Device oriented statistical modeling method for process variability in 45nm analog CMOS technology

With the rapid scaling down of the semiconductor process technology, the process variation aware circuit design has become essential today. Several statistical models have been proposed to deal with the process variation. We propose an accurate BSIM model for handling variability in 45nm CMOS technology. The MOSFET is designed to meet the specification of low standby power technology of International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS).The process parameters variation of annealing temperature, oxide thickness, halo dose and title angle of halo implant are considered for the model development. One parameter variation at a time is considered for developing the model. The model validation is done by performance matching with device simulation results and reported error is less than 10%.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Nanostructured Pd modified Ni/CeO2 catalyst for water gas shift and catalytic hydrogen combustion reaction

Nanostructured Pd-modified Ni/CeO2 catalyst was synthesized in a single step by solution combustion method and characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, TPR and BET surface analyzer techniques. The catalytic performance of this compound was investigated by performing the water gas shift (WGS) and catalytic hydrogen combustion (CHC) reaction. The present compound is highly active and selective (100%) toward H-2 production for the WGS reaction. A lack of CO methanation activity is an important finding of present study and this is attributed to the ionic substitution of Pd and Ni species in CeO2. The creation of oxide vacancies due to ionic substitution of aliovalent ions induces dissociation of H2O that is responsible for the improved catalytic activity for WGS reaction. The combined H-2-TPR and XPS results show a synergism exists among Pd, Ni and ceria support. The redox reaction mechanism was used to correlate experimental data for the WGS reaction and a mechanism involving the interaction of adsorbed H-2 and O-2 through the hydroxyl species was proposed for CHC reaction. The parity plot shows a good correspondence between the experimental and predicted reaction rates. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Internal defect and process parameter analysis during friction stir welding of Al 6061 sheets

Welding parameters like welding speed, rotation speed, plunge depth, shoulder diameter etc., influence the weld zone properties, microstructure of friction stir welds, and forming behavior of welded sheets in a synergistic fashion. The main aims of the present work are to (1) analyze the effect of welding speed, rotation speed, plunge depth, and shoulder diameter on the formation of internal defects during friction stir welding (FSW), (2) study the effect on axial force and torque during welding, (c) optimize the welding parameters for producing internal defect-free welds, and (d) propose and validate a simple criterion to identify defect-free weld formation. The base material used for FSW throughout the work is Al 6061T6 having a thickness value of 2.1 mm. Only butt welding of sheets is aimed in the present work. It is observed from the present analysis that higher welding speed, higher rotation speed, and higher plunge depth are preferred for producing a weld without internal defects. All the shoulder diameters used for FSW in the present work produced defect-free welds. The axial force and torque are not constant and a large variation is seen with respect to FSW parameters that produced defective welds. In the case of defect-free weld formation, the axial force and torque are relatively constant. A simple criterion, (a,tau/a,p)(defective) > (a,tau/a,p)(defect free) and (a,F/a,p)(defective) > (a,F/a,p)(defect free), is proposed with this observation for identifying the onset of defect-free weld formation. Here F is axial force, tau is torque, and p is welding speed or tool rotation speed or plunge depth. The same criterion is validated with respect to Al 5xxx base material. Even in this case, the axial force and torque remained constant while producing defect-free welds.

Process control of cantilever deflection for sensor application based on optical waveguides

This paper reports on the fabrication of cantilever silicon-on-insulator (SOI) optical waveguides and presents solutions to the challenges of using a very thin 260-nm active silicon layer in the SOI structure to enable single-transverse-mode operation of the waveguide with minimal optical transmission losses. In particular, to ameliorate the anchor effect caused by the mean stress difference between the active silicon layer and buried oxide layer, a cantilever flattening process based on Ar plasma treatment is developed and presented. Vertical deflections of 0.5 mu m for 70-mu m-long cantilevers are mitigated to within few nanometers. Experimental investigations of cantilever mechanical resonance characteristics confirm the absence of significant detrimental side effects. Optical and mechanical modeling is extensively used to supplement experimental observations. This approach can satisfy the requirements for on-chip simultaneous readout of many integrated cantilever sensors in which the displacement or resonant frequency changes induced by analyte absorption are measured using an optical-waveguide-based division multiplexed system.

Microcracking and fracture process in cement mortar and concrete: a comparative study using acoustic emission technique

This article reports the acoustic emission (AE) study of precursory micro-cracking activity and fracture behaviour of quasi-brittle materials such as concrete and cement mortar. In the present study, notched three-point bend specimens (TPB) were tested under crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control at a rate of 0.0004 mm/sec and the accompanying AE were recorded using a 8 channel AE monitoring system. The various AE statistical parameters including AE event rate , AE energy release rate , amplitude distribution for computing the AE based b-value, cumulative energy (I E) pound and ring down count (RDC) were used for the analysis. The results show that the micro-cracks initiated and grew at an early stage in mortar in the pre peak regime. While in the case of concrete, the micro-crack growth occurred during the peak load regime. However, both concrete and mortar showed three distinct stages of micro-cracking activity, namely initiation, stable growth and nucleation prior to the final failure. The AE statistical behavior of each individual stage is dependent on the number and size distribution of micro-cracks. The results obtained in the laboratory are useful to understand the various stages of micro-cracking activity during the fracture process in quasi-brittle materials such as concrete & mortar and extend them for field applications.

Process Development for Functionalization of Cotton with Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Bio-based Approaches

Cotton is a widely used raw material for textiles but drawbacks regarding their poor mechanical properties often limit their applications as functional materials. The present investigation involved process development for one step coating of cotton with silver nanoparticles (SNP) synthesized using Azadirachta indica and Citrus limon extract to develop functional textiles. Addition of starch to functional textiles led to efficient binding of nanoparticles to fabric and led to drastic decrease in release of silver from fabricated textiles after ten washing cycles enhancing their environment friendliness. Differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR analysis and mechanical studies demonstrated efficient binding of nanoparticles to fabric through bio-based processes. The functionalized textiles developed by the bio-based methods showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (with 99% microbial reduction). Present work offers a simple procedure for coating SNP using bio-based approaches with promising applications in specialized functions.

Influence of CeO2 morphology on the catalytic activity of CeO2-Pt hybrids for CO oxidation

Ceria, because of its excellent redox behavior and oxygen storage capacity, is used as a catalyst for several technologically important reactions. In the present study, different morphologies of nano-CeO2 (rods, cubes, octahedra) were synthesized using the hydrothermal route. An ultrafast microwave-assisted method was used to efficiently attach Pt particles to the CeO2 polyhedra. These nanohybrids were tested as catalysts for the CO oxidation reaction. The CeO2/Pt catalyst with nanorods as the support was found to be the most active catalyst. XPS and IR spectroscopy measurements were carried out in order to obtain a mechanistic understanding and it was observed that the adsorbed carbonates with lower stability on the reactive planes of nanorods and cubes are the major contributor to this enhanced catalytic activity.

Catalytic performance of highly dispersed Ni/TiO2 for dry and steam reforming of methane

The present study reports a sonochemical-assisted synthesis of a highly active and coke resistant Ni/TiO2 catalyst for dry and steam reforming of methane. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, TEM, XPS, BET analyzer and TGA/DTA techniques. The TEM analysis showed that Ni nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on TiO2 surface with a narrow size distribution. The catalyst prepared via this approach exhibited excellent activity and stability for both the reactions compared to the reference catalyst prepared from the conventional wet impregnation method. For dry reforming, 86% CH4 conversion and 84% CO2 conversion was obtained at 700 degrees C. Nearly 92% CH4 conversion and 77% CO selectivity was observed under a H2O/CH4 ratio of 1.2 at 700 degrees C for the steam reforming reaction. In particular, the present catalyst is extremely active and resistant to coke formation for steam reforming at low steam/carbon ratios. There is no significant modification of Ni particles size and no coke deposition, even after a long term reaction, demonstrating its potential applicability as an industrial reformate for hydrogen production. The detailed kinetic studies have been presented for steam reforming and the mechanism involving Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics with adsorptive dissociation of CH4 as a rate determining step has been used to correlate the experimental data.

Analysis of the modulation process in advanced bus-clamping PWM techniques

Advanced bus-clamping pulse width modulation (ABCPWM) techniques are advantageous in terms of line current distortion and inverter switching loss in voltage source inverter-fed applications. However, the PWM waveforms corresponding to these techniques are not amenable to carrier-based generation. The modulation process in ABCPWM methods is analyzed here from a “per-phase” perspective. It is shown that three sets of descendant modulating functions (or modified modulating functions) can be generated from the three-phase sinusoidal signals. Each set of the modified modulating functions can be used to produce the PWM waveform of a given phase in a computationally efficient manner. Theoretical results and experimental investigations on a 5hp motor drive are presented

Model for triplet state engineering in organic light emitting diodes

Engineering the position of the lowest triplet state (T-1) relative to the first excited singlet state (S-1) is of great importance in improving the efficiencies of organic light emitting diodes and organic photovoltaic cells. We have carried out model exact calculations of substituted polyene chains to understand the factors that affect the energy gap between S-1 and T-1. The factors studied are backbone dimerisation, different donor-acceptor substitutions, and twisted geometry. The largest system studied is an 18 carbon polyene which spans a Hilbert space of about 991 x 10(6). We show that for reverse intersystem crossing process, the best system involves substituting all carbon sites on one half of the polyene with donors and the other half with acceptors. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Process induced electroactive beta-polymorph in PVDF: effect on dielectric and ferroelectric properties

The effects of various processing conditions, like annealing, poling, mechanical rolling and their combinations, on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of PVDF poly(vinylidene fluoride)] were systematically studied in this work. Further, the effect of processing sequence on the structure and properties was investigated. While all the processing conditions adopted here resulted in phase transformation of the alpha- to electroactive beta-polymorph in PVDF, the fraction of beta-phase developed was observed to be strongly contingent on the adopted process. The transformation of alpha- to electroactive beta-polymorph was determined by X-ray diffraction and FTIR. The neat PVDF showed only beta-phase, whereas mechanically rolled samples exhibited the highest ca. 85% beta-phase in PVDF. Both the permittivity and the loss tangent decreased in the samples which had undergone different processing conditions. The polarization-electric field (P-E) loops for all the samples were evaluated. Interestingly, the energy density, estimated from the electrical displacement-electric field (D-E) loops, was observed to be highest for the poled samples which were initially rolled. The results indicate that various processing conditions can influence the dielectric and the ferroelectric properties differently.

On the Utility of Microscopy and C-Scan Techniques in the Study of Defects Arising From Resin Infusion Process and a Study on the Influence of Voids on the Impact Behavior of CFRP Composites

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic composites were fabricated through vacuum resin infusion technology by adopting two different processing conditions, viz., vacuum only in the first and vacuum plus external pressure in the next, in order to generate two levels of void-bearing samples. They were relatively graded as higher and lower void-bearing ones, respectively. Microscopy and C-scan techniques were utilized to describe the presence of voids arising from the two different processing parameters. Further, to determine the influence of voids on impact behavior, the fabricated +45 degrees/90 degrees/-45 degrees composite samples were subjected to low velocity impacts. The tests show impact properties like peak load and energy to peak load registering higher values for the lower void-bearing case where as the total energy, energy for propagation and ductility indexes were higher for the higher void-bearing ones. Fractographic analysis showed that higher void-bearing samples display lower number of separation of layers in the laminate. These and other results are described and discussed in this report.

Stress Engineering using Si3N4 for stiction free release of SOI beams

We report on the effect of thin silicon nitride (Si3N4) induced tensile stress on the structural release of 200nm thick SOI beam, in the surface micro-machining process. A thin (20nm / 100nm) LPCVD grown Si3N4 is shown to significantly enhance the yield of released beam in wet release technique. This is especially prominent with increase in beam length, where the beams have higher tendency for stiction. We attribute this yield enhancement to the nitride induced tensile stress, as verified by buckling tendency and resonance frequency data obtained from optical profilometry and laser doppler vibrometry.

Embodied energy assessment of building materials in India using process and input-output analysis

Growing demand for urban built spaces has resulted in unprecedented exponential rise in production and consumption of building materials in construction. Production of materials requires significant energy and contributes to pollution and green house gas (GHG) emissions. Efforts aimed at reducing energy consumption and pollution involved with the production of materials fundamentally requires their quantification. Embodied energy (EE) of building materials comprises the total energy expenditure involved in the material production including all upstream processes such as raw material extraction and transportation. The current paper deals with EE of a few common building materials consumed in bulk in Indian construction industry. These values have been assessed based on actual industrial survey data. Current studies on EE of building materials lack agreement primarily with regard to method of assessment and energy supply assumptions (whether expressed in terms of end use energy or primary energy). The current paper examines the suitability of two basic methods; process analysis and input-output method and identifies process analysis as appropriate for EE assessment in the Indian context. A comparison of EE values of building materials in terms of the two energy supply assumptions has also been carried out to investigate the associated discrepancy. The results revealed significant difference in EE of materials whose production involves significant electrical energy expenditure relative to thermal energy use. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.