贵州省喀斯特地区水库中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O的产生与释放研究－以红枫湖﹑百花湖为例

大气中不断增加的温室气体浓度，将对气候、生态环境和人类活动等一系列问题产生重大影响，因此其“源”﹑“汇”效应备受关注。水库，作为人为活动对大气温室气体浓度影响的一个重要方面，也越来越受到国、内外学者的关注。本论文对贵州省喀斯特地区两个富营养水库(红枫湖、百花湖)中主要温室气体（CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O）在不同月份的水体中的分布规律进行研究，并结合两湖具体水环境条件，分析了影响两湖水体中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O变化的因素，进而阐明两湖水体中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O产生与释放的机理。本论文得到的结论如下： 1.由于地理位置和气候条件类似，所以两库水体中pCO2变化规律类似：两库表层水中pCO2在6月、8月明显低于大气CO2分压，其他月份则明显高于大气CO2分压。从全年角度来说，红枫湖表层水pCO2为874.2±774.4µatm，百花湖为1131.7±1164.0µatm，都是大气CO2的“源”。两湖pCO2与Chla之间存在的显著负相关，说明浮游植物光合作用与细菌呼吸作用共同影响是两湖pCO2出现季节变化的主要原因。 2.夏季，水体中光合作用产生的有机质发生降解产生CO2对温跃层中CO2的增加起重要作用；沉积物中有机质降解导致静水层中CO2积累，这种作用在秋﹑冬季有所降低，可能与水温有关。而秋冬季，随着温跃层的消失，在水体混合作用下，夏季水体中积累的CO2重新释放到表层水中使其pCO2升高。 3.通过与国内、外其他地区湖泊（水库）表层水中CO2的比较，发现：（1）由于红枫湖与百花湖地处喀斯特山区，陆源输入的有机碳比北部温带地区少，所以表层水中CO2低，对大气CO2释放的贡献较小。（2）由于富营养化现象，两库夏季表层水体成为大气CO2的“汇”。并且，就全年而言，表层水中CO2低于北部温带地区，说明两库光合作用固定的C返回大气的程度可能较低。 4.两湖表层水中CH4浓度的变化规律为：枯水期>丰水期，但在所有采样期间两湖始终是大气CH4的“源”。就全年而言，红枫湖两采样点HF-N和HF-S表层水中CH4浓度分别为0.19±0.09µmol/L和0.48±0.53µmol/L，百花湖两采样点BH-1和BH-2分别为0.32±0.29µmol/L和0.29±0.20µmol/L。两湖表层水中CH4浓度变化可能由以下几方面原因造成：（1）枯水期，水体滞留时间长，水体中的CH4得到积累；（2）丰水期，藻类初级生产造成表层水中DO含量增加，表层水体中CH4被氧化的程度较高；（3）丰水期，径流及降雨的增加也可能造成表层水体中CH4被稀释。 5.两湖湖底水体中CH4浓度的变化规律为：枯水期〈丰水期。就全年而言，HF-N和HF-S点底层水中CH4浓度分别为16.49±26.16µmol/L和8.80±15.30µmol/L，BH-1和BH-2分别为6.03±7.07µmol/L和4.41±7.00µmol/L。浮游植物光合作用产生的有机物及湖底水温﹑含氧状况是影响CH4产生的主要因素。SO42-也对湖底CH4的产生起一定抑制作用。 6.夏季，两湖湖水表层藻类的初级生产与湖水底层沉积物的降解对水体中CH4产生有影响。而热分层和两湖静水层中缺氧环境使得CH4得到积累。而到了秋冬季节，在水体混合作用下这部分CH4在水体中重新分布，并且由于氧化作用加强而被损耗。 7.两湖表层水中N2O的变化规律为：夏季N2O明显低于其他季节，但在所有采样期间内两湖都是大气N2O的“源”。从全年来看，红枫湖HF-N和HF-S两采样点表层水中N2O浓度分别为；46.31±29.65nmol/L，36.93±18.41nmol/L；百花湖BH-1和BH-2两采样点表层水中N2O浓度分别为102.13±79.53nmol/L，99.51±75.77nmol/L。硝化反应是影响两湖表层水中N2O季节变化的主要原因，并受表层水温﹑DO及NO3－等共同影响。 8.通过比较水体中NO3-﹑NH4+及N2O的分布特征，发现：春季,红枫湖水体中以硝化反应为主；夏季,两湖温跃层以上水体中以硝化反应为主，湖底以反硝化作用为主；秋﹑冬季节，虽然有个别采样点出现硝化或反硝化反应，但总体上两湖水体中N2O以水体混合作用为主。

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿（穆龙套型）金矿床物质来源与成矿机制

萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床是我国90年代金矿地质工作者在新疆西南天山地区寻找穆龙套型金矿床的一个突破。本文通过对新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床的矿石矿物组成、稀土元素地球化学、同位素地球化学以及流体包裹体特征等方面的研究，探讨了萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床地质地球化学特征、金的赋存状态及成矿流体特征、成矿流体来源，提出了该矿床的成矿机制，取得如下认识：1．流体包裹体岩相学研究表明，萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床的流体包裹体主要为V＋L相和富CO_2相包裹体，前者为NaCl-H_2O体系，后者主要有L_(CO2)、L_(CO2)+L、V_(CO2)+L、V_(CO2)＋L_(CO2)＋L相包裹体；并发现极少量含子晶流体包裹体。2．通过流体包裹体显微测温学研究，表明金矿床的均一温度成矿早阶段为270～320 ℃，成矿主阶段为170～250 ℃，成矿晚阶段为110-250 ℃，呈逐渐降低的趋势，低温成矿作用明显。3．单个流体包裹体的激光拉曼分析表明，流体包裹体中除含有CO2之外，还含有一定量的N_2和CH_4。4.成矿物质来源的复杂性。萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床矿石中微量元素组成、稀土配分模式大都反映了成矿金属物质主要来自赋矿地层本身。金属硫化物的6345：-3.4‰～+2.6‰，西南天山地区下古生界地层中广泛存在各类火山岩可能是该矿床的主要硫源，部分可能有深部物质的参与。矿石中主要脉石矿物石英和菱铁矿 中包裹体水的氢氧同位素组成为δD = -72％～-62‰，δ~(18)O ＝ -11.6‰～＋5.4‰。成矿流体主要为大气降水补给的地下卤水，并有少量岩浆水的混合。5．Ar-Ar同位素地球化学研究表明，萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床的主要成矿时代为印支晚期，210 Ma。6. 对矿石中的流体包裹体进行了温度、压力、成分、pH、含盐度等的分要的，并系统的进行了矿床形成时的物理化学条件的理论计算，基中包括EH、PH、f_(O_2)、f_(S_2)等及金在矿液运移中的搬运形式。指出减压过程或伴生沸腾的减压过程，是矿床形成过程中矿质卸载的基本机制，此外，酸蚀变过程（如绢云母化等）中由于H~+的消耗促进了溶液中pH值的升高；含高炭质的围岩，降低了矿液的氧逸度以及含矿热液与地表下渗冷水的混合等诸多因素，则是矿订形成的辅助机制。

Preparation of chitooligosaccharides from chitosan by a complex enzyme

Chitosan of 24% degree of acetylation was depolymerized by a mixture of cellulase, alpha amylase, and proteinase to give the title oligosaccharides. The removal of products by membrane separation permitted yield maximization of products having degree of polymerization in the 3-10 range. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Informes da avaliação de genótipos de girassol 2008/2009 e 2009.

Características gerais da rede de ensaios de avaliação de genótipos de girassol. Resultados dos ensaios finais de primeiro e de segundo ando ? safra 2008/2009 e safrinha 2009. Ensaio final de segundo ano ? safra 2008/2009. Ensaio final de primeiro ano ? safra 2008/2009. Ensaio final de segundo ano - safrinha 2008. Ensaio final de primeiro ano ? safrinha 2008.

Thermodynamic properties of ethanol and gasoline blended fuel

The heat capacities (C-p) of five types of gasohol (50 wt % ethanol and 50 wt % unleaded gasoline 93(#) (E50), 60 wt % ethanol and 40 wt % unleaded gasoline 93(#) (E60), 70 wt % ethanol and 30 wt % unleaded gasoline 93(#) (E70), 80 wt % ethanol and 20 wt % unleaded gasoline 93(#) (E80), and 90 wt % ethanol and 10 wt % unleaded gasoline 93(#) (E90), where the "93" denotes the octane number) were measured by adiabatic calorimetry in the temperature range of 78-320 K. A glass transition was observed at 95.61, 96.14, 96.56, 96.84, and 97.08 K for samples from the E50, E60, E70, E80, and E90 systems, respectively. A liquid-solid phase transition and a solid-liquid phase transition were observed in the respective temperature ranges of 118-153 and 155-163 K for E50, 117-150 and 151-164 K for E60, 115-154 and 154-166 K for E70, 113-152 and 152-167 K for E80, and 112-151 and 1581-167 K for E90. The polynomial equations of Cp and the excess heat capacities (C-p(E)), with respect to the thermodynamic temperature, were established through least-squares fitting. Based on the thermodynamic relationship and the equations obtained, the thermodynamic functions and the excess thermodynamic functions of the five gasohol samples were derived.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among nurses in Scotland: A cross-sectional study using the Scottish Health Survey.

Background Increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity represents a global pandemic. As the largest occupational group in international healthcare systems nurses are at the forefront of health promotion to address this pandemic. However, nurses own health behaviours are known to influence the extent to which they engage in health promotion and the public's confidence in advice offered. Estimating the prevalence of overweight and obesity among nurses is therefore important. However, to date, prevalence estimates have been based on non-representative samples and internationally no studies have compared prevalence of overweight and obesity among nurses to other healthcare professionals using representative data. Objectives To estimate overweight and obesity prevalence among nurses in Scotland, and compare to other healthcare professionals and those working in non-heath related occupations. Design Cross-sectional study using a nationally representative sample of five aggregated annual rounds (2008-2012) of the Scottish Health Survey. Setting Scotland. Participants: 13,483 adults aged 17 to 65 indicating they had worked in the past 4 weeks, classified in four occupational groups: nurses (n = 411), other healthcare professionals (n = 320), unqualified care staff (n = 685), and individuals employed in non-health related occupations (n = 12,067). Main outcome measures: Prevalence of overweight and obesity defined as Body Mass Index ≥ 25.0. Methods Estimates of overweight and obesity prevalence in each occupational group were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A logistic regression model was then built to compare the odds of being overweight or obese with not being overweight or obese for nurses in comparison to the other occupational categories. Data were analysed using SAS 9.1.3. Results 69.1% (95% CI 64.6,73.6) of Scottish nurses were overweight or obese. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in nurses than other healthcare professionals (51.3%, CI 45.8,56.7), unqualified care staff (68.5%, CI 65.0,72.0) and those in non-health related occupations (68.9%, CI 68.1,69.7). A logistic regression model adjusted for socio-demographic composition indicated that, compared to nurses, the odds of being overweight or obese was statistically significantly lower for other healthcare professionals (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.45, CI 0.33,0.61) and those in non-health related occupations (OR 0.78, CI 0.62,0.97). Conclusions Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Scottish nurses is worryingly high, and significantly higher than those in other healthcare professionals and non-health related occupations. High prevalence of overweight and obesity potentially harms nurses’ own health and hampers the effectiveness of nurses’ health promotion role. Interventions are therefore urgently required to address overweight and obesity among the Scottish nursing workforce.

Developing organisational change capability

Oxtoby, B.; McGuinness, T.; and Morgan, R. (2002). Developing organisational change capability. European Management Journal. 20(3), pp.310-320 RAE2008

A concise review on some frequently used solid waste management technologies and their effects into the environment and human health

uma revisão sobre alguns estudos epidemiológicos melhorará a compreensão quanto aos efeitos potenciais na saúde da gestão de resíduos e permitirá obter informação importante em termos de trabalho futuro. Alguns estudos mostraram associações significativas entre diversos métodos de gestão de resíduos e impactos potenciais na saúde humana. noutros estudos as associações foram consideradas inconsistentes ou susceptíveis de conduzir a equívocos, sendo necessários mais estudos epidemiológicos para averiguar as consequências para a saúde humana e para determinar os seus efeitos toxicológicos directos, assegurando assim que a gestão de resíduos representa um risco mínimo para a saúde. os estudos epidemiológicos devem ser analisados com uma mente aberta, tomando em consideração factores como o estatuto social e a migração das populações. A review of a few epidemiologic studies will improve the understanding of the potential health effects of waste management and will provide important information regarding future work. several studies showed significant relationships between several methods of waste management and potential impacts on human health. in other studies associations were found to be inconsistent or equivocal and more specific epidemiological studies must be performed to assess consequences to human health and to determine their direct toxicological effects, thus ensuring that waste management pose minimum risk to health.