Forma da paisagem como critério para otimização amostral de latossolos sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito do conteúdo de água e da compactação do solo na produção de soja

A compactação do solo tem sido fator físico limitante ao crescimento das plantas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a produção de soja (Glycine max cv. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 48) em razão do conteúdo de água e da compactação do solo. Usou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2, ou seja, quatro níveis de resistência à penetração (entre 0,27 e 4,32 MPa) e dois níveis de retenção de água pelo solo (0,05 e 0,01 MPa). Foram utilizadas amostras de Latossolo Vermelho textura média (LVd) e Latossolo Vermelho textura argilosa (LVef), coletadas na profundidade de 020 cm, passadas em peneira de 0,4 cm e compactadas em camadas de 3 cm, em vasos de 20 cm de altura e 25 cm de diâmetro (9,82 L). Os níveis de resistência à penetração foram determinados com o penetrômetro de anel dinamométrico. O nível crítico de resistência do solo à penetração, em relação à produção de grãos, foi de 1,66 e 2,22 MPa, no LVd, e 3,05 e 2,81 MPa, no LVef, para o conteúdo de água retida na tensão de 0,05 e 0,01 MPa, respectivamente. A maior produção de grãos foi obtida na tensão de 0,01 MPa. A produção de grãos de soja é afetada em níveis críticos de resistência do solo à penetração superiores a 2 MPa em latossolos com conteúdo de água retida na tensão de 0,01 MPa.

Effectiveness of fused magnesium potassium phosphate for marandu grass

O alto custo atual do KCl e a grande dependência de sua importação para suprir a demanda nacional sugerem a necessidade de estudos que procurem avaliar a eficiência de outras fontes de K, principalmente aquelas baseadas em matéria-prima nacional. Nesse sentido, foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação com amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura média, adotando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 2, sendo quatro doses de K (0, 60, 120 e 180 mg kg-1 de K), três fontes [(cloreto de potássio (KCl)], termofosfato magnesiano potássico (FMPP) e a mistura de 70 % FMPP + 30 % KCl) e duas granulometrias (100 e 60 mesh), com três repetições. Verificou-se que a adubação potássica promoveu incrementos significativos na produção de matéria seca (parte aérea) e nos teores de K no solo e na planta, não havendo diferenças entre as fontes e suas granulometrias. Os níveis críticos de K no solo e na parte aérea das plantas foram de 1,53 mmol c dm-3 e 19,1 g kg-1, respectivamente.

Análise espacial de atributos físicos e carbono orgânico em argissolo vermelho-amarelo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar

A agricultura convencional utiliza o solo intensivamente, modificando os seus atributos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade espacial de alguns atributos físicos e carbono orgânico do solo em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, usando geoestatística. O trabalho foi realizado em Maracanaú - CE, em uma área de produção de cana-de-açúcar, manejado mediante preparo conservacionista sobre uma cobertura de palhada de cana-de-açúcar. As amostras de solo foram retiradas de uma profundidade de 0,00 - 0,20 m, em uma malha, com intervalo regular de 10 m, totalizando 100 pontos. em cada amostra, foi analisado densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, carbono orgânico, porosidade total, macroposidade e microposidade. O coeficiente de variação indicou variabilidade baixa para densidade de partículas, densidade do solo e porosidade total e média para as variáveis macroporosidade, microporosidade e carbono orgânico. As variáveis analisadas mostraram dependência espacial, a qual foi observada nos mapas de krigagem. A distribuição de poros por tamanho e a porosidade total indicam condições físicas razoavelmente boas, embora com valores de densidade do solo ligeiramente acima do nível considerado adequado para a classe textural do solo.

Uma Aplicação de Redes Neurais Auto-Organizaveis à Reconstrução Tridimensional de Superfícies

We propose a multi-resolution approach for surface reconstruction from clouds of unorganized points representing an object surface in 3D space. The proposed method uses a set of mesh operators and simple rules for selective mesh refinement, with a strategy based on Kohonen s self-organizing map. Basically, a self-adaptive scheme is used for iteratively moving vertices of an initial simple mesh in the direction of the set of points, ideally the object boundary. Successive refinement and motion of vertices are applied leading to a more detailed surface, in a multi-resolution, iterative scheme. Reconstruction was experimented with several point sets, induding different shapes and sizes. Results show generated meshes very dose to object final shapes. We include measures of performance and discuss robustness.

Análise de desempenho de sistemas de comunicação sem-fio para monitoramento de unidade de produção de poços petrolíferos terrestres

The greater part of monitoring onshore Oil and Gas environment currently are based on wireless solutions. However, these solutions have a technological configuration that are out-of-date, mainly because analog radios and inefficient communication topologies are used. On the other hand, solutions based in digital radios can provide more efficient solutions related to energy consumption, security and fault tolerance. Thus, this paper evaluated if the Wireless Sensor Network, communication technology based on digital radios, are adequate to monitoring Oil and Gas onshore wells. Percent of packets transmitted with successful, energy consumption, communication delay and routing techniques applied to a mesh topology will be used as metrics to validate the proposal in the different routing techniques through network simulation tool NS-2

Uma metodologia para modelagem e avaliação da dependabilidade de redes industriais sem fio

Ensuring the dependability requirements is essential for the industrial applications since faults may cause failures whose consequences result in economic losses, environmental damage or hurting people. Therefore, faced from the relevance of topic, this thesis proposes a methodology for the dependability evaluation of industrial wireless networks (WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, WIA-PA) on early design phase. However, the proposal can be easily adapted to maintenance and expansion stages of network. The proposal uses graph theory and fault tree formalism to create automatically an analytical model from a given wireless industrial network topology, where the dependability can be evaluated. The evaluation metrics supported are the reliability, availability, MTTF (mean time to failure), importance measures of devices, redundancy aspects and common cause failures. It must be emphasized that the proposal is independent of any tool to evaluate quantitatively the target metrics. However, due to validation issues it was used a tool widely accepted on academy for this purpose (SHARPE). In addition, an algorithm to generate the minimal cut sets, originally applied on graph theory, was adapted to fault tree formalism to guarantee the scalability of methodology in wireless industrial network environments (< 100 devices). Finally, the proposed methodology was validate from typical scenarios found in industrial environments, as star, line, cluster and mesh topologies. It was also evaluated scenarios with common cause failures and best practices to guide the design of an industrial wireless network. For guarantee scalability requirements, it was analyzed the performance of methodology in different scenarios where the results shown the applicability of proposal for networks typically found in industrial environments

Degradação de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subproduto do urucum

To evaluate the dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and crude protein in situ degradation of elephant grass silages with five levels (0; 4; 8; 12 and 16%, on a fresh matter basis) of annatto grain by-product (AGBP), this work was carried out. A split-plot design, consisting on the addition levels the plots and the incubation times the sub-plots, with four replicates, was adopted. For the silages making, the elephant grass was cut 70 days-old and mixed to the by-product, in 20 plastic drums. The samples were dried, grid in a bolter of 5 mm mesh, being used 3 g of samples in each nylon bag, for incubation in the rumem for 0; 6; 48 e 96 hours; 2 ram without defined breed were used. Was observed increased the disappearance of the DM until the level 13.37% of addition of (AGBP) the elephant grass silages for the incubation time 48 hours, this level was that presented the most disappearance DM. For the NDF the disappearance increased until 16% of addition. For the whole of parameters of degradation, was observed that the level of addition of 16% of (AGBP) presented the most values for the potential and effective degradability of variables in question. The inclusion of the annatto grain by-product for elephant grass silage results in greater potential and effective degradability.

Revisitando o problema de visibilidade para visualização tridimensional

We revisit the problem of visibility, which is to determine a set of primitives potentially visible in a set of geometry data represented by a data structure, such as a mesh of polygons or triangles, we propose a solution for speeding up the three-dimensional visualization processing in applications. We introduce a lean structure , in the sense of data abstraction and reduction, which can be used for online and interactive applications. The visibility problem is especially important in 3D visualization of scenes represented by large volumes of data, when it is not worthwhile keeping all polygons of the scene in memory. This implies a greater time spent in the rendering, or is even impossible to keep them all in huge volumes of data. In these cases, given a position and a direction of view, the main objective is to determine and load a minimum ammount of primitives (polygons) in the scene, to accelerate the rendering step. For this purpose, our algorithm performs cutting primitives (culling) using a hybrid paradigm based on three known techniques. The scene is divided into a cell grid, for each cell we associate the primitives that belong to them, and finally determined the set of primitives potentially visible. The novelty is the use of triangulation Ja 1 to create the subdivision grid. We chose this structure because of its relevant characteristics of adaptivity and algebrism (ease of calculations). The results show a substantial improvement over traditional methods when applied separately. The method introduced in this work can be used in devices with low or no dedicated processing power CPU, and also can be used to view data via the Internet, such as virtual museums applications

Lixiviação de potássio na avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de amendoim

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de se obter indicações sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de amendoim através do teste de lixiviação de potássio, cuja eficiência foi avaliada comparativamente às informações fornecidas por outros testes de vigor e à emergência de plântulas em campo. Para tanto, utilizou-se dois lotes de sementes de amendoim da cultivar Tatu (peneira 20/64) que foram submetidos aos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica (3 e 24 horas), emergência de plântulas em campo, índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas, peso de matéria seca de plântulas e determinação do grau de umidade. Além destes, foram conduzidos estudos de lixiviação de potássio, cálcio e magnésio utilizando-se amostras de sementes fisicamente puras. A quantificação de potássio foi conduzida em fotômetro de chama e as de cálcio e magnésio em espectrofotometro de absorção atômica após 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 e 30 horas de embebição a 20ºC. As avaliações da lixiviação de potássio mostraram-se promissoras para a identificação de lotes com diferentes níveis de qualidade.

Aproveitamento de resíduo de caulim em cerâmica branca

The world market of Kaolin has been growing as new investments for better quality of materials have been applied. This market produces amounts of dross that are put in the environment in a wrong way, causing damages to it. Trying to reduce these damages, researches have been done in an attempt to use kaolin dross in ceramic. The disposal of kaolin dross in the environment by the industries of the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba have great impact in society. Usually this dross is disposed clandestinely in places like roads, river banks and lands of small cities. The present work shows the characteristics of the kaolin produced by the mining company in Junco do Seridó, Paraiba state, western Seridó, 300 km from Natal, in the border of both states. After that, researches were done to study its physical and the chemistry characteristics, trying to see if it can be used in white ceramic. The samples got were bolted in fabric of 325# . The technological characteristics tried to use it as a product in white ceramic. For that, it was made a haracterization of the subject matter through enlargement analyses, ATG and ATD, elaborating three formulations that were burned in four different temperatures, 1175, 1200, 1250 and 1300 degrees centigrade up to 30 minutes. After the burning, the subjects were submitted to water absorbing tests, linear retreating, apparent porosity, apparent specific mass, resistance to flexibility and MEV. For one of the mixtures it was obtained demanded properties for a semi porous material

Otimização de forma aplicando B-splines sob critério integral de tensões

This work proposes a computational methodology to solve problems of optimization in structural design. The application develops, implements and integrates methods for structural analysis, geometric modeling, design sensitivity analysis and optimization. So, the optimum design problem is particularized for plane stress case, with the objective to minimize the structural mass subject to a stress criterion. Notice that, these constraints must be evaluated at a series of discrete points, whose distribution should be dense enough in order to minimize the chance of any significant constraint violation between specified points. Therefore, the local stress constraints are transformed into a global stress measure reducing the computational cost in deriving the optimal shape design. The problem is approximated by Finite Element Method using Lagrangian triangular elements with six nodes, and use a automatic mesh generation with a mesh quality criterion of geometric element. The geometric modeling, i.e., the contour is defined by parametric curves of type B-splines, these curves hold suitable characteristics to implement the Shape Optimization Method, that uses the key points like design variables to determine the solution of minimum problem. A reliable tool for design sensitivity analysis is a prerequisite for performing interactive structural design, synthesis and optimization. General expressions for design sensitivity analysis are derived with respect to key points of B-splines. The method of design sensitivity analysis used is the adjoin approach and the analytical method. The formulation of the optimization problem applies the Augmented Lagrangian Method, which convert an optimization problem constrained problem in an unconstrained. The solution of the Augmented Lagrangian function is achieved by determining the analysis of sensitivity. Therefore, the optimization problem reduces to the solution of a sequence of problems with lateral limits constraints, which is solved by the Memoryless Quasi-Newton Method It is demonstrated by several examples that this new approach of analytical design sensitivity analysis of integrated shape design optimization with a global stress criterion purpose is computationally efficient

Simulação computacional do escoamento em bombas de cavidades progressivas

The use of Progressing Cavity Pumps (PCPs) in artificial lift applications in low deep wells is becoming more common in the oil industry, mainly, due to its ability to pump heavy oils, produce oil with large concentrations of sand, besides present high efficiency when compared to other artificial lift methods. Although this system has been widely used as an oil lift method, few investigations about its hydrodynamic behavior are presented, either experimental or numeric. Therefore, in order to increase the knowledge about the BCP operational behavior, this work presents a novel computational model for the 3-D transient flow in progressing cavity pumps, which includes the relative motion between rotor and stator, using an element based finite volume method. The model developed is able to accurately predict the volumetric efficiency and viscous looses as well as to provide detailed information of pressure and velocity fields inside the pump. In order to predict PCP performance for low viscosity fluids, advanced turbulence models were used to treat, accurately, the turbulent effects on the flow, which allowed for obtaining results consistent with experimental values encountered in literature. In addition to the 3D computational model, a simplified model was developed, based on mass balance within cavities and on simplification on the momentum equations for fully developed flow along the seal region between cavities. This simplified model, based on previous approaches encountered in literature, has the ability to predict flow rate for a given differential pressure, presenting exactness and low CPU requirements, becoming an engineering tool for quick calculations and providing adequate results, almost real-time time. The results presented in this work consider a rigid stator PCP and the models developed were validated against experimental results from open literature. The results for the 3-D model showed to be sensitive to the mesh size, such that a numerical mesh refinement study is also presented. Regarding to the simplified model, some improvements were introduced in the calculation of the friction factor, allowing the application fo the model for low viscosity fluids, which was unsuccessful in models using similar approaches, presented in previous works

Simulação computacional da interação fluido-estrutura em bombas de cavidades progressivas

The pumping through progressing cavities system has been more and more employed in the petroleum industry. This occurs because of its capacity of elevation of highly viscous oils or fluids with great concentration of sand or other solid particles. A Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) consists, basically, of a rotor - a metallic device similar to an eccentric screw, and a stator - a steel tube internally covered by a double helix, which may be rigid or deformable/elastomeric. In general, it is submitted to a combination of well pressure with the pressure generated by the pumping process itself. In elastomeric PCPs, this combined effort compresses the stator and generates, or enlarges, the clearance existing between the rotor and the stator, thus reducing the closing effect between their cavities. Such opening of the sealing region produces what is known as fluid slip or slippage, reducing the efficiency of the PCP pumping system. Therefore, this research aims to develop a transient three-dimensional computational model that, based on single-lobe PCP kinematics, is able to simulate the fluid-structure interaction that occurs in the interior of metallic and elastomeric PCPs. The main goal is to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of PCP s efficiency based on detailed and instantaneous information of velocity, pressure and deformation fields in their interior. To reach these goals (development and use of the model), it was also necessary the development of a methodology for generation of dynamic, mobile and deformable, computational meshes representing fluid and structural regions of a PCP. This additional intermediary step has been characterized as the biggest challenge for the elaboration and running of the computational model due to the complex kinematic and critical geometry of this type of pump (different helix angles between rotor and stator as well as large length scale aspect ratios). The processes of dynamic generation of meshes and of simultaneous evaluation of the deformations suffered by the elastomer are fulfilled through subroutines written in Fortan 90 language that dynamically interact with the CFX/ANSYS fluid dynamic software. Since a structural elastic linear model is employed to evaluate elastomer deformations, it is not necessary to use any CAE package for structural analysis. However, an initial proposal for dynamic simulation using hyperelastic models through ANSYS software is also presented in this research. Validation of the results produced with the present methodology (mesh generation, flow simulation in metallic PCPs and simulation of fluid-structure interaction in elastomeric PCPs) is obtained through comparison with experimental results reported by the literature. It is expected that the development and application of such a computational model may provide better details of the dynamics of the flow within metallic and elastomeric PCPs, so that better control systems may be implemented in the artificial elevation area by PCP

Desenvolvimento de um protótipo para alimentação de pós para aspersão térmica em tocha de plasma

The nanometric powders have special features that usually result in new properties, originating applications or expanding them in various fields of knowledge. Because having a high area/volume ratio, phenomena such as superficial strength of adsorption becomes greater than the weight of the powder which makes more difficult its handling. The high power of agglomeration of these powders requires study and development of equipments to enable its management into the plasma torch. The objective of this work is to develop a powder feeder which can solve the mainly problems about insertion of powder into the thermal spray developed in the laboratory of plasmas, which are carried out with plasma torch arc not transferred (plasma spray). Therefore, it was made a aluminum s powder feeder and tests were performed to verify their operation and determine its rate of deposition by spraying powders of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) with particle sizes less than 250 mesh (<0.063 mm). We used masses of 0.5 g - 1.0 g and 1.5 g of each powder in tests lasting 15 seconds - 20 to 25 seconds for each mass. The tests were performed in two ways: at atmospheric pressure using argon gas with a flow of 9 l / min as carrier gas and through a Venturi pipe also using argon gas with a flow of 9 l / min as carrier gas and with a flow of 20 l/min as the feed gas passing through the Venturi pipe. The powder feeder developed in this paper is very easy to be handling and building, resulting in feeding rate of 0.25 cm3/min - 1.37 cm3/min. The TiO2 showed higher feeding rates than the Nb2O5 in all tests, and the best rates were obtained with tests using mass 1.5 g and time of 15 seconds, reaching feeding rate of 1.37 cm3/min. The flow of feed had low interference in feeding rate during the tests