civil do município, servindo de auxílio às ações no processo de gestão territorial, dando suporte ao planejamento e execução de projetos ambientais e de engenharia e apoio a tomadas de decisões governamentais, evitando novos desastres como os ocorridos em 31/12/2009 e 01/01/2010.

A efetivação judicial do direito fundamental à saúde e o orçamento público

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar as principais questões relacionadas à efetivação pelo Poder Judiciário do direito social a saúde. Serão analisados na primeira parte do trabalho os direitos sociais fundamentais e o mínimo existencial, no qual se inclui o direito à saúde, abordando-se a importância dada pela Constituição Federal a tal direito e sua regulamentação infraconstitucional, com destaque para a organização do Estado e as fontes de recursos. Após se demonstrar a importância do direito à saúde como direito social fundamental, será estudada na segunda parte do trabalho a escassez de recursos para o atendimento de todas as necessidades da população, abordando-se o conceito de reserva do possível e a relevância das leis orçamentárias para o alcance as prioridades sociais. Por fim, será demonstrada a legitimidade e necessidade de ingerência do Poder Judiciário na concretização do direito à saúde, destacando-se as posições doutrinárias e decisões judiciais que buscam alcançar o equilíbrio entre o atendimento de tal direito fundamental, o reconhecimento da limitação de recursos e a valorização do orçamento público.

Collaborative governance assessment

This Guidance Note presents a simple approach to analyzing the governance context for development of aquatic agricultural systems; it is intended as an aid to action research, and a contribution to effective program planning and evaluation. It provides a brief introduction to the value of assessing governance collaboratively, summarizes an analytical framework, and offers practical guidance on three stages of the process: identifying obstacles and opportunities, debating strategies for influence, and planning collaborative actions.

Economic valuation of natural resources: a handbook for coastal resource policymakers

Professionals who are responsible for coastal environmental and natural resource planning and management have a need to become conversant with new concepts designed to provide quantitative measures of the environmental benefits of natural resources. These amenities range from beaches to wetlands to clean water and other assets that normally are not bought and sold in everyday markets. At all levels of government — from federal agencies to townships and counties — decisionmakers are being asked to account for the costs and benefits of proposed actions. To non-specialists, the tools of professional economists are often poorly understood and sometimes inappropriate for the problem at hand. This handbook is intended to bridge this gap. The most widely used organizing tool for dealing with natural and environmental resource choices is benefit-cost analysis — it offers a convenient way to carefully identify and array, quantitatively if possible, the major costs, benefits, and consequences of a proposed policy or regulation. The major strength of benefit-cost analysis is not necessarily the predicted outcome, which depends upon assumptions and techniques, but the process itself, which forces an approach to decision-making that is based largely on rigorous and quantitative reasoning. However, a major shortfall of benefit-cost analysis has been the difficulty of quantifying both benefits and costs of actions that impact environmental assets not normally, nor even regularly, bought and sold in markets. Failure to account for these assets, to omit them from the benefit-cost equation, could seriously bias decisionmaking, often to the detriment of the environment. Economists and other social scientists have put a great deal of effort into addressing this shortcoming by developing techniques to quantify these non-market benefits. The major focus of this handbook is on introducing and illustrating concepts of environmental valuation, among them Travel Cost models and Contingent Valuation. These concepts, combined with advances in natural sciences that allow us to better understand how changes in the natural environment influence human behavior, aim to address some of the more serious shortcomings in the application of economic analysis to natural resource and environmental management and policy analysis. Because the handbook is intended for non-economists, it addresses basic concepts of economic value such as willingness-to-pay and other tools often used in decision making such as costeffectiveness analysis, economic impact analysis, and sustainable development. A number of regionally oriented case studies are included to illustrate the practical application of these concepts and techniques.

Marine eutrophication review. Part 1: Quantifying the effects of nitrogen enrichment on phytoplankton in coastal ecosystems; Part 2: Bibliography with abstracts

Professionals who are responsible for coastal environmental and natural resource planning and management have a need to become conversant with new concepts designed to provide quantitative measures of the environmental benefits of natural resources. These amenities range from beaches to wetlands to clean water and other assets that normally are not bought and sold in everyday markets. At all levels of government — from federal agencies to townships and counties — decisionmakers are being asked to account for the costs and benefits of proposed actions. To non-specialists, the tools of professional economists are often poorly understood and sometimes inappropriate for the problem at hand. This handbook is intended to bridge this gap. The most widely used organizing tool for dealing with natural and environmental resource choices is benefit-cost analysis — it offers a convenient way to carefully identify and array, quantitatively if possible, the major costs, benefits, and consequences of a proposed policy or regulation. The major strength of benefit-cost analysis is not necessarily the predicted outcome, which depends upon assumptions and techniques, but the process itself, which forces an approach to decision-making that is based largely on rigorous and quantitative reasoning. However, a major shortfall of benefit-cost analysis has been the difficulty of quantifying both benefits and costs of actions that impact environmental assets not normally, nor even regularly, bought and sold in markets. Failure to account for these assets, to omit them from the benefit-cost equation, could seriously bias decisionmaking, often to the detriment of the environment. Economists and other social scientists have put a great deal of effort into addressing this shortcoming by developing techniques to quantify these non-market benefits. The major focus of this handbook is on introducing and illustrating concepts of environmental valuation, among them Travel Cost models and Contingent Valuation. These concepts, combined with advances in natural sciences that allow us to better understand how changes in the natural environment influence human behavior, aim to address some of the more serious shortcomings in the application of economic analysis to natural resource and environmental management and policy analysis. Because the handbook is intended for non-economists, it addresses basic concepts of economic value such as willingness-to-pay and other tools often used in decision making such as costeffectiveness analysis, economic impact analysis, and sustainable development. A number of regionally oriented case studies are included to illustrate the practical application of these concepts and techniques.

National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) research highlights in the Chesapeake Bay

The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It is a unique and valuable national treasure because of its ecological, recreational, economic and cultural benefits. The problems facing the Bay are well known and extensively documented, and are largely related to human uses of the watershed and resources within the Bay. Over the past several decades as the origins of the Chesapeake’s problems became clear, citizens groups and Federal, State, and local governments have entered into agreements and worked together to restore the Bay’s productivity and ecological health. In May 2010, President Barack Obama signed Executive Order number 13508 that tasked a team of Federal agencies to develop a way forward in the protection and restoration of the Chesapeake watershed. Success of both State and Federal efforts will depend on having relevant, sound information regarding the ecology and function of the system as the basis of management and decision making. In response to the executive order, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) has compiled an overview of its research in Chesapeake Bay watershed. NCCOS has a long history of Chesapeake Bay research, investigating the causes and consequences of changes throughout the watershed’s ecosystems. This document presents a cross section of research results that have advanced the understanding of the structure and function of the Chesapeake and enabled the accurate and timely prediction of events with the potential to impact both human communities and ecosystems. There are three main focus areas: changes in land use patterns in the watershed and the related impacts on contaminant and pathogen distribution and concentrations; nutrient inputs and algal bloom events; and habitat use and life history patterns of species in the watershed. Land use changes in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have dramatically changed how the system functions. A comparison of several subsystems within the Bay drainages has shown that water quality is directly related to land use and how the land use affects ecosystem health of the rivers and streams that enter the Chesapeake Bay. Across the Chesapeake as a whole, the rivers that drain developed areas, such as the Potomac and James rivers, tend to have much more highly contaminated sediments than does the mainstem of the Bay itself. In addition to what might be considered traditional contaminants, such as hydrocarbons, new contaminants are appearing in measurable amounts. At fourteen sites studied in the Bay, thirteen different pharmaceuticals were detected. The impact of pharmaceuticals on organisms and the people who eat them is still unknown. The effects of water borne infections on people and marine life are known, however, and the exposure to certain bacteria is a significant health risk. A model is now available that predicts the likelihood of occurrence of a strain of bacteria known as Vibrio vulnificus throughout Bay waters.

Scientific assessment of freshwater harmful algal blooms

In 2004, Congress reauthorized the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 with the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act (HABHRCA 2004). The 2004 legislation required the generation of five reports, including this "Scientific Assessment of Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms." HABHRCA 2004 stipulates that this report 1) examine the causes, consequences, and economic costs of freshwater HABs, 2) establish priorities and guidelines for a research program on freshwater HABs, and 3) make recommendations to improve coordination among Federal agencies with respect to research on HABs in freshwater environments. This report is divided into five chapters: Chapter 1 provides the legislative background and process for developing the report, Chapter 2 describes the problem of freshwater and inland HABs in the United States, Chapter 3 outlines the current Federal efforts in freshwater and inland HAB research and response, Chapter 4 discusses the future research priorities, and Chapter 5 delineates opportunities for coordination to advance research efforts. The document is based, in large part, on the proceedings (Hudnell 2008) of the International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, a meeting convened by EPA and sponsored by a variety of Federal agencies, to describe current scientific knowledge and identify priorities for future research on CyanoHABs. This report offers a plan for coordinating the important research that is currently ongoing in the United States and for guiding future research directions for Federal programs as well as for state, local, private, and academic institutions in order to maximize advancements. To this end, the Interagency Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hypoxia, and Human Health (IWG-4H) identifies seven priorities, all of equal weight, for freshwater HAB research and response. These priorities represent research areas where there is the greatest potential for progress in freshwater HAB research. This report does not attempt to assess the relative importance of freshwater HAB research compared to other research areas or other priorities for Federal or state investment.

Inserting innovations in-service

Military platforms have exceptionally long lifecycles and given the state of defense budgets there is a significant trend in sustaining the operational capability of legacy platforms for much greater periods than originally designed. In the context of through-life management, one of the key questions is how to manage the flow of technology for platform modernization during the in-service phase of the lifecycle? Inserting technological innovations in-service is achieved through technology insertion processes. Technology insertion is the pre-eminent activity for both maintaining and enhancing the functional capability of a platform especially given the likely changes in future military operations, the pace of change in technology and with the increasing focus on lifecycle cost reduction. This chapter provides an introduction to technology insertion together with an overview of the key issues that practitioners are faced with. As an aid to planning technology insertion projects, a decision-support framework is presented. © 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Effects of unconditioned and conditioned aversive stimuli in an intense fear conditioning paradigm on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 area in vivo

Repeated vivid recalls or flashbacks of traumatic memories and memory deficits are the cardinal features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Here, we examined the effects of very strong fear conditioning (20 pairings of a light with a 1.5-mA, 0.5-s foot shock) and subsequent reexposure to the conditioning context (chamber A), a similar context (chamber B), and/or to the fear conditioned stimulus (CS) (a light) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 area in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The conditioning procedure resulted in very strong conditioned fear, as reflected by high levels of persistent freezing, to both the contexts and to the CS, 24 h after fear conditioning. The induction of long-term potentiation ON was blocked immediately after fear conditioning. It was still markedly impaired 24 h after fear conditioning; reexposure to the conditioning chamber A (CA) or to a similar chamber 13 (CB) did not affect the impairment. However, presentation of the CS in the CA exacerbated the impairment of LTP, whereas the CS presentation in a CB ameliorated the impairment so that LTP induction did not differ from that of control groups. The induction of long-term depression (LTD) was facilitated immediately, but not 24 h, after fear conditioning. Only reexposure to the CS in the CA, but not reexposure to either chamber A or B alone, or the CS in chamber B, 24 h after conditioning, reinstated the facilitation of LTD induction. These data demonstrate that unconditioned and conditioned aversive stimuli in an intense fear conditioning paradigm can have profound effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity, which may aid to understand the mechanisms underlying impairments of hippocampus-dependent memory by stress or in PTSD. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Prediction of molar absorptivities of color reagents and their color reactions with yttrium by artificial neural networks

The new topological indices A(x1)-A(x3) suggested in our laboratories were applied to the study of structure-property relationships between color reagents and their color reactions with yttrium. The topological indices of twenty asymmetrical phosphone bisazo derivatives of chromotropic acid were calculated. The work shows that QSPR can be used as a novel aid to predict the molar absorptivities of color reactions and in the long term to be helpful tool in-color reagent design. Multiple regression analysis and neural network were employed simultaneously in this study. The results demonstrated the feasibility and the effectiveness of the method.