Impacto gerado na vida das mulheres removidas das favelas

Interventions that seek to change the areas occupied by squatters have been one of the most common forms of Urban Management Policies, trying revolver one of the major problems of Brazilian metropolises, namely the precarious living conditions of a large part of the population in the city. A Pedreira Prado Lopes, a slum located in the northwestern region of Belo Horizonte, is one of twelve local benefit program by urbanization of slums Vila Viva, a program of structural intervention in Slums at the municipal level. These interventions, which are benefiting 9,000 residents have funds of R$37,4 millions the PAC (Growth Acceleration Program) and were guided by PGE - Specific Global Plan prepared by technicians URBEL (Urbanization Company of Belo Horizonte) in 1998. This project intervention was the creation of a set of housing for former slum housing. The objective of this research is to know how this intervention impacted the lives of residents after settling in condominiums, seeking to describe the changes on the horizon of women who are in most household heads residents of these buildings, as shown by studies of the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), 2011

Universidade : Transformações na profissão acadêmica

Este artículo enfoca eltrabajo docente enlas universidades públicas provincialesdel Paraná/Brasil. Inicialmente se problematiza loactual contexto marcado por la restructuraciónproductiva y por la reforma de Estado y lastransformaciones por lascualesvienepasandolauniversidadbrasileña. A partir de ahíelestudio se vuelve para el cotidiano docente mediante entrevistas realizadas contreinta y seis docentes vinculados latres universidades públicas provinciales. Se analizalas entrevistas hechasconlos docentes y se discute tendencias observadas enlosdatoscolectados. Se postula laconstitución de una nueva métrica deltiempo y una nuevaespacializacióneneltrabajo docente resultante de loscambiospolítico-económicos, cuya tónica es la gradual exencióndelfinanciamiento público y lacomercializacióndelconocimiento a través de laprivatización de cursos y de lainnovación tecnológica subordinada. Se aborda algunasrepercusiones de las condiciones objetivas sobre lasactividades académico-científicas y políticas delcuerpo de profesores como elenvolvimiento de este conprácticasdelcasi mercado educacional, la falta de tiempo para eltrabajo de cuño intelectual y elvaciamiento de la política sindical

El Conflicto del Campo : Matrices culturales e identificaciones políticas

Este trabajo intenta demostrar cómo el denominado "Conflicto del Campo" (2008) puede ser comprendido a partir de la relación entre la cultura y la política. De esta manera, se parte de los cambios que el sector agropecuario experimentó durante los noventa, para luego exponer cómo durante el Conflicto se posicionaron distintos intereses en un mismo lado. Se mencionan, además, los estudios que otros investigadores realizaron sobre el mismo. La mencionada escena política fue estudiada a partir de la realización de entrevistas en profundidad, con el fin de exponer la relación entre procesos de identificación política y matrices culturales.

Reformas laborales y movilización sindical en los años noventa en Argentina : El caso del sindicato automotriz

Este artículo trata de las relaciones entre las reformas neoliberales y la movilización sindical en los años noventa en la Argentina. ¿Hasta qué punto los sindicatos y los trabajadores aprobaron el neoliberalismo y las reformas económicas? ¿Cómo afectaron estos cambios sus capacidades organizativas? Nuestra hipótesis es que a pesar de los costos que trajeron sobre los asalariados, los sindicatos mantuvieron su organización no solo mediante negociaciones por recursos financieros sino también a través de la capacidad de movilización en las grandes fábricas. Estas negociaciones sucedieron luego de oponerse contra los efectos de tales políticas en la primera parte de la década, aunque no contra su política global. Realizamos un estudio de caso basado en el sector automotriz con enfoque en algunas fábricas terminales. Asimismo intentamos hacer una contribución crítica respecto de la bibliografía especializada en las relaciones laborales en la Argentina en la era neoliberal

Activity, work and employment: some reflections on a topic under debate

Since ten years ago, it is intensely thought of human work and employment in developed countries as a consequence of the deep changes on the productive system. In this chapter we analyze at first place the concept of work and its evolution, based on recent researches. In second place we review the notions of activity, work and employment and also the definition and measurement of unemployment, which is not a very old notion. The third part is about the work rol in human life and finally we study the different alternatives on activity and specific work contracts, proposals that nowadays replace the notion of "full employment" in France.

Measured ice surface velocities on the King George Island ice cap with DGPS

King George Island is located at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, which is influenced by maritime climate conditions. The observed mean annual air temperature at sea level is -2.4°C. Thus, the ice cap is regarded as sensitive to changing climatic conditions. Ground-penetrating radar surveys indicate a partly temperate ice cap with an extended water layer at the firn/ice transition of the up to 700 m high ice cap. Measured firn temperatures are close to 0°C at the higher elevations, and they differ considerably from the measured mean annual air temperature. The aim of this paper is to present ice-flow dynamics by means of observations and simulations of the flow velocities. During several field campaigns from 1997/98 to 2008/09, ice surface velocities were derived with repeated differential GPS measurements. Ice velocities vary from 0.7 m/a at the dome to 112.1 m/a along steep slopes. For the western part of the ice cap a three-dimensional diagnostic full-Stokes model was applied to calculate ice flow. Parameters of the numerical model were identified with respect to measured ice surface velocities. The simulations indicate cold ice at higher elevations, while temperate ice at lower elevations is consistent with the observations.

Calcium and sodium concentrations of the Talos Dome ice core, Antarctica

In this study we report on new non-sea salt calcium (nssCa2+, mineral dust proxy) and sea salt sodium (ssNa+, sea ice proxy) records along the East Antarctic Talos Dome deep ice core in centennial resolution reaching back 150 thousand years (ka) before present. During glacial conditions nssCa2+ fluxes in Talos Dome are strongly related to temperature as has been observed before in other deep Antarctic ice core records, and has been associated with synchronous changes in the main source region (southern South America) during climate variations in the last glacial. However, during warmer climate conditions Talos Dome mineral dust input is clearly elevated compared to other records mainly due to the contribution of additional local dust sources in the Ross Sea area. Based on a simple transport model, we compare nssCa2+ fluxes of different East Antarctic ice cores. From this multi-site comparison we conclude that changes in transport efficiency or atmospheric lifetime of dust particles do have a minor effect compared to source strength changes on the large-scale concentration changes observed in Antarctic ice cores during climate variations of the past 150 ka. Our transport model applied on ice core data is further validated by climate model data. The availability of multiple East Antarctic nssCa2+ records also allows for a revision of a former estimate on the atmospheric CO2 sensitivity to reduced dust induced iron fertilisation in the Southern Ocean during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene (T1). While a former estimate based on the EPICA Dome C (EDC) record only suggested 20 ppm, we find that reduced dust induced iron fertilisation in the Southern Ocean may be responsible for up to 40 ppm of the total atmospheric CO2 increase during T1. During the last interglacial, ssNa+ levels of EDC and EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) are only half of the Holocene levels, in line with higher temperatures during that period, indicating much reduced sea ice extent in the Atlantic as well as the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. In contrast, Holocene ssNa+ flux in Talos Dome is about the same as during the last interglacial, indicating that there was similar ice cover present in the Ross Sea area during MIS 5.5 as during the Holocene.

(Table 1) Lake elevation change derived from 4 or more years of measurements

In this study, ICESat altimetry data are used to provide precise lake elevations of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the period of 2003-2009. Among the 261 lakes examined ICESat data are available on 111 lakes: 74 lakes with ICESat footprints for 4-7 years and 37 lakes with footprints for 1 -3 years. This is the first time that precise lake elevation data are provided for the 111 lakes. Those ICESat elevation data can be used as baselines for future changes in lake levels as well as for changes during the 2003-2009 period. It is found that in the 74 lakes (56 salt lakes) examined, 62 (i.e. 84%) of all lakes and 50 (i.e. 89%) of the salt lakes show tendency of lake level increase. The mean lake water level increase rate is 0.23 m/year for the 56 salt lakes and 0.27 m/year for the 50 salt lakes of water level increase. The largest lake level increase rate (0.80 m/year) found in this study is the lake Cedo Caka. The 74 lakes are grouped into four subareas based on geographical locations and change tendencies in lake levels. Three of the four subareas show increased lake levels. The mean lake level change rates for subareas I, II, III, IV, and the entire TP are 0.12, 0.26, 0.19, -0.11, and 0.2 m/year, respectively. These recent increases in lake level, particularly for a high percentage of salt lakes, supports accelerated glacier melting due to global warming as the most likely cause.

Multi-temporal shoreline change rates on Taku Atoll

Recent-past shoreline changes on reef islands are now subject to intensified monitoring via remote sensing data. Based on these data, rates of shoreline change calculated from long-term measurements (decadal) are often markedly lower than recent short-term rates (over a number of years). This observation has raised speculations about the growing influence of sea-level rise on reef island stability. This observation, however, can also be explained if we consider two basic principles of geomorphology and sedimentology. For Takú Atoll, Papua New Guinea, we show that natural shoreline fluctuations of dynamic reef islands have a crucial influence on the calculation of short-term rates of change. We analyze an extensive dataset of multitemporal shoreline change rates from 1943 to 2012 and find that differing rates between long- and short-term measurements consistently reflect the length of the observation interval. This relationship appears independent from the study era and indicates that reef islands were equally dynamic during the early periods of analysis, i.e. before the recent acceleration of sea-level rise. Consequently, we suggest that high rates of shoreline change calculated from recent short-term observations may simply result from a change in temporal scale and a shift from geomorphic equilibrium achieved over cyclic time towards an apparent disequilibrium during shorter periods of graded time. This new interpretation of short- and long-term shoreline change rates has important implications for the ongoing discussion about reef island vulnerability, showing that an observed jump from low to high rates of change may be independent from external influences, including but not limited to sea-level rise.

Biogenic and terrigeneous components in Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments of the equatorial Atlantic

High-resolution analyses of sediments at equatorial Atlantic Sites 662, 663, and 664 define the accumulation rates of biogenically produced CaC03 and opal and of eolian dust from North Africa over the last 3.7 m.y. The mean flux of opal increased abruptly by 60%-70% near 2.5 Ma (2.65 to 2.3 Ma), reflecting pulses of increased opal productivity along the equator due mainly to increased upwelling. The mean winter-plume dust influx from Sahelian and Saharan Africa also increased at this time by between 35% and 75%, following smaller increases earlier in the late Pliocene. The increased opal flux implies a stronger zonal component of the southern trade winds in Southern Hemisphere winter. Consistent with this wind configuration, the stronger dust flux suggests a weaker southwesterly monsoonal flow into Africa in Northern Hemisphere summer, thus increasing Sahelian aridity and winter-plume dust fluxes. Dust fluxes to the equator may possibly have also been enhanced by stronger Northern Hemisphere winter trade winds and a more southerly position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone over Africa. These late Pliocene biogenic and terrigenous flux changes coincided with the appearance of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, implying an ultimate causal link. The immediate control on changes in tropical circulation may, however, have been changes in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. A steady background trend of increasing winter-plume dust flux occurred from the late Pliocene until the middle Pleistocene. This may reflect a progressive, tectonically induced aridification of northern and eastern Africa because of the gradual uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.

Mass balance measurements on King George Island ice cap in 2007 and 2008

The Antarctic Peninsula has been identified as a region of rapid on-going climate change with impacts on the cryosphere. The knowledge of glacial changes and freshwater budgets resulting from intensified glacier melt is an important boundary condition for many biological and integrated earth system science approaches. We provide a case study on glacier and mass balance changes for the ice cap of King George Island. The area loss between 2000 and 2008 amounted to about 20 km**2 (about 1.6% of the island area) and compares to glacier retreat rates observed in previous years. Measured net accumulation rates for two years (2007 and 2008) show a strong interannual variability with maximum net accumulation rates of 4950 mm w.e./a and 3184 mm w.e./a, respectively. These net accumulation rates are at least 4 times higher than reported mean values (1926-95) from an ice core. An elevation dependent precipitation rate of 343 mm w.e./a (2007) and 432 mm w.e./a (2008) per 100 m elevation increase was observed. Despite these rather high net accumulation rates on the main ice cap, consistent surface lowering was observed at elevations below 270 m above ellipsoid over an 11-year period. These DGPS records reveal a linear dependence of surface lowering with altitude with a maximum annual surface lowering rate of 1.44 m/a at 40 m and -0.20 m/a at 270 m above ellipsoid. These results fit well to observations by other authors and surface lowering rates derived from the ICESat laser altimeter. Assuming that climate conditions of the past 11 years continue, the small ice cap of Bellingshausen Dome will disappear in about 285 years.

Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on an intertidal meiobenthic community

In the near future, the marine environment is likely to be subjected to simultaneous increases in temperature and decreased pH. The potential effects of these changes on intertidal, meiofaunal assemblages were investigated using a mesocosm experiment. Artificial Substrate Units containing meiofauna from the extreme low intertidal zone were exposed for 60 days to eight experimental treatments (four replicates for each treatment) comprising four pH levels: 8.0 (ambient control), 7.7 & 7.3 (predicted changes associated with ocean acidification), and 6.7 (CO2 point-source leakage from geological storage), crossed with two temperatures: 12 °C (ambient control) and 16 °C (predicted). Community structure, measured using major meiofauna taxa was significantly affected by pH and temperature. Copepods and copepodites showed the greatest decline in abundance in response to low pH and elevated temperature. Nematodes increased in abundance in response to low pH and temperature rise, possibly caused by decreased predation and competition for food owing to the declining macrofauna density. Nematode species composition changed significantly between the different treatments, and was affected by both seawater acidification and warming. Estimated nematode species diversity, species evenness, and the maturity index, were substantially lower at 16 °C, whereas trophic diversity was slightly higher at 16 °C except at pH 6.7. This study has demonstrated that the combination of elevated levels of CO2 and ocean warming may have substantial effects on structural and functional characteristics of meiofaunal and nematode communities, and that single stressor experiments are unlikely to encompass the complexity of abiotic and biotic interactions. At the same time, ecological interactions may lead to complex community responses to pH and temperature changes in the interstitial environment.

Environmental analyses of cyclic Middle Eocene sediments and palynomorph records of ODP Hole 189-1172A

The influence of orbital precession on early Paleogene climate and ocean circulation patterns in the southeast Pacific region is investigated by combining environmental analyses of cyclic Middle Eocene sediments and palynomorph records recovered from ODP Hole 1172A on the East Tasman Plateau with climate model simulations. Integration of results indicates that in the marine realm, direct effects of precessional forcing are not pronounced, although increased precipitation/runoff could have enhanced dinoflagellate cyst production. On the southeast Australian continent, the most pronounced effects of precessional forcing were fluctuations in summer precipitation and temperature on the Antarctic Margin. These fluctuations resulted in vegetational changes, most notably in the distribution of Nothofagus (subgenus Brassospora). The climate model results suggest significant fluctuations in sea ice in the Ross Sea, notably during Austral summers. This is consistent with the influx of Antarctic heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the early part of the studied record. The data demonstrate a strong precessionally driven climate variability and thus support the concept that precessional forcing could have played a role in early Antarctic glaciation via changes in runoff and/or precipitation.