Edward Muybridge in Guatemala, 1875: The Photographer as Social Recorder, por E. Bradford Burns, University of California Press, 1986

Introducción Rara vez son invitados a presenciar y documentar  una revolución los artistas, fotógrafos o historiadores. Aun el maestro Einstein tuvo que recrear en forma ficticia la epopeya de la Revolución  de octubre. Cuan  afortunado fue entonces, el fotógrafo expatrio británico Edward Muy bridge, al ser invitado a documentar para la posteridad la revolución en silencio de la caficultura en la Guatemala decimonónica. A través del lente de Muy bridge y de la hábil prosa de Bradford Burns, logramos una perspectiva única sobre el periodo calve de cambio para toda Centroamérica, la Revolución Liberal que tanto confirmo como profundizo el predominio cafetalero dentro de la sociedad agraria local

From school to work: A comprehensive model of work-related motivation in the transition to working life.

Motivation is a core concept to understand work related outcomes and vocational pursuits. However, existing research mostly focused on specific aspects of motivation, such as goals or self-efficacy beliefs, while falling short of adequately addressing more complex and integrative notions of motivation. Advancing the current state of research, we draw from Motivational Systems Theory and a model of proactive motivation to propose a comprehensive model of work-related motivation. Specifically, we define motivation as a system of mutually related factors consisting of goals, emotions, and personal agency beliefs, comprised by capability beliefs and context evaluations. Adapting this model of motivation to the school-to-work transition, we postulate that this motivational system is affected by different social, personal, and environmental variables, for example social support, the presence of role-models, personality traits, and scholastic achievement. We further expect that students with more autonomous work-related goals, expectations of more positive emotional experiences in their future working life, fewer perceived barriers to their career development, and higher work-related self-efficacy beliefs would be more successful in their transition from school to work. We also propose that goal-directed engagement acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between motivation and a successful transition. Finally, we hypothesize that work-related motivation while in school will have meaningful effects on positive outcomes while in vocational training, as represented by more work engagement, higher career commitment, job satisfaction, and lower intentions to quit training. In sum, we advance the point that the adaptation of a broader concept of work-related motivation in the school-to-work transition would result in more powerful predictions of success in this transition and would enhance scientific research and interventions in career development and counselling practice.

Late adolescents in transition: The influence of support on post-transition adjustment

Points of transition, when major life roles undergo change, tend to be associated with an increased need for social support. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is ideal for the examination of the effect of normative stress on the development and functioning of social networks. A questionnaire was designed based on the convoy model to assess the influence of personal and situational characteristics on the utilization of support in the prediction of post-transition adjustment. Data were initially collected for a multi-ethnic sample of 741 sophomores and seniors in high school. Surveys were mailed to participants two years later, and one again the following year. The current study is based on data for 310 participants with complete data for all three time periods. A series of hierarchical regressions were conducted to compare three explanatory models of support: main effect, mediation, and moderation. A main effect model of support on post-transition adjustment was confirmed, a mediator model was not confirmed, and a moderator model was marginally confirmed. Family and friend support was related to significantly lower levels of loneliness, particularly for those with less adaptable temperaments. ^

Occupational stress and coping resources in physiotherapists: a survey of physiotherapists in three general hospitals

Objectives - To identify occupational stressors and coping resources in a group of physiotherapists, and to analyse interactions between subjective levels of stress, efficacy in stress resolution and coping resources used by these professionals. Design - A sample of 55 physiotherapists working in three general hospitals in Portugal completed the Coping Resources Inventory for Stress, the Occupational Stressors Inventory and two subjective scales for stress and stress resolution. Main results - Most physiotherapists perceived that they were moderately stressed (19/55, 35%) or stressed (20/55, 36%) due to work, and reported that their efficacy in stress resolution was moderate (25/54, 46%) or efficient (23/54, 42%). Issues related to lack of professional autonomy, lack of organisation in the hierarchical command chain, lack of professional and social recognition, disorganisation in task distribution and interpersonal conflicts with superiors were identified as the main sources of stress. The most frequently used coping resources were social support, stress monitoring, physical health and structuring. Perceived efficacy in stress resolution was inversely related to perceived level of occupational stress (r = −0.61, P < 0.01). Significant correlations were found between several coping resources and the perceived level of stress and efficacy in stress resolution. Associations between problem solving, cognitive restructuring and stress monitoring and both low levels of perceived stress and high levels of perceived efficacy were particularly strong. Implications for practice - The importance of identifying stressors and coping resources related to physiotherapists’ occupational stress, and the need for the development of specific training programmes to cope with stress are supported.

Parents living with HIV in a high-income country: do patients need specific support?

The number of HIV-infected persons with children and caregiving duties is likely to increase. From this statement, the present study was designed to establish how HIV infected caregivers organise their parenting routines and to determine their support needs. A further aim was to ascertain caregivers' perception of conspicuous behaviours displayed by their children. Finally, it sought to determine the extent to which the caregivers' assessment of their parenting activity is influenced by the required support and their children's perceived conspicuous behaviours. The study design was observational and cross-sectional. Sampling was based on the 7 HIV Outpatient Clinics associated with the national population-based Swiss HIV Cohort Study. It focused on persons living with HIV who are responsible for raising children below the age of 18. A total of 520 caregivers were approached and 261 participated. An anonymous, standardised, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical procedures and backward elimination multiple regression analysis. The 261 respondents cared for 406 children and adolescents under 18 years of age; the median age was 10 years. The caregivers' material resources were low. 70% had a net family income in a range below the median of Swiss net family income and 30% were dependent on welfare assistance. 73% were undergoing treatment with 86% reporting no physical impairments. The proportion of single caregivers was 34%. 92% of the children were living with their HIV infected caregivers. 80% of the children attended an institution such as a school or kindergarten during the day. 89% of the caregivers had access to social networks providing support. Nevertheless, caregivers required additional support in performing their parenting duties and indicated a need for assistance on the material level, in connection with legal problems and with participation in the labour market. 46% of the caregivers had observed one or more conspicuous behaviours displayed by their children, which indicates a challenging situation. However, most of these caregivers assessed their parenting activity very favourably. Backward elimination multiple regression analysis indicated that a smaller number of support needs, younger age of the eldest child and fewer physical impairments on the part of the caregiver enhance the caregivers' assessment of their parenting activity. Physicians should speak to caregivers living with HIV about their parenting responsibilities and provide the necessary scope for this subject in their consultation sessions. Physicians are in a position to draw their patients' attention to the services available to them.

Exploring exploration : career identity development and temperment /

Career identity exploration is a central component of the lives of undergraduate university students. Although students are encouraged to explore, it is unclear whether different methods of exploration are better suited for certain individuals. In the present study, quantitative data were collected to examine the relationship between shyness and various methods of exploration. Two hundred fifty-seven university undergraduate students (29 male), ranging in age from 17-25 years completed a 60-minute self-report questionnaire. Shyness, identity, identity distress, subjective dimensions of exploration (satisfaction with exploration, reasons for not exploring, helpfulness of exploration methods), foci of exploration (non-social, social, self, and environmental), approaches to exploration (breadth, depth), and moderating variables (social support, sociability) were measured. Shyness was positively correlated with moratorium (high exploration, low commitment) and uncorrelated with the other identity statuses. Shyness was also positively correlated with identity distress, and a predicted interaction between shyness and identity diffusion predicting career identity distress was supported. Shyness was negatively correlated with satisfaction with amount of exploration engaged in to-date. In addition, shyness was correlated with the likelihood of selecting too stressful and too anxiety provoking as reasons for engaging in less exploration than one would like. Expected relationships between shyness and beliefs about, and engagement in, various methods of exploration were largely non-significant. Exceptions to this were the negative correlations between shyness and engagement in social exploration, and beliefs about the helpfulness of social self-exploration, both of which were significant at a trend level. A predicted interaction between shyness and social support predicting total social exploration was supported, showing that high social support buffers the negative relationship between shyness and exploration; such a moderating relationship did not exist, however, between sociability, shyness and social exploration. Results suggest that although shy university students are engaged in career exploration, they are experiencing feelings of distress and dissatisfaction with their career identity exploration and development. Thus, to help shy students become successfiil in their exploration, it is important for counsellors, family members, and peers to be aware of the feelings the individuals are experiencing and help them reduce the anxiety and stress associated with the exploration process. One promising method, supported by the results in this study, is by encouraging shy individuals to explore with social support.

Motivational trajectories for early language learning across the primary-secondary school transition

The transition from primary to secondary school is an area of concern across a range of curriculum subjects, and this is no less so for foreign language learning. Indeed problems with transition have been identified in England as an important barrier to the introduction of language learning to the primary school curriculum, with implications for learners’ longer-term motivation for the subject. This longitudinal study investigated, through a questionnaire, the development of 233 learners’ motivation for learning French in England, during the transition from primary to secondary schooling. It also explored whether levels and patterns of motivation differed according to the type of language teaching experienced, comparing a largely oracy-focused approach with one with greater emphasis on literacy activities. Learners showed high and increasing levels of motivation across transition, placing particular value on learning French for travel. Being taught through an oracy or a literacy-focused approach had less impact on learners’ motivation than broader classroom experiences, with the development of a sense of progress and feeling that instruction met their learning needs being especially important. A growing disjuncture emerged between valuing the learning of French for travel/communication and learners’ low levels of self-efficacy for communication with native speakers, together with a desire for more communication-based activities. By the end of the first year of secondary school less positive attitudes towards learning French and less optimism about the possibility of future progress were beginning to emerge. The paper concludes by outlining the implications of the study for classroom practice in language learning.

Long-term positive effects of repeating a year in school: Six-year longitudinal study of self-beliefs, anxiety, social relations, school grades, and test scores

Consistently with a priori predictions, school retention (repeating a year in school) had largely positive effects for a diverse range of 10 outcomes (e.g., math self-concept, self-efficacy, anxiety, relations with teachers, parents and peers, school grades, and standardized achievement test scores). The design, based on a large, representative sample of German students (N = 1,325, M age = 11.75 years) measured each year during the first five years of secondary school, was particularly strong. It featured four independent retention groups (different groups of students, each repeating one of the four first years of secondary school, total N = 103), with multiple post-test waves to evaluate short- and long-term effects, controlling for covariates (gender, age, SES, primary school grades, IQ) and one or more sets of 10 outcomes realised prior to retention. Tests of developmental invariance demonstrated that the effects of retention (controlling for covariates and pre-retention outcomes) were highly consistent across this potentially volatile early-to-middle adolescent period; largely positive effects in the first year following retention were maintained in subsequent school years following retention. Particularly considering that these results are contrary to at least some of the accepted wisdom about school retention, the findings have important implications for educational researchers, policymakers and parents.

Effects of physical and psychological stressors on adolescents’ cortisol levels and self-perceived stress in school

Both, psychosocial stress and exercise in the past have been used as stressors to elevate saliva cortisol and change state anxiety levels. In the present study, high-school students at the age of 14 were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: (1) an exercise group (n = 18), that was running 15 minutes at a medium intensity level of 65-75% HRmax, (2) a psychosocial stress group (n = 19), and (3) a control group (n = 18). The psychosocial stress was induced to the students by completing a standardized intelligence test under the assumption that their IQ scores would be made public in class. Results display that only psychosocial stress but not exercise was able to significantly increase cortisol levels but decreased cognitive state anxiety in adolescents. The psychosocial stress protocol applied here is proposed for use in future stress studies with children or adolescents in group settings, e.g., in school.

PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL E CONSUMO DE ÁLCOOL EM DESEMPREGADOS

O desemprego tem sido objeto de preocupação no contexto político, econômico e social, uma vez que a população de trabalhadores desempregados enfrenta dificuldades diárias para a obtenção de trabalho/ou emprego, situação que gera intenso sofrimento psíquico e pode repercutir de modo negativo na saúde do trabalhador. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a percepção de suporte social e o consumo de álcool em desempregados. Por meio de estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo e transversal constituímos uma amostra de 300 indivíduos, recrutados em uma agência pública em São Bernardo do Campo SP, que capta vagas no mercado e encaminha trabalhadores para recolocação profissional. A amostra resultou em 54,3% pessoas do gênero masculino, com idade média de 29,30, com mínimo de 18 anos e máximo de 56 anos; 67% tinham ensino médio, sendo 50% solteiros, 52% encontravam-se desempregados de um a seis meses, 37% residiam em imóvel próprio, e 37% possuíam renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos auto-aplicáveis para coleta dos dados: a) Questionário de características sócio-demográficas; b) Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS); c) Teste para Identificação de Problemas Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool (AUDIT). Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao programa estatístico SPSS, versão 15.0 para Windows que permitiu fazer as correlações entre as variáveis. Os resultados indicaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis: suporte prático e renda; suporte prático e suporte emocional, com idade. Estas correlações sugeriram que os sujeitos apresentavam melhor percepção de suporte prático na medida em que aumentava a renda familiar, e que quanto maior a idade, menor é a percepção do suporte prático e emocional recebido pela rede social. O AUDIT não apontou correlações significativas entre as variáveis estudadas, e 76% da amostra se situou na zona 1 consumo de baixo risco ou abstinência. Não verificamos correlação entre consumo de álcool e desemprego.(AU)

PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL E CONSUMO DE ÁLCOOL EM DESEMPREGADOS

O desemprego tem sido objeto de preocupação no contexto político, econômico e social, uma vez que a população de trabalhadores desempregados enfrenta dificuldades diárias para a obtenção de trabalho/ou emprego, situação que gera intenso sofrimento psíquico e pode repercutir de modo negativo na saúde do trabalhador. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a percepção de suporte social e o consumo de álcool em desempregados. Por meio de estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo e transversal constituímos uma amostra de 300 indivíduos, recrutados em uma agência pública em São Bernardo do Campo SP, que capta vagas no mercado e encaminha trabalhadores para recolocação profissional. A amostra resultou em 54,3% pessoas do gênero masculino, com idade média de 29,30, com mínimo de 18 anos e máximo de 56 anos; 67% tinham ensino médio, sendo 50% solteiros, 52% encontravam-se desempregados de um a seis meses, 37% residiam em imóvel próprio, e 37% possuíam renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos auto-aplicáveis para coleta dos dados: a) Questionário de características sócio-demográficas; b) Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS); c) Teste para Identificação de Problemas Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool (AUDIT). Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao programa estatístico SPSS, versão 15.0 para Windows que permitiu fazer as correlações entre as variáveis. Os resultados indicaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis: suporte prático e renda; suporte prático e suporte emocional, com idade. Estas correlações sugeriram que os sujeitos apresentavam melhor percepção de suporte prático na medida em que aumentava a renda familiar, e que quanto maior a idade, menor é a percepção do suporte prático e emocional recebido pela rede social. O AUDIT não apontou correlações significativas entre as variáveis estudadas, e 76% da amostra se situou na zona 1 consumo de baixo risco ou abstinência. Não verificamos correlação entre consumo de álcool e desemprego.(AU)

PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL E CONSUMO DE ÁLCOOL EM DESEMPREGADOS

O desemprego tem sido objeto de preocupação no contexto político, econômico e social, uma vez que a população de trabalhadores desempregados enfrenta dificuldades diárias para a obtenção de trabalho/ou emprego, situação que gera intenso sofrimento psíquico e pode repercutir de modo negativo na saúde do trabalhador. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a percepção de suporte social e o consumo de álcool em desempregados. Por meio de estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo e transversal constituímos uma amostra de 300 indivíduos, recrutados em uma agência pública em São Bernardo do Campo SP, que capta vagas no mercado e encaminha trabalhadores para recolocação profissional. A amostra resultou em 54,3% pessoas do gênero masculino, com idade média de 29,30, com mínimo de 18 anos e máximo de 56 anos; 67% tinham ensino médio, sendo 50% solteiros, 52% encontravam-se desempregados de um a seis meses, 37% residiam em imóvel próprio, e 37% possuíam renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos auto-aplicáveis para coleta dos dados: a) Questionário de características sócio-demográficas; b) Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS); c) Teste para Identificação de Problemas Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool (AUDIT). Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao programa estatístico SPSS, versão 15.0 para Windows que permitiu fazer as correlações entre as variáveis. Os resultados indicaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis: suporte prático e renda; suporte prático e suporte emocional, com idade. Estas correlações sugeriram que os sujeitos apresentavam melhor percepção de suporte prático na medida em que aumentava a renda familiar, e que quanto maior a idade, menor é a percepção do suporte prático e emocional recebido pela rede social. O AUDIT não apontou correlações significativas entre as variáveis estudadas, e 76% da amostra se situou na zona 1 consumo de baixo risco ou abstinência. Não verificamos correlação entre consumo de álcool e desemprego.(AU)

Teacher-student relationships and the link to academic adjustment and emotional well-being in early adolescence

The role of support from teachers on the academic and emotional adjustment of a ethnically and economically diverse sample of adolescents was examined. Analyses were conducted on data from a larger study examining social networks across the transition to junior high school. Participants in the current study included 694 African-American, Hispanic-American and European-American students in grades 6 and 8 from public elementary schools in South Florida. Some of these schools are located in economically distressed areas and some are in middle income areas. Children were interviewed, and information on teacher social support resources, school stressors, risk and academic and emotional adjustment was obtained. Several significant findings emerged from the analyses. First, overall teacher support was a significant predictor of a wide range of academic and emotional adjustment outcomes. Second, teacher support compensated for low peer support on teacher rated behavior problems. Third, teacher support interacted with school stress to predict depressed affect and self esteem. Fourth, teacher support interacted with low ecological risk conditions to predict feelings of loneliness. ^

Investigating a career choice for nursing based on social cognitive career theory

Nursing shortages still exist in the U.S. so it is important to determine factors that influence decisions to pursue nursing as a career. This comparative, correlational research study revealed factors that may contribute to, or deter students from choosing nursing as a career. The purpose of this study was to determine factors that contribute to a career choice for nursing based on the concepts of social cognitive career theory (SCCT), self efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals, among senior high school students, final year nursing students, and first year nursing students. Based on the results strategies may be developed to recruit a younger pool of students to the nursing profession and to boost retention efforts among those who already made a career choice in nursing. Data were collected using a three part questionnaire developed by the researcher to obtain demographic information and data about the respondents' self efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals with regards to nursing as a career. Point bi-serial correlations were used to determine relationships between the variables. ANOVAs and ANCOVAs were computed to determine differences in self efficacy and outcome expectations, among the three groups. Additional descriptive data determined reasons for and against a choice for nursing as a career. Self efficacy and outcome expectations were significantly correlated to career choice among all three groups. The nursing students had higher self efficacy perceptions than the high school students. There were no significant differences in outcome expectations between the three groups. The main categories identified as reasons for choosing nursing as a career were; (a) caring, (b) career and educational advancement, (c) personal accomplishment, (d) proficiency and love of the medical field. Common categories identified for not choosing nursing as a career were; (a) responsibility, (b) liability, (c) lack of respect, and (d) low salary. Other categories regarding not choosing nursing as a career included; (a) the nursing program and (b) professional (c) alternate career choice options and (d) fear of sickness and death. Findings from this study support the tenets of SCCT and may be used to recruit and retain nurses and develop curricula.

Diagnóstico del rendimiento académico de estudiantes de una escuela de educación superior en México

El objetivo del artículo es realizar un diagnóstico sobre la percepción de los factores que intervienen en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de cinco carreras universitarias en una escuela de educación superior en México, para así reconocer las áreas de oportunidad que permitan sugerir políticas y estrategias para elevar su rendimiento. Se utilizó una muestra de 1651 estudiantes, se obtuvieron los datos a partir de un cuestionario con treinta preguntas que estudian la percepción del rendimiento académico en escala tipo Likert. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que permitiera reducir los datos, facilitar la interpretación y validar el instrumento. Se identificaron tres factores: a) el rol de los profesores, b) la evaluación y c) la motivación de los estudiantes. Se llevó a cabo un análisis comparativo por carrera. Se encontró que los estudiantes perciben que la mayoría de los maestros no se preocupan por la condición de los jóvenes en situación de reprobación. Además, casi no motivan y carecen de expresiones de sentimientos de orgullo por los logros académicos de los estudiantes. La mitad de los participantes piensa que los docentes no cubren el temario en su totalidad. Se detectó que los estudiantes poseen una alta motivación siendo esto positivo porque son alumnos dedicados y responsables. Se concluye realizando una serie de sugerencias y explicando las implicaciones que tiene este trabajo para las instituciones de educación superior.