Une étude multicas des pratiques de soutien des enseignants du primaire auprès d’élèves immigrants

Cette recherche a pour but d’étudier les pratiques enseignantes de soutien auprès des élèves immigrants récemment arrivés au Québec, ne maîtrisant pas le français et intégrés dans des classes ordinaires au primaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une recherche de type qualitatif avec deux enseignantes et leurs trois élèves immigrantes. Afin de documenter les pratiques de soutien en contexte réel de la classe, comprendre les raisons des enseignantes à l’égard du soutien et le point de vue des élèves, nous avons procédé à des observations de classe et à des entrevues individuelles générales et spécifiques avec les participantes, en plus de consulter certaines productions écrites des élèves immigrantes participantes. La présentation des données prend la forme d’une étude multicas décrivant les pratiques de soutien mises en place par chacune des deux enseignantes à partir de 22 séquences de soutien qui ont été décrites en tenant compte du contexte de chaque classe, puis analysées à la lumière de deux cadres théoriques complémentaires, le cadre d’analyse du travail enseignant et l’approche sociohistorico-culturelle. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en exergue le sens de la pratique enseignante de soutien qui se coconstruit dans les interactions entre l’enseignante et l’élève, selon leurs apports mutuels, et selon les facteurs de la classe. L’analyse des raisons des enseignantes à l’égard du soutien montre que devant les difficultés des élèves immigrantes anticipées, constatées ou signalées, les enseignantes prennent des décisions pour prendre ces difficultés en considération, les traiter et mettre en place des pratiques de soutien. Les décisions des enseignantes découlent d’un processus de négociation interne entre la prise en compte des difficultés, notamment imprévues, et le maintien de leurs tâches prescrites, tout en considérant les facteurs contextuels de la classe. Le processus de négociation se poursuit et se déplace ensuite entre l’enseignante et l’élève, lesquelles construisent le sens de soutien à travers leurs interactions. Les concepts empruntés de l’approche sociohistorico-culturelle nous permettent de comprendre la relation dialectique entre l’élève et l’enseignante lors des interactions. Les deux s’ajustent l’une par rapport à l’autre dans le but d’arriver à un consensus sur le sens de la difficulté. De ce fait, la pratique enseignante de soutien est construite suite aux négociations entre l’élève et l’enseignante, mais aussi suite à la négociation interne de l’enseignante, et ce, dépendamment des facteurs du contexte. Notre recherche a contribué à apporter cette clarification sur la manière d’appréhender les pratiques enseignantes de soutien en contexte de classe ordinaire.

Qu'importe : une faute au texte ; suivi de Mécanismes et dialogisme photographique dans Crimes passionnels et Darlinghurst Heroes d'André Martin

Toutes les photographies présentes à l'intérieur de ce mémoire ont été prises par l'auteur de ce dernier.

Le sacrifice d'Iphigénie : l'interartialité spectaculaire dans la peinture française au 18e siècle

Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de documents visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée à la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives.

Historical Justice, Nationhood and African Americans

The intelligibility of historical justice is linked to matters of agency and causation. This article presents an account of historical justice limited to transgenerational collective agents which is immune to the agency and causation problems affecting traditional theories of diachronic justice. The novel theory is applied to the case of African Americans, to whom no reparations for past wrongs have been made up to now. When conceived as a transgenerational collective agent – i.e. as a nation–, the African Americans are shown to be owed reparations by the American polity. These reparations are deemed necessary to the goal of reconciliation and to the establishment of relations of mutual respect, which are construed as preconditions to effective distributive justice, here and now.

Une politique concernant les données issues d’un programme de recherches interventionnelles en santé mondiale

Article

STUDIES ON THE STRESS FLUCTUATIONS IN SHEARED STOKESIAN SUSPENSIONS USING CHAOS THEORY AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICS

The thesis report results obtained from a detailed analysis of the fluctuations of the rheological parameters viz. shear and normal stresses, simulated by means of the Stokesian Dynamics method, of a macroscopically homogeneous sheared suspension of neutrally buoyant non-Brownian suspension of identical spheres in the Couette gap between two parallel walls in the limit of vanishingly small Reynolds numbers using the tools of non-linear dynamics and chaos theory for a range of particle concentration and Couette gaps. The thesis used the tools of nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory viz. average mutual information, space-time separation plots, visual recurrence analysis, principal component analysis, false nearest-neighbor technique, correlation integrals, computation of Lyapunov exponents for a range of area fraction of particles and for different Couette gaps. The thesis observed that one stress component can be predicted using another stress component at the same area fraction. This implies a type of synchronization of one stress component with another stress component. This finding suggests us to further analysis of the synchronization of stress components with another stress component at the same or different area fraction of particles. The different model equations of stress components for different area fraction of particles hints at the possible existence a general formula for stress fluctuations with area fraction of particle as a parameter

A Comaparison Study of EM and Physical Equivalent Circuit Modeling for MIM CMOS Capacitors

In this Letter a new physical model for metal-insulatormetal CMOS capacitors is presented. In the model the parameters of the circuit are derived from the physical structural details. Physical behaviors due to metal skin effect and inductance have been considered. The model has been confirmed by 3D EM simulator and design rules proposed. The model presented is scalable with capacitor geometry, allowing designers to predict and optimize quality factor. The approach has been verified for MIM CMOS capacitors

Development of Best Practices for Ship Recycling Processes

Ship recycling has been considered as the best means to dispose off an obsolete ship. The current state of art of technology combined with the demands of sustainable developments from the global maritime industrial sector has modified the status of erstwhile ‘ship breaking’ involving ship scrap business to a modern industry undertaking dismantling of ships and recycling/reusing the dismantled products in a supply chain of pre owned product market by following the principles of recycling. Industries will have to formulate a set of best practices and blend them with the engineering activities for producing better quality products, improving the productivity and for achieving improved performances related to sustainable development. Improved performance by industries in a sustainable development perspective is accomplished only by implementing the 4E principles, ie.,. ecofriendliness, engineering efficiency, energy conservation and ergonomics in their core operations. The present study has done a comprehensive investigation into various ship recycling operations for formulating a set of best practices.Being the ultimate life cycle stage of a ship, ship recycling activities incorporate certain commercial procedures well in advance to facilitate the objectives of dismantling and recycling/reusing of various parts of the vessel. Thorough knowledge regarding these background procedures in ship recycling is essential for examining and understanding the industrial business operations associated with it. As a first step, the practices followed in merchant shipping operations regarding the decision on decommissioning have been and made available in the thesis. Brief description about the positioning methods and important preparations for the most feasible ship recycling method ie.,. beach method have been provided as a part of the outline of the background information. Available sources of guidelines, codes and rules & regulations for ship recycling have been compiled and included in the discussion.Very brief summary of practices in major ship recycling destinations has been prepared and listed for providing an overview of the global ship recycling activities. The present status of ship recycling by treating it as a full fledged engineering industry has been brought out to establish the need for looking into the development of the best practices. Major engineering attributes of ship as a unique engineering product and the significant influencing factors on her life cycle stage operations have been studied and added to the information base on ship recycling. Role of ship recycling industry as an important player in global sustainable development efforts has been reviewed by analysing the benefits of ship recycling. A brief synopsis on the state of art of ship recycling in major international ship recycling centres has also been incorporated in the backdrop knowledgebase generation on ship recycling processes.Publications available in this field have been reviewed and classified into five subject categories viz., Infrastructure for recycling yards and methods of dismantling, Rules regarding ship recycling activities, Environmental and safety aspects of ship recycling, Role of naval architects and ship classification societies, Application of information technology and Demand forecasting. The inference from the literature survey have been summarised and recorded. Noticeable observations in the inference include need of creation of a comprehensive knowledgebase on ship recycling and its effective implementation in the industry and the insignificant involvement of naval architects and shipbuilding engineers in ship recycling industry. These two important inferences and the message conveyed by them have been addressed with due importance in the subsequent part of the present study.As a part of the study the importance of demand forecasting in ship recycling has been introduced and presented. A sample input for ship recycling data for implementation of computer based methods of demand forecasting has been presented in this section of the thesis.The interdisciplinary nature of engineering processes involved in ship recycling has been identified as one of the important features of this industry. The present study has identified more than a dozen major stake holders in ship recycling having their own interests and roles. It has also been observed that most of the ship recycling activities is carried out in South East Asian countries where the beach based ship recycling is done in yards without proper infrastructure support. A model of beach based ship recycling has been developed and the roles, responsibilities and the mutual interactions of the elements of the system have been documented as a part of the study Subsequently the need of a generation of a wide knowledgebase on ship recycling activities as pointed out by the literature survey has been addressed. The information base and source of expertise required to build a broad knowledgebase on ship recycling operations have been identified and tabulated. Eleven important ship recycling processes have been identified and a brief sketch of steps involved in these processes have been examined and addressed in detail. Based on these findings, a detailed sequential disassembly process plan of ship recycling has been prepared and charted. After having established the need of best practices in ship recycling initially, the present study here identifies development of a user friendly expert system for ship recycling process as one of the constituents of the proposed best practises. A user friendly expert system has been developed for beach based ship recycling processes and is named as Ship Recycling Recommender (SRR). Two important functions of SRR, first one for the ‘Administrators’, the stake holders at the helm of the ship recycling affairs and second one for the ‘Users’, the stake holders who execute the actual dismantling have been presented by highlighting the steps involved in the execution of the software. The important output generated, ie.,. recommended practices for ship dismantling processes and safe handling information on materials present onboard have been presented with the help of ship recycling reports generated by the expert system. A brief account of necessity of having a ship recycling work content estimation as part of the best practices has been presented in the study. This is supported by a detailed work estimation schedule for the same as one of the appendices.As mentioned earlier, a definite lack of involvement of naval architect has been observed in development of methodologies for improving the status of ship recycling industry. Present study has put forward a holistic approach to review the status of ship recycling not simply as end of life activity of all ‘time expired’ vessels, but as a focal point of integrating all life cycle activities. A new engineering design philosophy targeting sustainable development of marine industrial domain, named design for ship recycling has been identified, formulated and presented. A new model of ship life cycle has been proposed by adding few stages to the traditional life cycle after analysing their critical role in accomplishing clean and safe end of life and partial dismantling of ships. Two applications of design for ship recycling viz, recyclability of ships and her products and allotment of Green Safety Index for ships have been presented as a part of implementation of the philosophy in actual practice.

High power N2 laser with a modified gas flow system and discharge geometry

A high power Nz laser of the double-Blumlein type having a modified gas flow system, electrode configuration, and discharge geometry with minimum inductance is described. By incorporating a triggere’d-pressurized spark gap switch, arc-free operation was achieved for a wide E/P range. The device gives a peak power in excess of 700 kW with a FWHM of 3 ns and an efficiency of 0.51%, which is remarkably high for a pulsed nitrogen laser system. The dependence of output power on parameters such as operating pressure, voltage, and repetition rate are discussed.

Analysis of System Signals Based on Cross Recurrence Method for System Dynamics Characterization

Natural systems are inherently non linear. Recurrent behaviours are typical of natural systems. Recurrence is a fundamental property of non linear dynamical systems which can be exploited to characterize the system behaviour effectively. Cross recurrence based analysis of sensor signals from non linear dynamical system is presented in this thesis. The mutual dependency among relatively independent components of a system is referred as coupling. The analysis is done for a mechanically coupled system specifically designed for conducting experiment. Further, cross recurrence method is extended to the actual machining process in a lathe to characterize the chatter during turning. The result is verified by permutation entropy method. Conventional linear methods or models are incapable of capturing the critical and strange behaviours associated with the dynamical process. Hence any effective feature extraction methodologies should invariably gather information thorough nonlinear time series analysis. The sensor signals from the dynamical system normally contain noise and non stationarity. In an effort to get over these two issues to the maximum possible extent, this work adopts the cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) methodology since it is found to be robust against noise and stationarity in the signals. The study reveals that the CRQA is capable of characterizing even weak coupling among system signals. It also divulges the dependence of certain CRQA variables like percent determinism, percent recurrence and entropy to chatter unambiguously. The surrogate data test shows that the results obtained by CRQA are the true properties of the temporal evolution of the dynamics and contain a degree of deterministic structure. The results are verified using permutation entropy (PE) to detect the onset of chatter from the time series. The present study ascertains that this CRP based methodology is capable of recognizing the transition from regular cutting to the chatter cutting irrespective of the machining parameters or work piece material. The results establish this methodology to be feasible for detection of chatter in metal cutting operation in a lathe.

Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Return Generating Process: A Macroeconomic Approach to Indian Stock Market

A study focusing on the identification of return generating factors and to the extent of their influence on share prices the outcome will be a tool for investment analysis in the hands of investors portfolio managers and mutual funds who are mostly concerned with changing share prices. Since the study takes into account the influence of macroeconomic variables on variations in share returns by using the outcome the government can frame out suitable policies on long term basis and that will help in nurturing a healthy economy and resultant stock market. As every company management tries to maximize the wealth of the share holders a clear idea about the return generating variables and their influence will help the management to frame various policies to maximize the wealth of the shareholders.

Gewerbeaufsicht im 21. Jahrhundert.

Während zum Genehmigungsrecht zahlreiche Abhandlungen in der juristischen Literatur und eine große Zahl von Urteilen veröffentlicht sind, hält sich die Forschung und praktische Behandlung zum Aufsichtsrecht in Grenzen. Diese Arbeit vertieft das Verständnis, für die spezifische Verknüpfung und gegenseitige Abhängigkeit der Eröffnungskontrollen und der begleitenden Kontrollen im deutschen Arbeits-, Umwelt- und Verbraucherschutzrecht. Zentraler Punkt dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung von Grundlinien der begleitenden Aufsicht im Gewerbeaufsichtsrecht. Dazu ist es erforderlich die verschiedenen Randbedingungen gewerbeaufsichtlichen Handelns in den Blick zu nehmen. Es ist ein Blick auf die zu erwartende Ausbildung eines neuen Rationalitätstyps der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung (2.), auf die Typisierung von Staats-, Gewerbe- und Wirtschaftsaufsicht und deren spezifischen Handlungsmustern, den festgestellten Defiziten des Aufsichtsrechts und des Aufsichtshandelns der begleitenden Kontrollen und den festgestellten tatsächlichen Wirkungen des Aufsichtssystems (3.) zu werfen. Weitere Einflüsse auf das Aufsichtsmodell der Zukunft kommen aus der erwarteten und wünschenswerten Entwicklung des Genehmigungsrechts (4.), der Art und Weise wie die begleitende Aufsicht gehandhabt werden kann und soll (5.) und den Privatisierungstypen und deren verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen (6.). Die Arbeit schließt mit der Formulierung eines Zukunftsmodells, dass die Gewichte zwischen der Eröffnungs- und der begleitender Kontrolle, sowie das Verhältnis zwischen Staat, Privaten Dritten und Unternehmen, neu ordnet. Insgesamt wird in dieser Arbeit für ein Aufsichtsmodell plädiert, indem der Staat stärker in die Verantwortung für eine risikoorientierte begleitende Aufsicht genommen wird. Maßstäbe für die Risikoregelung sind künftig komplett vom Staat aufzustellen. Staatliche Aufsicht kann sich zukünftig auf Rahmenregelungen und Rahmenprüfungen bei den risikoreichsten Anlagen, Tätigkeiten und Produkten beschränken. Private Dritte können die Detailermittlungen und Freigaben bearbeiten. Private Sachverständige können künftig die Hauptlast detaillierter und zeitintensiver Kontrolltätigkeiten bei Anlagen, Tätigkeiten und Produkten mit mittlerem Risiko übernehmen. Anlagen, Tätigkeiten und Produkte mit geringem Risiko können der Eigenüberwachung überlassen werden. Im Gegenzug muss der Staat in deutlich stärkeren Maß die Aufsicht über die Kontrolleure anhand einheitlicher Maßstäbe organisieren und durchführen. Die Anforderungen an die Kontrolleure müssen künftig allgemein, sowohl für die externen Kontrollpersonen als auch für die internen Aufsichtspersonen, gelten und überprüft werden.

An Inquiry of Changes in Environmental Governance by Community-driven Process

Urban environmental depletion has been a critical problem among industrialized-transformed societies, especially at the local level where administrative authorities’ capacity lags behind changes. Derived from governance concept, the idea of civil society inclusion is highlighted. Focusing on an agglomerated case study, Bang Plee Community in Thailand, this research investigates on a non-state sector, 201-Community organization, as an agent for changes to improve urban environments on solid waste collection. Two roles are contested: as an agent for neighborhood internal change and as an intermediary toward governance changes in state-civil society interaction. By employing longitudinal analysis via a project intervention as research experiment, the outcomes of both roles are detected portrayed in three spheres: state, state-civil society interaction, and civil society sphere. It discovers in the research regarding agglomerated context that as an internal changes for environmental betterment, 201-Community organization operation brings on waste reduction at the minimal level. Community-based organization as an agent for changes – despite capacity input it still limited in efficiency and effectiveness – can mobilize fruitfully only at the individual and network level of civil society sectors, while fails managing at the organizational level. The positive outcomes result by economic waste incentive associated with a limited-bonded group rather than the rise of awareness at large. As an intermediary agent for shared governance, the community-based organization cannot bring on mutual dialogue with state as much as cannot change the state’s operation arena of solid waste management. The findings confine the shared governance concept that it does not applicable in agglomerated locality as an effective outcome, both in terms of being instrumental toward civil society inclusion and being provocative of internal change. Shared environmental governance as summarized in this research can last merely a community development action. It distances significantly from civil society inclusion and empowerment. However, the research proposes that community-based environmental management and shared governance toward civil society inclusion in urban environmental improvement are still an expectable option and reachable if their factors and conditions of key success and failure are intersected with a particular context. Further studies demand more precise on scale, scope, and theses factors of environmental management operation operated by civil society sectors.

Segregation unter Stagnationsbedingungen

Anlass der Untersuchung sind Verstärkungen von strukturwandel- und globalisierungsbedingten Wandlungen unter Schrumpfungs- und Stagnationsbedingungen. Denn Stagnations- und Schrumpfungstendenzen in einer Region sind selektiv, sie begünstigen über verschiedene Mechanismen Polarisierungen und Marginalisierungen: Die allgemeine Entspannung am Wohnungsmarkt hat erhöhte Mobilität und damit sozialräumliche Segregierungen und Polarisierungen der Wohnungsversorgung zur Folge. Leerstände und ausbleibende Investitionen begünstigen Polarisierungen von baulich-räumlichen Qualitäten. Diese beiden Entwicklungen überlagern sich im Stadtraum und verstärken sich gegenseitig. Dabei verbessert sich die Wohnungsversorgung in den benachteiligten Quartieren kaum, so die Ausgangshypothesen. Die Untersuchung fragt nach den Wirkungen des Nebeneinanders von Wachstums-, Stagnations- und Schrumpfungserscheinungen auf unterschiedlichen Maßstabsebenen, dem Zusammenspiel von sozialstrukturellen und qualitativen Veränderungen der baulich-räumlichen Gegebenheiten in den Quartieren sowie in innerstädtischer Differenzierung. Dabei interessieren besonders die Einflüsse eines regional entspannten Wohnungsmarktes und dessen Folgen für die Verwertungsstrategien im Wohnungsbestand auf Segregationsprozesse und die Wohnungsversorgung. Als Fallbeispiel der Untersuchung dient die Stadt Kassel. Der sozialräumliche Fokus liegt auf drei Typen benachteiligter Quartiere: Neben den in der aktuellen Diskussion zumeist betrachteten gründerzeitlichen Arbeiterquartieren und den Großsiedlungen der 1960/70er Jahre wurden auch die peripheren Geschosswohnungsbausiedlungen der 1950er/60er Jahre in die Untersuchung einbezogen, um den unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen und Wirkungen in den Quartierstypen auf die Spur zu kommen und damit letztlich Grundlagen für stadtentwicklungspolitische Strategien zu erarbeiten. Die kleinräumigen Analysen von sozialräumlicher und baulich-räumlicher Struktur sowie zur Wohnungsversorgung deckten Parallelen und gegenläufige Entwicklungen zwischen den unterschiedlichen Quartierstypen auf; es ergaben sich verschiedene Anhaltspunkte zur Erhärtung der Ausgangsthesen. So wurde z.B. deutlich, dass sich unter den Marktbedingungen stagnierender Städte die Wohnflächenversorgung in den benachteiligten Quartieren kaum verbessert. Hierin zeigt sich ein entscheidender Unterschied zu stark schrumpfenden Städten, in denen sich die Versorgungslage (fast) durchgängig verbessert. Wohnungsmarktbarrieren wirken offensichtlich unter Stagnationsbedingungen für bestimmte Bevölkerungsgruppen weiter. Da sich ihre Wirkung aber für weitere Kreise der Bevölkerung abschwächt, verschärfen sich sozialräumliche Konzentrationen. Vor allem aber wurden Überlagerung und gegenseitige Verstärkung dieser sozialräumlichen mit baulich-räumlichen Polarisierungen deutlich, die vor allem aus stadträumlich konzentrierten Investitionen in den Gebäude- und Wohnungsbestand resultieren. Letztlich zeigt sich damit, dass regulierende Eingriffe nicht nur im Rahmen des Umbaus und der Erneuerung der Quartiere erforderlich sind, sondern insbesondere auch in den Wohnungsmarkt und dies auch bei entspannter regionaler Marktlage. Andernfalls ist weder eine angemessene Wohnungsversorgung aller Bevölkerungsgruppen noch der Zusammenhalt der Stadt(Gesellschaft) zu gewährleisten. Dabei ist die Stadtpolitik permanent mit der Gleichzeitigkeit von (wirtschaftlicher) Standortpolitik und sozialer Stadtentwicklung konfrontiert, die sie im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung gegeneinander und miteinander abwägen muss.