Inactivation of E. coli and B. subtilis spores in ozonized cassava starch

In the present study, the efficacy of ozone inactivation of B. subtilis spores and E. coli in cassava starch was evaluated. Cassava starch with 18 and 30% moisture content was processed with ozone at concentrations of 40-118 ppm and exposure times of 15-120 minutes. The processing at 113 ppm/120 minutes (maximum exposure level to ozone evaluated) at 18% of moisture content did not cause significant reduction of B. subtilis spores and caused the reduction of only 2 decimal of E. coli. On the other hand, when the ozonation process was carried out for 120 minutes at 30% of moisture content, 3.6 decimal reduction of B. subtilis was achieved at 40 ppm of ozone and total B. subtilis load reduction (>5 log cycles) was observed at 118 ppm of ozone. Similarly, total E. coli load reduction (>7 log cycles) was achieved at 40 ppm of ozone exposure for 60 minutes. Therefore, the results indicate that the ozone efficacy against microorganisms in cassava starch was mainly dependent on the sample moisture content and to ozone concentration and exposure time. Moreover, it was observed that ozone is a promising technology to reduce microbial counts in dried food.

The role of nuclear and other conventional power plants in the flexible energy system

This thesis reviews the role of nuclear and conventional power plants in the future energy system. The review is done by utilizing freely accesible publications in addition to generating load duration and ramping curves for Nordic energy system. As the aim of the future energy system is to reduce GHG-emissions and avoid further global warming, the need for flexible power generation increases with the increased share of intermittent renewables. The goal of this thesis is to offer extensive understanding of possibilities and restrictions that nuclear power and conventional power plants have regarding flexible and sustainable generation. As a conclusion, nuclear power is the only technology that is able to provide large scale GHG-free power output variations with good ramping values. Most of the currently operating plants are able to take part in load following as the requirement to do so is already required to be included in the plant design. Load duration and ramping curves produced prove that nuclear power is able to cover most of the annual generation variation and ramping needs in the Nordic energy system. From the conventional power generation methods, only biomass combustion can be considered GHG-free because biomass is considered carbon neutral. CFB combusted biomass has good load follow capabilities in good ramping and turndown ratios. All the other conventional power generation technologies generate GHG-emissions and therefore the use of these technologies should be reduced.

Gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) in the Niagara Region : population density variation, introduction of an entomopathogenic fungus (Entomophaga maimaiga) and occurrence of nuclear polyhedrosis virus

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, a major defoliator of broad leaf trees, was accidentally introduced into North America in 1869. Much interest has been generated regarding the potential of using natural pathogens for biological control of this insect. One of these pathogens, a highly specific fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga, was accredited with causing major epizootics in populations of gypsy moth across the north-eastern United States in 1989 and 1990 and is thought to be spreading northwards into Canada. This study examined gypsy moth population densities in the Niagara Region. The fungus, .E.. maimaiga, was artificially introduced into one site and the resulting mortality in host populations was noted over two years. The relationship between fungal mortality, host population density and occurrence of another pathogen, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), was assessed. Gypsy moth population density was assessed by counting egg masses in 0.01 hectare (ha) study plots in six areas, namely Louth, Queenston, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Shorthills Provincial Park, Chippawa Creek and Willoughby Marsh. High variability in density was seen among sites. Willoughby Marsh and Chippawa Creek, the sites with the greatest variability, were selected for more intensive study. The pathogenicity of E. maimaiga was established in laboratory trials. Fungal-infected gypsy moth larvae were then released into experimental plots of varying host density in Willoughby Marsh in 1992. These larvae served as the inoculum to infect field larvae. Other larvae were injected with culture medium only and released into control plots also of varying host density. Later, field larvae were collected and assessed for the presence of .E.. maimaiga and NPV. A greater proportion of larvae were infected from experimental plots than from control plots indicating that the experimental augmentation had been successful. There was no relationship between host density and the proportion of infected larvae in either experimental or control plots. In 1992, 86% of larvae were positive for NPV. Presence and intensity of NPV infection was independent of fungal presence, plot type or interaction of these two factors. Sampling was carried out in the summer of 1993, the year after the introduction, to evaluate the persistence of the pathogen in the environment. Almost 50% of all larvae were infected with the fungus. There was no difference between control and experimental plots. Data collected from Willoughby Marsh indicated that there was no correlation between the proportion of larvae infected with the fungus and host population density in either experimental or control plots. About 10% of larvae collected from a nearby site, Chippawa Creek, were also positive for .E.. maimaiga suggesting that low levels of .E.. maimaiga probably occurred naturally in the area. In 1993, 9.6% of larvae were positive for NPV. Again, presence or absence of NPV infection was independent of fungal presence plot type or interaction of these two factors. In conclusion, gypsy moth population densities were highly variable between and within sites in the Niagara Region. The introduction of the pathogenic fungus, .E.. maimaiga, into Willoughby Marsh in 1992 was successful and the fungus was again evident in 1993. There was no evidence for existence of a relationship between fungal mortality and gypsy moth density or occurrence of NPV. The results from this study are discussed with respect to the use of .E.. maimaiga in gypsy moth management programs.

Synthesis and characterization of BODIPY-α-tocopherol : a new ligand to explore the intracellular transfer of Vitamin E

Since its discovery nearly a century ago, a-tocopherol (vitamin E) research has been mainly focused on its ability to terminate the cycle of lipid peroxidation in membranes. Nitrobenzoxadiazole fluorescent analogues were made previously to study the intracellular transfer of vitamin E in cells. However, these molecules were reportedly susceptible to photobleaching while under illumination for transfer assays and microscopy. Here is reported the synthesis of a series of fluorescent analogues of vitamin E incorporating the more robust dipyrrometheneboron difluoride fluorophore (BDP-a-Tocs; Aex = 507 nm, Aem = 511 nm). C8-BDP-a-Toc 42c, having an eight-carbon chain between the chromanol and fluorophore, wa<; shown to bind specifically to a-tocopherol transfer protein with a dissociation constant of approximately 100 nM. Another fluorescent analogue of vitamin E with a thienyl derivative of BODIPY that is excited and fluoresces at longer wavelengths (Aex = 561 nm, Aem = 570 nm) is in development.

Photograph - B Squadron of the G.G.B.G. [Governor General’s Body Guard] at Niagara

Black and white photograph, mounted on board, 13 cm x 20 cm of the B Squadron of the G.G.B.G. [Governor General’s Body Guard] at Niagara.

The role of transcription factor Pitx1 and its regulation by hypoxia in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent (SIA) est définie comme une courbure de la colonne vertébrale supérieure à 10 degrés, qui est de cause inconnue et qui affecte de façon prépondérante les adolescents. Des études précédentes sur des modèles murins ont démontré une inactivation partielle du gène Pitx1. Cette inactivation partielle provoque une déformation spinale sévère lors du développement des souris Pitx1+/-, ce qui est grandement similaire au phénotype de la SIA. En se basant sur ces observations, nous postulons que la perte de fonction de Pitx1 pourrait avoir un rôle dans la SIA et pourrait être régulée par des mécanismes moléculaires spécifiques. En effet, des études faites sur l’expression de Pitx1 révèlent une perte de son expression dans les ostéoblastes dérivés de patients SIA au niveau de l’ARNm. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que la perte de Pitx1 dans la SIA pourrait être déclenchée par des facteurs hypoxiques puisqu’il est connu que Pitx1 est réprimé par l’hypoxie et que HIF-2 alpha est surexprimés dans les ostéoblastes des patients SIA même dans des conditions normoxiques. De plus, nous avons découvert une mutation dans le domaine ODD des HIF-1 alpha chez certains patients SIA (3,1%). Une fonction connue de ce domaine est de stabiliser et d’augmenter l’activité transcriptionnelle de HIF-1 alpha dans des conditions normoxiques. Nous avons confirmé, par la technique EMSA, l’existence d’un élément de réponse fonctionnel à l’hypoxie au niveau du promoteur de Pitx1. Cependant, des co-transfections avec des vecteurs d’expression pour HIF-1 alpha et HIF-2 alpha, en présence de leur sous-unité beta ARNT, ont conduit à une activation du promoteur de Pitx1 dans la lignée cellulaire MG-63 ainsi que dans les ostéoblastes des sujets contrôles. Il est intéressant de constater qu’aucune activité du promoteur de Pitx1 dans les ostéoblastes SIA n’a été observée, même après la co-expression de HIF-2 alpha et ARNT, confirmant le fait que l’expression de Pitx1 est abrogée dans la SIA. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats démontrent un rôle important de Pitx1 dans la SIA et une possible régulation par des facteurs hypoxiques.

Detection and quantification of staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in food product using isotopic dilution techniques and mass spectrometry

L’entérotoxine B staphylococcique (SEB) est une toxine entérique hautement résistante à la chaleur et est responsable de plus de 50 % des cas d’intoxication d’origine alimentaire par une entérotoxine. L’objectif principal de ce projet de maîtrise est de développer et valider une méthode basée sur des nouvelles stratégies analytiques permettant la détection et la quantification de SEB dans les matrices alimentaires. Une carte de peptides tryptiques a été produite et 3 peptides tryptiques spécifiques ont été sélectionnés pour servir de peptides témoins à partir des 9 fragments protéolytiques identifiés (couverture de 35 % de la séquence). L’anhydride acétique et la forme deutérée furent utilisés afin de synthétiser des peptides standards marqués avec un isotope léger et lourd. La combinaison de mélanges des deux isotopes à des concentrations molaires différentes fut utilisée afin d’établir la linéarité et les résultats ont démontré que les mesures faites par dilution isotopique combinée au CL-SM/SM respectaient les critères généralement reconnus d’épreuves biologiques avec des valeurs de pente près de 1, des valeurs de R2 supérieure à 0,98 et des coefficients de variation (CV%) inférieurs à 8 %. La précision et l’exactitude de la méthode ont été évaluées à l’aide d’échantillons d’homogénat de viande de poulet dans lesquels SEB a été introduite. SEB a été enrichie à 0,2, 1 et 2 pmol/g. Les résultats analytiques révèlent que la méthode procure une plage d’exactitude de 84,9 à 91,1 %. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire démontrent que les méthodes protéomiques peuvent être utilisées efficacement pour détecter et quantifier SEB dans les matrices alimentaires. Mots clés : spectrométrie de masse; marquage isotopique; protéomique quantitative; entérotoxines

Crystal Structures and Spectral Investigation of Aroylhydrazones and their Mixed Ligand Metal Chelates

Supra molecular architectures of coordination complexes of liydrazones through non covalent interactions have been explored. Molecular self—assernbly driven by weak interactions such as hydrogen— bonding, K '”T[, C-1-I‘ "TE, van der Waals interactions, and so forth are currently of tremendous research interest in the fields of molecule based materials. The directional properties of the hydrogembonding interaction associate discrete molecules into aggregate structures that are sufficiently stable to be considered as independent chemical species. Chemistry can borrow nature’s strategy to utilize hydrogen-bonding as Well as other noncovalent interactions as found in secondary and tertiary structures of proteins such as the double helix folding of DNA, hydrophobic selflorganization of phospholipids in cell membrane etc. In supramolecular chemistry hydrogen bonding plays an important role in forming a variety of architectures. Thus, the wise modulation and tuning of the complementary sites responsible for hydrogen—bond formation have led to its application in supramolecular electronics, host-guest chemistry, self-assembly of molecular capsules, nanotubes etc. The work presented in this thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of metal complexes derived from some substituted aroylhydrazones. The thesis is divided into seven chapters.

Relativistic Thomas-Fermi description of collective modes in droplets of nuclear matter

Isoscalar collective modes in a relativistic meson-nucleon system are investigated in the framework of the time-dependent Thomas-Fermi method. The energies of the collective modes are determined by solving consistently the dispersion relations and the boundary conditions. The energy weighted sum rule satisfied by the models considered allows the identification of the giant resonances. The percentage of the energy weighted sum rule exhausted by the collective modes is in agreement with experimental data, but the agreement with the energy of the modes depends on the model considered.

Effect of nuclear motion on the energy eigenvalues in muonic atoms

I have investigated the effect of the nuclear motion on the energy eigenvalues in muonic atoms. In addition to the usually used reduced-mass correction, I have calculated the relativistic influences including the magnetic and retardation interaction between the nucleus and the muon for the inner orbitals of muonic atoms.

Stability of the factor structure of Barrat's Impulsivity Scales for children across cultures : A comparison of Spain and Colombia

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