960 resultados para marx


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A presente pesquisa se propõe a analisar o contexto histórico, político, social, econômico e ideológico em que surge a pedagogia crítica de Paulo Freire e posteriormente a Teologia da Libertação, visando encontrar influências deste peculiar contexto na gênese do pensamento freireano e nas concepções dos teólogos Rubem Alves e Gustavo Gutiérrez, que foram os primeiros publicar obras sobre Teologia da Libertação, corrente teológica considerada genuinamente latino-americana. Ainda procura observar em que medida as concepções pedagógicas de Freire podem ter sido acolhidas pelos teólogos Alves e Gutiérrez em suas obras aqui analisadas. Em ambos os pensamentos encontramos a visão de valorização do ser humano e de uma práxis que busca sua libertação de sistemas opressores. Tanto em Paulo Freire como nos fundamentos desta corrente teológica se apresentam princípios humanistas e elementos da tradição cristã. A partir da ferramenta metodológica de análise do materialismo histórico dialético marxista, procura identificar temas comuns que são abordados pelos autores em suas obras surgidas entre as décadas de 1950 a 1970, detendo-se ao estudo de alguns temas subjacentes a esse contexto histórico, a saber: práxis, história, humanismo e libertação.

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Biochemically active wheat thioredoxin h has been overexpressed in the endosperm of transgenic barley grain. Two DNA constructs containing the wheat thioredoxin h gene (wtrxh) were used for transformation; each contained wtrxh fused to an endosperm-specific B1-hordein promoter either with or without a signal peptide sequence for targeting to the protein body. Twenty-two stable, independently transformed regenerable lines were obtained by selecting with the herbicide bialaphos to test for the presence of the bar herbicide resistance gene on a cotransformed plasmid; all were positive for this gene. The presence of wtrxh was confirmed in 20 lines by PCR analysis, and the identity and level of expression of wheat thioredoxin h was assessed by immunoblots. Although levels varied among the different transgenic events, wheat thioredoxin h was consistently highly expressed (up to 30-fold) in the transgenic grain. Transgenic lines transformed with the B1-hordein promoter with a signal peptide sequence produced a higher level of wheat thioredoxin h on average than those without a signal sequence. The overexpression of thioredoxin h in the endosperm of germinated grain effected up to a 4-fold increase in the activity of the starch debranching enzyme, pullulanase (limit dextrinase), the enzyme that specifically cleaves α-1,6 linkages in starch. These results raise the question of how thioredoxin h enhances the activity of pullulanase because it was found that the inhibitor had become inactive before the enzyme showed appreciable activity.

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Signature databases are vital tools for identifying distant relationships in novel sequences and hence for inferring protein function. InterPro is an integrated documentation resource for protein families, domains and functional sites, which amalgamates the efforts of the PROSITE, PRINTS, Pfam and ProDom database projects. Each InterPro entry includes a functional description, annotation, literature references and links back to the relevant member database(s). Release 2.0 of InterPro (October 2000) contains over 3000 entries, representing families, domains, repeats and sites of post-translational modification encoded by a total of 6804 different regular expressions, profiles, fingerprints and Hidden Markov Models. Each InterPro entry lists all the matches against SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL (more than 1 000 000 hits from 462 500 proteins in SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL). The database is accessible for text- and sequence-based searches at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/. Questions can be emailed to interhelp@ebi.ac.uk.

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São dignos os que, segundo Marx Weber, vivem para política e não da política.

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One of the most important spaces into which Althusserianism diffused in Argentina was Zaratismo, a political tendency that spread from the Communist Party to an armed organization called the Argentinian Liberation Forces. In this work we propose an analysis of this experience that emphasizes the relations between the characteristic elements of Althusserianism - the epistemological break in Marx's work, theoretical practice, and the concept of economic and social formation - and those of the development of an armed strategy for Argentina, including critiques of theoreticism and opportunism, an adaptation of the theory of war to the national situation, and a correct conjunction of theoretical concepts with concrete realitie

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This research aims to show the main points of convergence between hegemonic schools of economic and sociological theory from the Scottish Enlightenment until today. To this end, on the one hand, we set three basic families of economic thought (the mainstream, the Austrian school and Marxism); and, on the other, we divide the history of sociology in five major generations (pioneers, founders, institutionalizers, compilers and constructivist). Subsequently, we set five historical periods as reference to our respective chapters and compare, within each of them, the theoretical contributions from these two areas. Thus, in the first chapter, called "the liberal parenthesis", we consider the relationship between the classical school of economics and the pioneers and founders of sociology. In the second, entitled "the social question" we analyze, on the one hand, the theoretical consistency of both the neoclassical school, as Austrian, with the principles defended by the institutionalizers of sociology; and, on the other, the influence of Karl Marx, as founder of sociology and classical economist, in the work of Soviet revolutionary theorists. In chapter three, called the "new industrial state", we demonstrate the theoretical proximity between both Keynesianism and the Austrian school of economics, with the doctrine defended by the generation of compilers in sociology. The fourth chapter, entitled "second industrial divide", refers to the similarities between the theoretical contributions of the monetarist Chicago school and the Austrian school with sociological constructivism. Finally, chapter five, the "global market", shows that the two hegemonic schools in economics, "integrated model", and sociology, "analytical sociology", are composed of the same three schools of thought: the rational choice, the neo-institutionalism and network approach. Thus, we can conclude that, if we look at their respective areas of influence, during this historical period occurs an manifest agreement between the theoretical contributions from the economic and sociological fields.

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En esta investigación nos preguntamos por qué el desempleo se da en una división social del tiempo que, mientras produce desocupación masiva, expande e intensifica el trabajo de la población trabajadora. Nuestro objetivo es fundamentar teórica y empíricamente una explicación del desempleo que permita comprender las causas de esta división del tiempo polarizada, y que señale algunas de las vías para su posible superación. Teóricamente, nos centramos en el concepto de tiempo superfluo de Marx, siguiendo la lectura de Moishe Postone. Empíricamente, investigamos las relaciones entre el desempleo y esta paradójica división del tiempo durante la crisis en España en el periodo 2007-2013, cuando se alcanzó un 27% de paro y seis millones de parados. Mediante un enfoque elaborado a partir de categorías sociotemporales, analizamos los datos obtenidos en las Encuestas de Empleo del Tiempo, en 28 entrevistas y seis grupos de discusión realizados con parados y paradas de perfiles diversos. Comenzamos problematizando lo que llamamos la paradoja del tiempo escaso: por un lado, la población ocupada tiende a una escasez objetiva de horas que se explica por el exceso de trabajo; por otro lado, la población parada tiende a una escasez subjetiva de tiempo al tener grandes dificultades para usar significativamente su abundancia objetiva de horas desocupadas. A través de esta paradoja, cuestionamos aquellos enfoques que abordan el desempleo sin problematizar la organización social del tiempo que lo produce. Para teorizar esta paradoja, partimos de una conceptualización del tiempo, el trabajo y el desempleo basada en la interpretación de Postone de la teoría crítica de Marx, y particularmente, de su concepto de tiempo superfluo. Este enfoque permite comprender sociohistóricamente por qué los aumentos constantes de la capacidad productiva de riqueza no han conllevado tanto un ahorro de tiempo de trabajo global, sino sobre todo un ahorro de trabajadores que periódicamente se convierten en superfluos. Según esta perspectiva, la relación de trabajo es el pivote que dinamiza y polariza la división de los tiempos sociales. A partir de estos argumentos, proponemos una definición de ‘paro’ y de ‘parados’ que enlaza diferentes niveles analíticos: el sistémico, el estatal y el de las prácticas. Complementamos este marco teórico con herramientas de la sociología de Pierre Bourdieu, la sociología del tiempo, la sociología del trabajo, el feminismo o el psicoanálisis, entre otras...

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For more than half of a century, Colombia has been living in a state of violence, a nationwide political violence. As the time goes by, this situation gets even worse. Now the violence is implanted for different interests, such as personal, political, social and economical interests. For this reason, the information for this thesis was gathered from the time of the independence, through the era of violence until today; considering a reflection that begins with the perspective of Marx, passing by a theoretical compilation of the conflict, with an anthropological, psychological, biological and sociological perspective. In addition, different theories about violence have been studied to recognize the ideological approach of the different armed movements that have emerged in Colombia. Statistical, economical and social data including class struggle, social stratification, exclusion and gender perspective among others, have been considered from an anthropological and interdisciplinary approach for studying the violence. A strong interest in the social reintegration process, through an ethnographic study, based on the actors backgrounds, their lives, experiences and their geographical location have provided information that will allow to know the reality of those who are living in the process, those who survive it and those who go on with their lives in society, and those who after doing it return to the armed groups. Population displaced by violence, refugees, has contributed to this study about their possibilities to return to the society or to be excluded by it. With this purpose, a theoretical and a documentary analysis as well as fieldwork have been done, trying to bring forward tools and guidelines to make some progress in developing effective solutions for social integration of Colombian armed conflict victims.

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"A través del peronismo llegué a comprender a Gramsci". Con esta frase, pronunciada por Ernesto Laclau en una entrevista concedida a una revista izquierdista estadounidense en 1983, se puede resumir lo que este politólogo argentino entendía como la vía más adecuada para alcanzar el poder político en un Estado, al menos a nivel de la capa conjuntiva (ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial) (Bueno, 1991). Junto a Laclau, en dicha entrevista, estaba su mujer, la también politóloga belga Chantal Mouffé. Ambos se encontraban en aquel año en París celebrando el centenario de la muerte de Carlos Marx. Estas palabras de Laclau fueron reproducidas en un artículo publicado en el diario El País del por Ludolfo Paramio (1983), sociólogo, periodista y físico español, militante del Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) desde 1982, adscrito durante una época a la corriente guerrista (de Alfonso Guerra), profesor de sociología en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, entre otras, y Director del Departamento de Análisis y Estudios del Gabinete de la Presidencia del Gobierno de España en la primera legislatura de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, de 2004 a 2008. Además ha sido miembro de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Ciencia Política y dirige actualmente un postgrado sobre política en Iberoamérica en el Instituto Universitario de Investigación Ortega y Gasset. ¿Qué más tienen en común Laclau, Mouffé y Paramio además de esta interrelación ideológica, sentimental y periodística? Que no se puede entender Podemos sin estos tres nombres, como tampoco puede entenderse sin las conexiones ideológicas entre estos ideólogos y la propia familia de Pablo Manuel Iglesias Turrión (Pablo Iglesias II) y sus quehaceres político-vitales.

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Conferência realizada na Universidade de Urbino em 18 de Novembro de 2011, na abertura do Congresso internacional comemorativo do septuagésimo aniversário de Domenico Losurdo, promovido pela Internationale Gesellschaft Hegel-Marx für dialektisches Denken. O presente texto corresponde à versão portuguesa (entretanto, ampliada) de: «Hegel et l’ontologie», Dialettica, Storia e Conflitto. Il proprio tempo appreso nel pensiero. Festschrift in onore di Domenico Losurdo, ed. Stefano G. Azzarà, Paolo Ercolani e Emanuela Susca, Napoli, La scuola di Pitagora editrice, 2011, pp. 35-51.

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En el contexto de la pregunta por el destino de la Teoría Crítica, la discusión entre Honneth y Habermas sobre el cambio en el paradigma de la Filosofía Política y Social con la tesis “de la comunicación al reconocimiento” gira aquí en torno a una reconstrucción crítica de la filosofía de Kant, un Kant ‘moderado’ en un modelo ‘explicativo’ o ‘hermenéutico’, y así ‘irrebasable’ del progreso moral, rompiendo su sistema, y un Kant ‘destrascendentalizado’, apto para fundamentar la necesidad de un diálogo entre la razón y la fe. ¿Por qué Kant y no Hegel, central este último para los dos filósofos alemanes en su superación de las aporías de la primera generación de la Teoría Crítica? Pero ¿dónde queda Marx, tan importante para los fundadores de la Escuela de Fráncfort? Y ¿no había exigido Habermas en 2009 con motivo del aniversario de su discípulo, que Honneth, después de su viaje de Marx a Hegel, hiciera el necesario regreso? De tal manera que en esta vuelta, Honneth trajera en su equipaje lo rescatable rescatado del Idealismo Alemán. Así la historia de la Teoría Critica queda inconclusa

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Nel 1975 l'architetto e illustratore portoghese Joáo Abel Manta realizzò un'illustrazione a cui dette un titolo emblematico: Um problema difícil. La vignetta raffigura un'aula scolastica in cui un gruppo di "studenti particolari", composto dai fondatori e dai protagonisti della sinistra internazionale - Marx, Lenin, Sartre, Fidel Castro -, si trova a guardare con aria perplessa una lavagna sulla quale è raffigurata una silhouette della carrina del Portogallo.

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Esta comunicação irá ser publicada no próximo número da Newsletter do RC16 Sociological Theory da International Sociological Association, em Dezembro de 2016.