Dispersion, population dynamics and stock assessment of Caspian Sea prawns, genus Palaemon in Guilan Province coastal waters

Biological aspects, population dynamics and stock assessment of the Caspian Sea prawns Palaemon adspersus and Palaemon eleganse were investigated in Guilan coastal water of the Caspian Sea. Sampling was done monthly with a bottom trawl with mesh size of 3 mm in cod end in 0 - 5 m and 5 - 10 m depth in areas as Astra, Shafa Roud, Anzali, Chonchanan Chamkhaleh and Chaboksar during year 2002. Results of one year sampling showed that mean total length of Palaemon adspersus (pooled data) was 39.9±6.84 mm (X±SD) and mean wiegth was 1.133±0.67 g. The mean total length of females and males was 41.6±7.5 mm and 37.9±5.2 mm respectively and mean weight for the mentioned sexes was 1.353±0.65 g and 0.868±0.38 g respectively. There was significant differences in mean length and weight of females and males (P<0.05). The mean total annual sex ratio of males: females for this species was 1.4 and this sex ratio deviated significantly from 1:1 (X2, P<0.05) and biased towards males in the population of this species. The spawning season of Palaemon adspersus begins in April and ends in September with a peak in June . Mean fecundity of this species was 1994.5 ± 506.6 . The growth coefficients Loo and K for females were estimated as 58.5 mm and 2.3 /Year and for males as 55.9 mm and 2.6 /year respectively . The mean CPUA ( catch / Km2 ) for this species was 9.99 ± 33.2 kg / km2 and the correspondance biomass was calculated as 5067.7 kg in 0 - 10 m depth . The mean total length of Palaemon elegans (pooled data ) was 27.5 ± 5.7 mm (X±S.D) and mm and 24.01±4.18 mm respectively and mean weight for the mentioned sexes were was 0.553 ± 0.3 g and 0.237±0.15 g respectively. There was significant differences in mean length and weight of females and males (P<0.05). The mean total annual sex ratio of males:females for this species was 0.57 and in this species also sex ratio differed significantly from 1:1 (X2, P<0.05) and skewed towards females in the population of this species. The spawning season of Palaemon elegans extended from May to September with a peak in July . Mean fecundity of this species was 642.7±313.4. The growth coefficients LOO and K for females were estimated as 42.119 mm and 2.40 /Year and 33.87 mm and 2.50 /year for males respectively. The mean. CPUA ( catch/ Km2 ) for this species was 0.75±3.86 kg/km2 and the correspondance biomass was calculated as 382.1 kg in 0-10 m depth .

GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE, SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE AND DICHROMATE ON TETRAHYMENA-PYRIFORMIS

DNA in macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis treated with linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) were determined by microspectrophotometry. The effects on rate of formation of macronuclear DNA extrusion bodies were also studied. We found DNA content of micronuclei in 0.14 ppm LAS and 0.9 ppb PCP-Na was lower than in that of the control, and LAS was able to increase the formation rate of macronuclear DNA extrusion bodies (the formation rate was 54% in 11.3 ppm LAS and 25.6% in 16.7 ppm dichromate). We concluded that 0.14 ppm LAS (below the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration) was genotoxic, whereas 0.014 ppm LAS was not. Dichromate 0.05 ppm and 0.9 ppb PCP-Na, equal to and below the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration, respectively, were potentially genetoxic.

一种单模高功率垂直腔面发射激光器及其制作方法

本发明是一种单模高功率垂直腔面发射激光器，属半导体光电子领域。其特征在于，包括P型电极(1)，P型Si衬底(2)，金属键合层(3)，P型分布布拉格反射镜(DBR)(4)，氧化限制层(5)，有源区(6)，N型DBR(7)，SiO2掩膜(8)，聚酰亚胺或苯并环丁烯(BCB)(9)，N电极(10)，光子晶体(11)，出光窗口(12)。在该结构的垂直腔面发射激光器中引入光子晶体，可增大氧化孔径，提高单模输出功率，同时采用键合技术将传统VCSEL外延片转移到Si衬底上和采用底部出光的设计，便于拉近VCSEL外延片有源区与Si衬底的距离，改善器件热学特性，进一步提高单模输出功率。

石羊河下游民勤绿洲景观变化与生态安全研究

民勤绿洲位于我国西北干旱区内陆河石羊河流域的下游。近些年来，随着该流域中、上游地区大量截留水资源，使进入民勤绿洲的地表水资源量逐年减少，导致绿洲生态环境不断恶化，生态安全面临着严重危机。本论文应用景观生态学原理与方法，综合运用3S技术，通过多时相遥感数据的对比分析，系统研究了民勤绿洲景观格局动态演变过程、形成原因及其与重要生态过程的相互作用，并在此基础上对绿洲生态安全的时空变化进行了综合评价。主要研究成果：1．景观格局影响生态过程，研究景观格局可以揭示生态过程变化的内在原因。因此，景观空间格局研究一直以来是景观生态学研究的核心与热点之一。应用景观空间格局分析软件FRAGSTATS对绿洲近14年的景观格局及其变化过程的定量研究表明，开荒与弃耕始终存在于景观的演变过程中，导致景观中林地、荒草地、耕地与沙地斑块类型的相互转化。开荒作用主要发生在1987-1998年间并导致林地与荒草地斑块转化成耕地斑块，绿洲耕地面积在此时期逐渐增加；弃耕作用主要发生在1998年至2001年间并导致耕地斑块逐渐转化成沙地斑块或荒草地斑块，耕地面积在此时期逐渐减少014年来，绿洲沙漠化过程逐年发展，主要表现为林地与荒草地斑块与耕地斑块逐渐转变成沙地斑块，导致沙地斑块面积（CA）逐渐增加，而斑块数量（NP）逐渐减少，使得沙地平均斑块大小（MPS）逐渐增大，沙地斑块呈现集中连片式的分布趋势。由于林草地斑块的逐渐减少以及耕地与沙地斑块的增加导致绿洲的多样性（SHOI）、均匀性（SHEI）与平行与并列指数（IJI）逐渐降低，而连通性（CONGTAG）逐渐增强，绿洲景观格局越来越强烈地受到沙地与耕地斑块类型的控制。绿洲景观的连通性上升的幅度（CONTAG）是坝区＞泉山区＞湖区。景观的多样性（SHDI）与均匀性（SHEI）下降的幅度是坝区＞泉山区＞湖区。坝区景观的衰退过程（沙地面积的增幅）与人类对该灌区的开发强度（耕地面积的增幅）与都强于泉山区与湖区。2．景观变化的主要驱动因素包括自然、社会与经济因素。绿洲景观格局的演变是以上因素综合作用的结果。干早区绿洲的形成机制决定了其发展与演变强烈地受到水资源的质与量的支配，水资源条件的变化是驱动该绿洲景观演变的主导因素。由于中、上游地区为满足经济发展的需要，大量截留地表水资源使进入下游民勤绿洲的地表水资源从50年代的年平均5.42亿m3锐减到2001年的0.73亿m3，致使绿洲地下水的补给量减少，而耕地面积的扩大导致地下水的超采量增加，引发土地干旱化与盐碱化，大量沙生植被枯萎、死亡，弃耕地增加。民勤绿洲用水模式进步缓慢、管理效率低下、人口的快速增长、农业技术推广速度缓慢以及土地使用制度等因素共同作用形成了推动景观变化的复杂人文机制。水资源的减少与人文机制共同作用驱动着绿洲景观的演变过程。3．指出绿洲景观的生态安全应包括景观的格局安全与过程安全两个方面。景观格局与生态过程密不可分，绿洲景观格局影响生态过程，生态过程“塑造”景观格局。利用ARCv正W的空间分析功能，从景观格局的空间邻接特征角度研究景观斑块类型受沙漠化威胁与盐碱化威胁的程度，并在此基础上分析生态安全。结果表明坝区耕地、林地、荒草地受沙漠化威胁程度高于其它两个灌区，湖区的耕地、林地、草地受盐碱化威胁的程度高于其它两个灌区。水对干旱区绿洲的重要性决定了水生态过程研究是绿洲生态安全研究的重要方面。利用ARCMAP的空间插值的地统计分析功能对绿洲的地下水埋深与地下水矿化度进行空间插值，得到地下水埋深与地下水矿化度的时空分布，结果表明：各时期绿洲地下水埋深为中心深，边缘浅，表明地下水降落漏斗的存在与不断加深。14年来地下水位的平均下降速率，坝区最快，泉山区次之，湖区最慢，三灌区分别为0.75m、0.7m与0.60m。绿洲北部地下水矿化度显著升高，14年来泉山区地下水矿化度上升为1.36倍，湖区南部地下水矿化度上升1.47倍，湖区北部地下水矿化度上升为1.43倍，地下水矿化度平均值达到5.6g/L，成为绿洲地下水矿化度最高地带，也是作物产量锐减的地带，因此地下水矿化度的上升导致作物安全生长潜在格局发生变化，作物安全生长区面积缩小，而中度以上不安全生长区面积扩大，造成了作物的减产与农业产业结构调整的空间缩小，难度加大。4．绿洲为水、土、植被、气候、社会经济与人类活动等众多方面所组成的、彼此相互联系的复杂的社会一经济一生态复合系统。因此绿洲的生态安全的综合评价涉及吸素众多，必须采用定量与定性相结合的方法进行科学地评价。采用目前较为成熟的环境综合评价方法一层次分析法AHP，并构建绿洲景观生态安全评价指标体系，对绿洲景观生态安全进行综合评价，结果表明：绿洲及各灌区生态安全水平逐年降低，目前生态安全值与1987年的相比，绿洲为68％，坝区73.7％，泉山区为63.6％，湖区为65.2％。三灌区中坝区的生态安全水平在各时期都是最高的，其次为泉山区，湖区最低。14年间生态安全下降幅度较大的为泉山区与湖区，坝区生态安全水平下降幅度较小。5．将绿洲生态环境恶化所导致的经济损失值量化，运用市场价值法与机会成本法对近14年来由于绿洲的环境恶化导致对社会经济发展所产生的不良后果从植被死亡、土地盐渍化导致作物减产、弃耕地出现导致的土地生产力的丧失与地下水位下降所导致的机井报废与提水成本增加四个方面进行经济效益损失估算，结果为经济损失值是湖区＞坝区＞泉山区，分别达到53786万元、44276.22万元、39247.36万元。坝区以林木死亡所造成的经济损失最大，湖区与泉山区以土地盐渍化所造成的经济损失最大。经济损失值占同期当地国民生产总值的百分比是湖区＞泉山区＞坝区，分别达到76.39％、55.04％、28.48％。可见绿洲的社会经济发展是以牺牲生态环境，降低生态安全水平为代价，这将严重制约绿洲今后的可持续发展。

基于ITS 序列和matK 基因序列的中国药用石斛及其混伪品的分子鉴定

为了从分子水平对中国药用石斛及其混伪品进行鉴定，本文选取了核rDNA ITS 序列和叶绿体DNA 的matK 基因序列进行研究。采用改良的CTAB 法提取石斛的基因组DNA，PCR 产物直接测序法对17 种（共32 份）药用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 全序列进行测定，克隆测序法对12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体的matK 基因序列进行测定，运用BioEd it，MEGA4.0 等生物软件分析了石斛属植物的rDNA ITS 序列及叶绿体的matK 基因序列的特征，比较了石斛属间、种间、种内不同居群（品种）间的序列碱基差异及遗传距离，应用邻接法构建分子系统树。主要研究结果如下： （1）建立了17 种（共32 份）药用石斛rDNA ITS 区碱基全序列数据库，其中，ITS1 的长度为228~234 bp，GC 含量为45.7%~53.0%，变异位点167 个，占总位点67.34%，信息位点106 个，占总位点42.74%，ITS2 长度为241~247 bp，GC含量为44.8%~55.7%，变异位点165 个，占总位点66.27%，信息位点115 个，占总位点46.18%。 （2）建立了12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体matK 基因全序列数据库，叶绿体matK 基因长1410 bp，变异位点51 个，信息位点11 个。除了存在碱基替换的遗传变异外，还存在碱基的插入和缺失。 （3）通过ITS 序列比较分析了各材料间的遗传距离和碱基差异，属间的遗传距离为0.295，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.142，碱基相差2~156 个，种内各居群间的平均遗传距离为0.002，碱基相差1~2 个。属间的遗传距离大于种间的遗传距离，种间的遗传距离大于种内不同居群（品种）间的遗传距离。 （4）根据分析石斛叶绿体的matK 基因序列得到，外类群（密花石豆兰）与石斛属间最小遗传距离为0.027，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.008，种间最大的遗传距离0.014， 最小的遗传距离为0.003，碱基相差8~20 个。种内不同居群（品种）遗传距离为0.001，相差1~5 个碱基。 （5）利用17 种石斛的全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，通过对待检种rDNA I TS区进行序列测定，成功地对10 个待检种进行了鉴定，并且在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （6）运用12 种石斛的matK 基因全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，成功地对4个待检种进行了鉴定，同样在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （7）本文利用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 序列和叶绿体的matK 基因序列数据库分别构建了NJ 树，外类群与石斛属间石斛种间以及种内不同居群（品种）间均能在NJ 树中明显分化开来，二者构建的分子系统树一致，为石斛的分子鉴定提供了依据。 In order to identify Chinese Herba Dendrobii and its adulterant species on molecular level, we studied the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene. Genomic DNA of Dendrobium was extracted using the modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The PCR products of the rDNA ITS sequences of Dendrobium (32 materia ls) were purified and then sequenced. The PCR products of chloroplast matK gene of Dendrobium (22 materia ls) were purified, cloned and then sequenced. The characteristic of the sequences and the genetic dista nce were compared between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium, Dendrobium interspecies, and different populations. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the NJ method by the biology softwares including BioEd it, MEGA4.0 etc. The ma in results as follows: (1) It was built up that the database of rDNA ITS sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii (32 materia ls). The ITS1 was 228~234 bp, the GC content accounting for 45.7%~53.0%. Its variable sites were 167, accounting for 67.34%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 106, accounting for 42.74%. The ITS2 was 241~247 bp, the GC accounting for 44.8%~55.7%. The variable sites were 165, accounting for 66.27%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 115, accounting for 46.18%. (2) The database of the chloroplast matK gene sequences was built up, which contained 12 species of Herba Dendrobii (22 materia ls). The matK gene sequences were about 1410bp in length. There were 51 variable sites and 11 Parsim-Informative sites. And there were nucleotides insertions and deletions in some species , in addition to the nucleotides substitutions. (3) The rDNA ITS sequences were compared and analyzed by the biology softwares. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was 0.295. The avera ge genetic dista nce was 0.142 between Dendrobium species, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The avera ge genetic dista nce between different populations was 0.002, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was greater tha n that of Denrobium interspecies. Meanwhile, the genetic dista nce between Denrobium species was also greater tha n that of different populations (variaties). (4) The characteristics of the chloroplast matK gene sequences were obtained after analyzing by the biology softwares. The minima l genetic dista nce was 0.027 between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium . The ma xima l genetic dista nce was 0.014 between Dendrobium species, and there were 20 variable nucleotides. The minima l genetic dista nce between populations was 0.003, and there were 8 variable nucleotides.The genetic dista nce between populations was 0.001, and there were 1~5 variable nucleotides. (5) The molecular Phylogeny tree was constructed on the database of rDNA ITS the sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii using the biology softwares. Then we authenticated 10 materia ls on molecular level. What’s more, they had been proved when these pla nts flowered. (6) The molecular Phylogeny tree was built up on the database of chloroplast matK gene sequences of 12 species of Herba Dendrobii with the biology softwares.Then 4 materia ls were authenticated on molecular level. Moreover, they had also been proved when these pla nts were in flower. (7) The Phylogenetic trees were separately constructed on the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene B. odoratissimum and Dendrobium all could be distinguished on the Phylogenetic trees. Meanwhile, the Phylogenetic trees based on two groups of sequences were coincident. rDNA ITS and matK gene sequence could be used as molecular markers for authentication of Herba Dendrobii.

钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯研究

采用Fe0还原、钯催化法对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的的还原特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,Pd/Fe双金属能有效地进行2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯.在钯化率为0.05%、钯/铁加入量1 g、初始pH为5.6、反应时间5 d的条件下,钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯去除率达54%.实验还考察了钯化率、初始pH、反应时间、钯/铁投加量、2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度等参数对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯脱氯效果的影响.研究表明,较高的钯化率、钯/铁加入量,较低的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度及弱酸性等条件更有利于Pd/Fe对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的还原脱氯.在Pd/Fe双金属表面,2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的脱氯符合一级动力学反应,反应速率常数为0.014 2/h,其半衰期为49 h.利用实验数据,对钯/铁双金属作用下的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯还原脱氯的反应机制也进行了分析.

偏最小二乘回归方法在土地利用结构研究中的应用

针对当前LUCC研究中存在的数据间多重相关性和样本量不足的问题,论文将一种新型的多元统计数据分析方法———偏最小二乘回归引入到研究中。该方法可以有效地克服上述缺陷,并能实现多种数据分析方法的综合应用。为检验方法的功能及实用性,论文以苏锡常地区为例,对区域的土地利用结构及其影响因子进行了定量分析。结果表明,偏最小二乘回归是进行土地利用结构研究的一种十分有效的工具,在地学领域有广阔的应用前景。

窝雏数处理对两种雀形目幼鸟生长的影响

基于1997～1999年野外实验，对高寒草甸小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀两种雀形目鸟的窝雏数进行增减处理。结果表明，对照组的幼鸟生长率和离巢体重都大于增加组，说明窝雏数增加后，幼鸟质量下降。随着窝雏数增加，这两种幼鸟生长率显著下降（小云雀：r = -0.965, P = 0.035 < 0.05；朱顶雀：r = -0.828, P = 0.022 < 0.05）。窝雏数改变对小云雀幼鸟出飞重影响不显著（r = -0.418, P = 0.528 > 0.05），而对黄嘴朱顶雀有显著的影响（r = -0.901，P = 0.014 < 0.05）。

陕南铜石铜矿黄铁矿的热电系数地球化学研究

通过对铜厂矿区黄铁热电系数研究，提出可以根据黄铁矿热电系数指导该区铜矿的寻找和评价，即黄铁矿热电系数为较大负值、导电型为Ｎ型导电的是铜矿赋存地段；而黄铁矿导电型为较小负值、导电型为Ｎ型或以Ｎ型导电为主的是铜矿化有利地段；黄铁矿热电系数为较高正值、其导电型为Ｐ型或以Ｐ导电为主的地段一般没有矿化。

On the Dirichlet Prior and Bayesian Regularization

A common objective in learning a model from data is to recover its network structure, while the model parameters are of minor interest. For example, we may wish to recover regulatory networks from high-throughput data sources. In this paper we examine how Bayesian regularization using a Dirichlet prior over the model parameters affects the learned model structure in a domain with discrete variables. Surprisingly, a weak prior in the sense of smaller equivalent sample size leads to a strong regularization of the model structure (sparse graph) given a sufficiently large data set. In particular, the empty graph is obtained in the limit of a vanishing strength of prior belief. This is diametrically opposite to what one may expect in this limit, namely the complete graph from an (unregularized) maximum likelihood estimate. Since the prior affects the parameters as expected, the prior strength balances a "trade-off" between regularizing the parameters or the structure of the model. We demonstrate the benefits of optimizing this trade-off in the sense of predictive accuracy.

The Essential Dynamics Algorithm: Essential Results

This paper presents a novel algorithm for learning in a class of stochastic Markov decision processes (MDPs) with continuous state and action spaces that trades speed for accuracy. A transform of the stochastic MDP into a deterministic one is presented which captures the essence of the original dynamics, in a sense made precise. In this transformed MDP, the calculation of values is greatly simplified. The online algorithm estimates the model of the transformed MDP and simultaneously does policy search against it. Bounds on the error of this approximation are proven, and experimental results in a bicycle riding domain are presented. The algorithm learns near optimal policies in orders of magnitude fewer interactions with the stochastic MDP, using less domain knowledge. All code used in the experiments is available on the project's web site.

Optimal Approximations of the Frequency Moments

We give a one-pass, O~(m^{1-2/k})-space algorithm for estimating the k-th frequency moment of a data stream for any real k>2. Together with known lower bounds, this resolves the main problem left open by Alon, Matias, Szegedy, STOC'96. Our algorithm enables deletions as well as insertions of stream elements.

Anthropometry of the Breast Region: How to Measure?

Breast region measurements are important for research, but they may also become significant in the legal field as a quantitative tool for preoperative and postoperative evaluation. Direct anthropometric measurements can be taken in clinical practice. the aim of this study was to compare direct breast anthropometric measurements taken with a tape measure and a compass.Forty women, aged 18-60 years, were evaluated. They had 14 anatomical landmarks marked on the breast region and arms. the union of these points formed eight linear segments and one angle for each side of the body. the volunteers were evaluated by direct anthropometry in a standardized way, using a tape measure and a compass.Differences were found between the tape measure and the compass measurements for all segments analyzed (p > 0.05).Measurements obtained by tape measure and compass are not identical. Therefore, once the measurement tool is chosen, it should be used for the pre- and postoperative measurements in a standardized way.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. for a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Reaction time and replenishment time of SP and CGRP after incision in rat skin

Background. the skin neurogenic inflammation is mainly related to Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP). There is no data on their availability in the dynamics of skin nerve endings, concerning their release and replenishment after a nociceptive stimulus, so this was investigated. Materials and methods. 25 rats were randomly distributed in 5 groups. the animals of the control group (CG) determined the baseline levels of neuropeptides in the skin. the groups S0 and S30 did not receive any cutaneous stimulus at 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. in the group S1, an incision stimulus was made at 30 minutes. in the group S31, a nociceptive stimulus was performed by subdermal scratching at 30 minutes and, at 60 minutes, the incision stimulus was carried out in the same location (nociceptive hyperstimulation). the skin samples of the other animals were harvested from the back 1 minute after their death. SP, pro-CGRP and CGRP were quantified by Western Blotting. Results. the incision stimulus released SP, S1 compared to S0 (p < 0.05) detected in the first minute, and the replenishment time was more than 30 minutes. Also, it cleaved pro-CGRP, S1 compared to S31 (p < 0.05) in the first minute, and its replenishment time less than 30 minutes. Release of CGRP was not detected. Conclusion. the incision released SP already detected in the first minute; its replenishment time is more than 30 minutes. the incision decreased pro-CGRP, also detected in the first minute; and its replenishment time is less than 30 minutes.