English tests : graded multiple choice : C2. 'Test de Inglés : respuesta de múltiple elección : C2'.

Se trata de una serie de libros de test de respuesta de múltiple elección sobre el idioma inglés. La serie abarca los seis niveles del Marco Común Europeo, de A1 a C2, con un libro dedicado a cada nivel. Cada libro se compone de doce test de 30 minutos, cada uno de los cuales puede ser fácilmente realizado y corregido. Pero no son sólo pruebas para determinar los conocimientos de un estudiante en gramática y vocabulario, también están diseñados para ser utilizados como herramientas de enseñanza valiosas por derecho propio, permitiendo a profesores y estudiantes revisar las estructuras más comunes y las dificultades del lenguaje inglés, así como controlar su progreso a medida que avanzan.

Estudio experimental del movimiento en el Bachillerato Elemental.

Incluye cuatro fotografías y nueve gráficas

Del monolitismo nacional al mestizaje cultural.

Título del congreso: 'El español, lengua del mestizaje y la interculturalidad'

La formación del profesorado como consecuencia del Programa Prensa-Escuela del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia : fase experimental (1985-90).

Analizar las acciones desarrolladas por el MEC para formar al profesorado en el uso de la prensa en el aula, principalmente a través de actividades diversas de formación desarrolladas en los CEPs. Revisar las publicaciones de apoyo a este programa. Crear y desarrollar hábitos de lectura. Formar lectores críticos y ciudadanos participativos en una sociedad democrática y pluralista. Traer al aula el mundo exterior. Utilizar el periódico como un elemento dinamizador y transversal a todas las asignaturas. La encuesta se realiza en 81 centros experimentales de reforma, repartidos por las 28 provincias de gestión del MEC. Se hace una relación de los cursos de formación impartidos al profesorado, tanto a nivel nacional, como a nivel de CEP; de la difusión que los profesores participantes hacen de los conocimientos adquiridos y de sus experiencias directas en el aula. También se especifican las distintas modalidades de formación: cursos, seminarios, talleres, etc. Se enumeran las publicaciones de apoyo y los centros de profesores intervinientes, con número de participantes, asignatura que enseñan, periódicos y revistas utilizados, secciones más leídas y analizadas... Se emplean también encuestas sobre los puntos mencionados y grado de interés demostrado por los alumnos en las distintas etapas de la enseñanza no universitaria. Los resultados obtenidos son: a) Un 90,7 por ciento de los docentes españoles leen la prensa habitualmente. B) El diario regional tiene una audiencia considerable dentro de su propia región. C) 'El País' es el periódico preferido por los profesores (35,7 por ciento). D) La sección de Nacional es la de más interés (51,6 por ciento). E) Leen habitualmente revistas aunque de modo muy disperso. F) Un 26,5 por ciento de profesores afirma utilizar asiduamente la prensa en clase. G) La prensa usada en la escuela es proporcionada generalmente por los propios profesores. H) 'El País' es el diario más empleado en clase (42,3 por ciento). I) La sección más utilizada es la de 'nacional', seguida por 'Cultura y Ciencia'. J) La asignatura donde más se emplea es lengua (41,6 por ciento). K) La prensa se utiliza como auxiliar didáctico. L) El grado de participación del alumno en las clases en las que se usa la prensa escrita es alto (45,1 por ciento).

Un colegio en torno a la cerámica.

En el proyecto educativo globalizado realizado por la profesora coordinadora del CP Contraparada se trabaja de forma globalizada las áreas de plástica y tecnología pretendiendo consolidar el concepto de volumen, el desarrollo de la capacidad espacial y de técnica de habilidad manual que fomenten la coordinación y el gusto por lo artesanal. Se preparará el local destinado a taller, se dispusieron los materiales y se entrenó en las técnicas de modelado a bulto, texturaciones y expresividad de la superficie, bruñido, esgrafiado, raspado, arañado, incisión, vaciado y decoración. Además se realizaron relieves, murales y serigrafías programando y adaptando esta técnica para la educación infantil, los tres ciclos de primaria y el primer ciclo de ESO. Evaluación cualitativa de la experiencia.

Festivals : St Patrick' s-Thanksgiving : unidades did??cticas de Ingl??s : primer ciclo de Educaci??n Primaria

Contiene dos unidades did??cticas de Ingl??s, que pretenden proporcionar al profesorado modelos de programaci??n y materiales did??cticos de apoyo a su pr??ctica docente. La primera unidad, St Patricks, trata sobre la fiesta y la leyenda de San Patricio, patr??n de Irlanda, y consta de cuatro sesiones. La segunda unidad, Thanksgiving, est?? dedicada a una celebraci??n t??pica de Estados Unidos, la fiesta de Acci??n de Gracias, y consta de cinco sesiones. Ambas unidades incluyen una introducci??n, la explicaci??n detallada de cada sesi??n y tres anexos con material fotocopiable, fichas de evaluaci??n y juegos.

Modos de leer y escribir en Historia : perspectivas de alumnos y profesores de la formaci??n docente inicial

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

La devoción al Divino Niño en Quito: una etnografía del consumo popular religioso

El presente estudio da cuenta del consumo cultural de una devoción religiosa en el contexto urbano. Analiza etnográficamente la devoción al Divino Niño Jesús en la ciudad de Quito. La metodología utilizada proviene de la antropología, la historia cultural y la semiótica. Realiza una descripción, a partir de testimonios y literatura popular religiosa, del origen de la imagen del Divino Niño Jesús, su iconografía y la manera como esta imagen religiosa se ha difundido y es usada por amplios y diferentes sectores populares a nivel urbano. Elabora una etnografía de los santuarios del Divino Niño erigidos en la ciudad e insiste en la importancia que adquieren estos espacios en la configuración de un territorio sagrado superpuesto al mapa de la ciudad. Finalmente, el estudio da cuenta de las apropiaciones, usos y prácticas ciudadanas de la imagen del Divino Niño; reseña los desacuerdos que se producen en la veneración y el consumo cultural de esta imagen, y evidencia los desplazamientos que han experimentado otras advocaciones con la irrupción de esta devoción en el contexto quiteño.

Children's sociospatial (re)production of disability within primary school playgrounds

There is a contemporary shift in the institutional context of 'disabled' children's education in the United Kingdom from segregated special to mainstream schools. This change is tied to wider deinstitutionalised or reinstitutionalised geographies of disabled people, fragile globalised educational 'inclusion' agendas, and broader concerns about social cohesiveness. Although coeducating children is expected to transform negative representations of (dis)ability in future society, there are few detailed explorations of how children's everyday sociospatial practices (re)produce or transform dominant representations of (dis)ability. With this in mind, children's contextual and shifting performances of (dis)ability in two case study school playground (recreational) spaces are explored. The findings demonstrate that children with mind-body differences are variously (dis)abled, in comparison with sociospatially shifting norms of ability, which have body, learning, and emotional-social facets. The discussion therefore places an emphasis on the need to incorporate 'intellectual' and 'emotional' differences more fully into geographical studies of disability and identity. The paper has wider resonance for transformative expectations placed on colocating children with a variety of 'axes of difference' (such as gender, 'race, ethnicity, and social class) in schools.

Scope and Limitations of The Co-Drug Approach to Topical Drug Delivery

Many currently available drugs show unfavourable physicochemical properties for delivery into or across the skin and temporary chemical modulation of the penetrant is one option to achieve improved delivery properties. Pro-drugs are chemical derivatives of an active drug which is covalently bonded to an inactive pro-moiety in order to overcome pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic barriers. A pro-drug relies upon conversion within the body to release the parent active drug (and pro-moiety) to elicit its pharmacological effect. The main drawback of this approach is that the pro-moiety is essentially an unwanted ballast which, when released, can lead to adverse effects. The term ‘co-drug’ refers to two or more therapeutic compounds active against the same disease bonded via a covalent chemical linkage and it is this approach which is reviewed for the first time in the current article. For topically applied co-drugs, each moiety is liberated in situ, either chemically or enzymatically, once the stratum corneum barrier has been overcome by the co-drug. Advantages include synergistic modulation of the disease process, enhancement of drug delivery and pharmacokinetic properties and the potential to enhance stability by masking of labile functional groups. The amount of published work on co-drugs is limited but the available data suggest the co-drug concept could provide a significant therapeutic improvement in dermatological diseases. However, the applicability of the co-drug approach is subject to strict limitations pertaining mainly to the availability of compatible moieties and physicochemical properties of the overall molecule.

Preparation and properties of gallaborane, GaBH6: structure of the gaseous molecule H2Ga(μ-H)2BH2 as determined by vibrational, electron diffraction, and ab initio studies, and structure of the crystalline solid at 110 K as determined by x-ray diffraction``

Gallaborane (GaBH6, 1), synthesized by the metathesis of LiBH4 with [H2GaCl]n at ca. 250 K, has been characterized by chemical analysis and by its IR and 1H and 11B NMR spectra. The IR spectrum of the vapor at low pressure implies the presence of only one species, viz. H2Ga(μ-H)2BH2, with a diborane-like structure conforming to C2v symmetry. The structure of this molecule has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) measurements afforced by the results of ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Hence the principal distances (rα in Å) and angles ( α in deg) are as follows: r(Ga•••B), 2.197(3); r(Ga−Ht), 1.555(6); r(Ga−Hb), 1.800(6); r(B−Ht), 1.189(7); r(B−Hb), 1.286(7); Hb−Ga−Hb, 71.6(4); and Hb−B−Hb, 110.0(5) (t = terminal, b = bridging). Aggregation of the molecules occurs in the condensed phases. X-ray crystallographic studies of a single crystal at 110 K reveal a polymeric network with helical chains made up of alternating pseudotetrahedral GaH4 and BH4 units linked through single hydrogen bridges; the average Ga•••B distance is now 2.473(7) Å. The compound decomposes in the condensed phases at temperatures exceeding ca. 240 K with the formation of elemental Ga and H2 and B2H6. The reactions with NH3, Me3N, and Me3P are also described.

Coriolis perturbations in the infrared spectrum of diborane

High‐resolution infrared spectra of B2H6 vapor are reported. The sample was prepared from the naturally occurring 11B☒10B isotopic mixture. The rotational structure of the infrared bands has been analysed for Coriolis perturbations due to rotation about the axis of least moment of inertia (the B⋅⋅⋅B axis). The following results have been obtained: (a) interaction between the Type A fundamental ν18 and the inactive fundamental ν5 has been observed, thus confirming the assignment of ν5 at 833 cm—1, giving ∣ ζ5,18Z ∣=0.55±0.05; (b) interaction observed between the Type A combination band (ν10+ν12) at 1283 cm—1 and the inactive combination (ν10+ν7) gives an estimate of the unobserved fundamental ν7 as 850±30 cm—1, and an estimate of ∣ ζ7,12Z ∣=0.6±0.1; (c) the absence of any observed perturbation of the Type C fundamental ν14 at 973 cm—1, suggests, by negative arguments, that either the unobserved fundamental ν9 does not lie in the frequency range 900 to 1100 cm—1, or ∣ ζ9,14Z ∣<0.2. The assignment of the unobserved fundamental vibrations of diborane is discussed in the light of this evidence.

Statistical modeling suggests that antiandrogens in effluents from wastewater treatment works contribute to widespread sexual disruption in fish living in English rivers.

BACKGROUND: The widespread occurrence of feminized male fish downstream of some wastewater treatment works has led to substantial interest from ecologists and public health professionals. This concern stems from the view that the effects observed have a parallel in humans, and that both phenomena are caused by exposure to mixtures of contaminants that interfere with reproductive development. The evidence for a "wildlife-human connection" is, however, weak: Testicular dysgenesis syndrome, seen in human males, is most easily reproduced in rodent models by exposure to mixtures of antiandrogenic chemicals. In contrast, the accepted explanation for feminization of wild male fish is that it results mainly from exposure to steroidal estrogens originating primarily from human excretion. OBJECTIVES: We sought to further explore the hypothesis that endocrine disruption in fish is multi-causal, resulting from exposure to mixtures of chemicals with both estrogenic and antiandrogenic properties. METHODS: We used hierarchical generalized linear and generalized additive statistical modeling to explore the associations between modeled concentrations and activities of estrogenic and antiandrogenic chemicals in 30 U.K. rivers and feminized responses seen in wild fish living in these rivers. RESULTS: In addition to the estrogenic substances, antiandrogenic activity was prevalent in almost all treated sewage effluents tested. Further, the results of the modeling demonstrated that feminizing effects in wild fish could be best modeled as a function of their predicted exposure to both anti-androgens and estrogens or to antiandrogens alone. CONCLUSION: The results provide a strong argument for a multicausal etiology of widespread feminization of wild fish in U.K. rivers involving contributions from both steroidal estrogens and xeno-estrogens and from other (as yet unknown) contaminants with antiandrogenic properties. These results may add farther credence to the hypothesis that endocrine-disrupting effects seen in wild fish and in humans are caused by similar combinations of endocrine-disrupting chemical cocktails.

Phyloclimatic modeling: Combining phylogenetics and bioclimatic modeling

We investigate the impact of past climates on plant diversification by tracking the "footprint" of climate change on a phylogenetic tree. Diversity within the cosmopolitan carnivorous plant genus Drosera (Droseraceae) is focused within Mediterranean climate regions. We explore whether this diversity is temporally linked to Mediterranean-type climatic shifts of the mid-Miocene and whether climate preferences are conservative over phylogenetic timescales. Phyloclimatic modeling combines environmental niche (bioclimatic) modeling with phylogenetics in order to study evolutionary patterns in relation to climate change. We present the largest and most complete such example to date using Drosera. The bioclimatic models of extant species demonstrate clear phylogenetic patterns; this is particularly evident for the tuberous sundews from southwestern Australia (subgenus Ergaleium). We employ a method for establishing confidence intervals of node ages on a phylogeny using replicates from a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. This chronogram shows that many clades, including subgenus Ergaleium and section Bryastrum, diversified during the establishment of the Mediterranean-type climate. Ancestral reconstructions of bioclimatic models demonstrate a pattern of preference for this climate type within these groups. Ancestral bioclimatic models are projected into palaeo-climate reconstructions for the time periods indicated by the chronogram. We present two such examples that each generate plausible estimates of ancestral lineage distribution, which are similar to their current distributions. This is the first study to attempt bioclimatic projections on evolutionary time scales. The sundews appear to have diversified in response to local climate development. Some groups are specialized for Mediterranean climates, others show wide-ranging generalism. This demonstrates that Phyloclimatic modeling could be repeated for other plant groups and is fundamental to the understanding of evolutionary responses to climate change.