Breathing, swallowing and voice in laryngeal disorsers

The aim of this work was to examine how breathing, swallowing and voicing are affected in different laryngeal disorders. For this purpose, we examined four different patient groups: patients who had undergone total laryngectomy, anterior cervical decompression (ACD), or injection laryngoplasty with autologous fascia (ILAF), and patients with dyspnea during exercise. We studied the problems and benefits related to the automatic speech valve used for the rehabilitation of speech in laryngectomized patients. The device was given to 14 total laryngectomized patients who used the traditional valve especially well. The usefulness of voice and intelligibility of speech were assessed by speech pathologists. The results demonstrated better performance with the traditional valve in both dimensions. Most of the patients considered the automatic valve a helpful additional device but because of heavier breathing and the greater work needed for speech production, it was not suitable as a sole device in speech rehabilitation. Dysphonia and dysphagia are known complications of ACD. These symptoms are caused due to the stretching of tissue needed during the surgery, but the extent and the recovery from them was not well known before our study. We studied two patient groups, an early group with 50 patients who were examined immediately before and after the surgery and a late group with 64 patients who were examined 3 9 months postoperatively. Altogether, 60% reported dysphonia and 69% dysphagia immediately after the operation. Even though dysphagia and dysphonia often appeared after surgery, permanent problems seldom occurred. Six (12 %) cases of transient and two (3 %) permanent vocal cord paresis were detected. In our third study, the long-term results of ILAF in 43 patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis were examined. The mean follow-up was 5.8 years (range 3 10). Perceptual evaluation demonstrated improved results for voice quality, and videostroboscopy revealed complete or partial glottal closure in 83% of the patients. Fascia showed to be a stable injection material with good vocal results. In our final study we developed a new diagnostic method for exertional laryngeal dyspnea by combining a cardiovascular exercise test with simultaneous fiberoptic observation of the larynx. With this method, it is possible to visualize paradoxal closure of the vocal cords during inspiration, which is a diagnostic criterion for vocal cord dysfunction (VCD). We examined 30 patients referred to our hospital because of suspicion of exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction (EIVCD). Twenty seven out of thirty patients were able to perform the test. Dyspnea was induced in 15 patients, and of them five had EIVCD and four high suspicion of EIVCD. With our test it is possible to set an accurate diagnosis for exertional laryngeal dyspnea. Moreover, the often seen unnecessary use of asthma drugs among these patients can be avoided.

Molecular background of three lethal fetal syndromes

This study identified the molecular defects underlying three lethal fetal syndromes. Lethal Congenital Contracture Syndrome 1 (LCCS1, MIM 253310) and Lethal Arthrogryposis with Anterior Horn Cell Disease (LAAHD, MIM 611890) are fetal motor neuron diseases. They affect the nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movement, and eventually result in severe atrophy of spinal cord motor neurons and fetal immobility. Both LCCS1 and LAAHD are caused by mutations in the GLE1 gene, which encodes for a multifunctional protein involved in posttranscriptional mRNA processing. LCCS2 and LCCS3, two syndromes that are clinically similar to LCCS1, are caused by defective proteins involved in the synthesis of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), an essential cofactor of GLE1. This suggests a common mechanism behind these fetal motor neuron diseases, and along with accumulating evidence from genetic studies of more late-onset motor neuron diseases such as Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), implicates mRNA processing as a common mechanism in motor neuron disease pathogenesis. We also studied gle1-/- zebrafish in order to investigate whether they would be a good model for studying the pathogenesis of LCCS1 and LAAHD. Mutant zebrafish exhibit cell death in their central nervous system at two days post fertilization, and the distribution of mRNA within the cells of mutant zebrafish differs from controls, encouraging further studies. The third lethal fetal syndrome is described in this study for the first time. Cocoon syndrome (MIM 613630) was discovered in a Finnish family with two affected individuals. Its hallmarks are the encasement of the limbs under the skin, and severe craniofacial abnormalities, including the lack of skull bones. We showed that Cocoon syndrome is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase CHUK, also known as IκB kinase α (IKKα). The mutation results in the complete lack of CHUK protein expression. CHUK is a subunit of the IκB kinase enzyme that inhibits NF-κB transcription factors, but in addition, it has an essential, independent role in controlling keratinocyte differentiation, as well as informing morphogenetic events such as limb and skeletal patterning. CHUK also acts as a tumor suppressor, and is frequently inactivated in cancer. This study has brought significant new information about the molecular background of these three lethal fetal syndromes, as well as provided knowledge about the prerequisites of normal human development.

Excimer laser refractive surgery : corneal wound healing and clinical results

Although the first procedure in a seeing human eye using excimer laser was reported in 1988 (McDonald et al. 1989, O'Connor et al. 2006) just three studies (Kymionis et al. 2007, O'Connor et al. 2006, Rajan et al. 2004) with a follow-up over ten years had been published when this thesis was started. The present thesis aims to investigate 1) the long-term outcomes of excimer laser refractive surgery performed for myopia and/or astigmatism by photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-in situ- keratomileusis (LASIK), 2) the possible differences in postoperative outcomes and complications when moderate-to-high astigmatism is treated with PRK or LASIK, 3) the presence of irregular astigmatism that depend exclusively on the corneal epithelium, and 4) the role of corneal nerve recovery in corneal wound healing in PRK enhancement. Our results revealed that in long-term the number of eyes that achieved uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA)≤0.0 and ≤0.5 (logMAR) was higher after PRK than after LASIK. Postoperative stability was slightly better after PRK than after LASIK. In LASIK treated eyes the incidence of myopic regression was more pronounced when the intended correction was over >6.0 D and in patients aged <30 years.Yet the intended corrections in our study were higher for LASIK than for PRK eyes. No differences were found in percentages of eyes with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) or loss of two or more lines of visual acuity between PRK and LASIK in the long-term. The postoperative long-term outcomes of PRK with two different delivery systems broad beam and scanning laser were compared and revealed no differences. Postoperative outcomes of moderate-to-high astigmatism yielded better results in terms of UCVA and less compromise or loss of two more lines of BCVA after LASIK that after PRK.Similar stability for both procedures was revealed. Vector analysis showed that LASIK outcomes tended to be more accurate than PRK outcomes, yet no statistically differences were found. Irregular astigmatism secondary to recurrent corneal erosion due to map-dot-fingerprint was successfully treated with phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). Preoperative videokeratographies (VK) showed irregular astigmatism. However, postoperatively, all eyes showed a regular pattern. No correlation was found between pre- and postoperative VK patterns. Postoperative outcomes of late PRK in eyes originally subjected to LASIK showed that all (7/7) eyes achieved UCVA ≤0.5 at last follow-up (range 3 — 11 months), and no eye lost lines of BCVA. Postoperatively all eyes developed and initial mild haze (0.5 — 1) into the first month. Yet, at last follow-up 5/7 eyes showed a haze of 0.5 and this was no longer evident in 2/7 eyes. Based on these results, we demonstrated that the long-term outcomes after PRK and LASIK were safe and efficient, with similar stability for both procedures. The PRK outcomes were similar when treated by broad-beam or scanning slit laser. LASIK was better than PRK to correct moderate-to-high astigmatism, yet both procedures showed a tendency of undercorrection. Irregular astigmatism was proven to be able to depend exclusively from the corneal epithelium. If this kind of astigmatism is present in the cornea and a customized PRK/LASIK correction is done based on wavefront measurements an irregular astigmatism may be produced rather than treated. Corneal sensory nerve recovery should have an important role in the modulation of the corneal wound healing and post-operative anterior stromal scarring. PRK enhancement may be an option in eyes with previous LASIK after a sufficient time interval that in at least 2 years.

Myoblast Sheet Transplantation for Treatment of Heart Failure after Myocardial Infarction

Heart failure is a common, severe, and progressive condition associated with high mortality and morbidity. Because of population-aging in the coming decades, heart failure is estimated to reach epidemic proportions. Current medical and surgical treatments have reduced mortality, but the prognosis for patients has remained poor. Transplantation of skeletal myoblasts has raised hope of regenerating the failing heart and compensating for lost cardiac contractile tissue. In the present work, we studied epicardial transplantation of tissue-engineered myoblast sheets for treatment of heart failure. We employed a rat model of myocardial infarction-induced acute and chronic heart failure by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. We then transplanted myoblast sheets genetically modified to resist cell death after transplantation by expressing antiapoptotic gene bcl2. In addition, we evaluated the regenerative capacity of myoblast sheets expressing the cardioprotective cytokine hepatocyte growth factor in a rat chronic heart failure model. Furthermore, we utilized in vitro cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell culture models as well as microarray gene expression analysis to elucidate molecular mechanisms mediating the therapeutic effects of myoblast sheet transplantation. Our results demonstrate that Bcl2-expression prolonged myoblast sheet survival in rat hearts after transplantation and induced secretion of cardioprotective, proangiogenic cytokines. After acute myocardial infarction, these sheets attenuated left ventricular dysfunction and myocardial damage, and they induced therapeutic angiogenesis. In the chronic heart failure model, inhibition of graft apoptosis by Bcl-2 improved cardiac function, supported survival of cardiomyocytes in the infarcted area, and induced angiogenesis in a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1- and 2-dependent mechanism. Hepatocyte growth factor-secreting myoblast sheets further enhanced the angiogenic efficacy of myoblast sheet therapy. Moreover, myoblast-secreted paracrine factors protected cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress in an epidermal growth factor receptor- and c-Met dependent manner. This protection was associated with induction of antioxidative genes and activation of the unfolded protein response. Our results provide evidence that inhibiting myoblast sheet apoptosis can enhance the sheets efficacy for treating heart failure after acute and chronic myocardial infarction. Furthermore, we show that myoblast sheets can serve as vehicles for delivery of growth factors, and induce therapeutic angiogenesis in the chronically ischemic heart. Finally, myoblasts induce, in a paracine manner, a cardiomyocyte-protective response against oxidative stress. Our study elucidates novel mechanisms of myoblast transplantation therapy, and suggests effective means to improve this therapy for the benefit of the heart failure patient.

Importance of COMT in the regulation of prefrontal dopamine

The prefrontal cortex (PFC), located in the anterior region of the frontal lobe, is considered to have several key roles in higher cognitive and executive functions. In general, the PFC can be seen as a coordinator of thought and action allowing subjects to behave in a goal-directed manner. Due to its anatomical connections with a variety of cortical and subcortical structures, several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, are involved in the regulation of PFC activity. In general, the majority of released dopamine is cleared by the dopamine transporter (DAT). In the PFC however, the number of presynaptic DAT is diminished, emphasizing the relative importance of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in dopamine metabolism. As a result, the role of COMT in the etiology of psychotic disorders is under constant debate. The present study investigated the role of COMT in prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism by different neurochemical methods in COMT knockout (COMT-KO) mice. Pharmacological tools to inhibit other dopamine clearing mechanisms were also used for a more comprehensive and collective picture. In addition, this study investigated how a lack of the soluble (S-) COMT isoform affects the total COMT activity as well as the pharmacokinetics of orally administered L-dopa using mutant mice expressing only the membrane-bound (MB-) COMT isoform. Also the role of COMT in striatal and accumbal dopamine turnover during Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) challenge was studied. We found markedly increased basal dopamine concentrations in the PFC, but not the striatum or nucleus accumbens (NAcc), of mice lacking COMT. Pharmacological inhibition of the noradrenaline transporter (NET) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) elevated prefrontal cortical dopamine levels several-fold, whereas inhibition of DAT did not. The lack of COMT doubled the dopamine raising effects of NET and MAO inhibition. No compensatory expression of either DAT or NET was found in the COMT-KO mice. The lack of S-COMT decreased the total COMT activity by 50-70 % and modified dopamine transmission and the pharmacokinetics of exogenous Ldopa in a sex and tissue specific manner. Finally, we found that subsequent tolcapone and THC increased dopamine levels in the NAcc, but not in the striatum. Conclusively, this study presents neurochemical evidence for the important role of COMT in the PFC and shows that COMT is responsible for about half of prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism. This study also highlights the previously underestimated proportional role of MB-COMT and supports the clinical evidence of a gene x environment interaction between COMT and cannabis.

The determination of spatial pattern in Dictyostelium discoideum

Free-living amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum aggregate when starved and give rise to a long and thin multicellular structure, the slug. The slug resembles a metazoan embryo, and as with other embryos it is possible to specify a fate map. In the case of Dictyostelium discoideum the map is especially simple: cells in the anterior fifth of the slug die and form a stalk while the majority of those in the posterior differentiate into spores. The genesis of this anterior-posterior distinction is the subject of our review. In particular, we ask: what are the relative roles of individual pre-aggregative predispositions and post-aggregative position in determining cell fate? We review the literature on the subject and conclude that both factors are important. Variations in nutritional status, or in cell cycle phase at starvation, can bias the probability that an amoeba differentiates into a stalk cell or a spore. On the other hand, isolates, or slug fragments, consisting of only prestalk cells or only prespore cells can regulate so as to result in a normal range of both cell types. We identify three levels of control, each being responsible for guiding patterning in normal development: (i) 'coin tossing', whereby a cell autonomously exhibits a preference for developing along either the stalk or the spore pathway with relative probabilities that can be influenced by the environment; (ii) 'chemical kinetics', whereby prestalk and prespore cells originate from undifferentiated amoebae on a probabilistic basis but, having originated, interact (e.g. via positive and negative feedbacks), and the interaction influences the possibility of conversion of one cell type into the other, and (iii) 'positional information', in which the spatial distribution of morphogens in the slug influences the pathway of differentiation. In the case of possibilities (i) and (ii), sorting out of like cell types leads to the final spatial pattern. In the case of possibility (iii), the pattern arises in situ.

Spatial gradients of calcium in the slug of Dictyostelium discoideum

Starved amoebae of D. discoideum aggregate and give rise to a long and thin multicellular structure called the slug. The cells within the slug eventually differentiate according to a simple anterior/posterior dichotomy. This motivates a search for gradients of putative morphogens along its axis. Calcium may be one such morphogen. On the basis of observations made by using the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes fura-2 and chlortetracyline, we report that there are spatial gradients in cytoplasmic and sequestered calcium in the slug. Anteriorly located and genetically defined prestalk cells (ecmA/pstA, ecmB/pstAB) contain significantly higher levels of calcium than the prespore cells in the posterior. However, the proportion of 'calcium-rich' cells in the slug is greater than that of the subset of prestalk cells defined by the expression of the ecmA or ecmB genes.

Molecular cloning and expression pattern of a Cubitus interruptus homologue from the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori

A homologue of the segment polarity gene Cubitus interruptus from Bombyx Mori, (BmCi) has been cloned and characterized. This region harbouring Zn2+ finger motif is highly conserved across species. In B. Mori, BmCi RNA expression was first detected at stage 6 of embryogenesis, which reached maximum levels at stage 21C and was maintained until larval hatching. The segmentally reiterated striped pattern of transcript distribution in stage 21C embryos was in conformity with its predicted segment polarity nature. BmCi was expressed in the fore- and hind-wing discs, ovaries, testes and gut during fifth larval intermolt, reminiscent of its expression domains in Drosophila. Besides, BmCi expression was seen in the. anterior part of the middle silkglands in late embryonic stages, and this pattern was maintained during larval development. The transition from third to fourth and fifth larval intermolts was accompanied by an increase in the transcript levels in the middle silkglands. Our results demonstrate the presence of a novel expression domain for Ci in Bombyx. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Expression pattern of Cubitus interruptus from the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori in late developmental stages

A partial genomic clone of Bombyx mori homologue of the segment polarity gene Cubitus interruptus (BmCi), encoding the conserved zinc finger domain and harbouring two introns, has been characterized. BmCi was expressed in the silkglands of B. mori from embryonic to the late larval stages(3rd, 4th and 5th intermoults). The expression was confined to the anterior region of the middle silkglands, overlapping with the domain of sericin-2 expression and excluding the domains of Bm invected expression, namely the middle and posterior regions of the middle silkglands. In the wing discs, the expression was restricted to the anterior compartment, which increased from 4th to 5th larval intermoults and declined later in the pupal wing buds. In gonadal tissues (both ovaries and testes) BmCi was expressed from the larval to pupal stages. The transcripts were localized to the sperm tubes containing spermatogonia in the testis of Bombyx larvae. BmCi expression, however, was not detected in any of these tissues during the moulting stages. Expression of Ci in the wing discs and gonads is evolutionarily conserved, while the silkgland represents a novel domain. Our results imply that BmCi is involved in the specification and maintenance of micro-compartment identity within the middle silkglands.

Low-pass filters and differential tympanal tuning in a paleotropical bushcricket with an unusually low frequency call

Low-frequency sounds are advantageous for long-range acoustic signal transmission, but for small animals they constitute a challenge for signal detection and localization. The efficient detection of sound in insects is enhanced by mechanical resonance either in the tracheal or tympanal system before subsequent neuronal amplification. Making small structures resonant at low sound frequencies poses challenges for insects and has not been adequately studied. Similarly, detecting the direction of long-wavelength sound using interaural signal amplitude and/or phase differences is difficult for small animals. Pseudophylline bushcrickets predominantly call at high, often ultrasonic frequencies, but a few paleotropical species use lower frequencies. We investigated the mechanical frequency tuning of the tympana of one such species, Onomarchus uninotatus, a large bushcricket that produces a narrow bandwidth call at an unusually low carrier frequency of 3.2. kHz. Onomarchus uninotatus, like most bushcrickets, has two large tympanal membranes on each fore-tibia. We found that both these membranes vibrate like hinged flaps anchored at the dorsal wall and do not show higher modes of vibration in the frequency range investigated (1.5-20. kHz). The anterior tympanal membrane acts as a low-pass filter, attenuating sounds at frequencies above 3.5. kHz, in contrast to the high-pass filter characteristic of other bushcricket tympana. Responses to higher frequencies are partitioned to the posterior tympanal membrane, which shows maximal sensitivity at several broad frequency ranges, peaking at 3.1, 7.4 and 14.4. kHz. This partitioning between the two tympanal membranes constitutes an unusual feature of peripheral auditory processing in insects. The complex tracheal shape of O. uninotatus also deviates from the known tube or horn shapes associated with simple band-pass or high-pass amplification of tracheal input to the tympana. Interestingly, while the anterior tympanal membrane shows directional sensitivity at conspecific call frequencies, the posterior tympanal membrane is not directional at conspecific frequencies and instead shows directionality at higher frequencies.

Estudio de pre-factibilidad de una propuesta de desarrollo ganadero para la finca "El Garabato" en Tola, Rivas

En el presente trabajo se evaluó EX-ante la factibilidad técnica y financiera de una propuesta de desarrollo ganadero para la finca "El Garabato" planteada por los socios de la Cooperativa Ezequiel N24 en el Municipio de Tola, Departamento de Rivas. Para ello se realizó un diagnóstico general de la finca, donde se determinó los recursos disponibles y las características propias del sistema productivo, basados en esto se estimaron los diferentes coeficientes técnicos así como las posibles fuentes de ingresos y egresos, permitiendo realizar las proyecciones del hato así como las proyecciones financieras, Dentro de los aspectos técnicos se determinó la composición de las pasturas donde el 69% de los pastos son naturalizados, el 23% son pastos mejorados y el 8% está conformado por pastos naturales. Los canales de comercialización en la zona del proyecto para la leche están representados por los manteros, el Proyecto Juan Agustín Guillén de la Tienda Campesina y el Centro de Acopio de La Selecta. En el caso de la carne por los intermediarios (matarifes) y productores dedicados a la crianza y engorde de novillos. Al considerar las inversiones en pastura que conlleva la propuesta, la distribución de pastos varia, ocupando los pastos mejorados el 41%, el 3% por pastos naturales y el 56% corresponden a pastos naturalizados. A la par de esto el área ganadera se incrementa en 64 mz. como consecuencia de la reducción del área agricola por la misma cantidad de mz. Las disponibilidades de pastos se ven mejoradas por las inversiones, disminuyendo el déficit de alimento a partir del segundo año. El uso de la Caña de Azúcar más urea, durante el verano permitirá mejorar la oferta de alimento para esta época, resultando menores pérdidas en la producción. Como efecto de la propuesta se producirá un incremento promedio anual de 7.18% del hato total, este incremento se da esperando que los índices de mortalidad de adultos y terneros disminuyan de un 4 al. 2% y de 14 al 7% respectivamente y que la tasa de descarte de vacas se mantenga en 12%1 considerando que la finca mantenga un 67% en tasa de natalidad. Al estructurar los gastos se encontró que en el año base los gastos de mano de obra representan el 71%, la suplementación el 8%, los gastos en manejo fueron de 8%, impuestos 7%, mantenimiento de equipo e infraestructura de 4% y gastos varios de 1%, con el proyecto esta estructura de gastos se ve un poco alterada al disminuir los gastos por mano de obra a un 63% e incrementarse los gastos por suplementacion y gastos varios a 12% y 6% respectivamente, el resto de los gastos presentan leves modificaciones. En los ingresos del año base la producción de leche representa el 46%, la producción de carne el 53% y el 1% corresponde a otros ingresos. Con el proyecto el aporte en los ingresos por producción de leche asciende a 62% y en producción de carne es de 34%, en otros ingresos representa el 4% al finalizar el sexto año. De las inversiones que se realizaran el 60% ésta destinado para pastos y el 40% corresponde a inversiones en infraestructura. El monto total de la inversión asciende a C$96,905.70 de los cuales el 71% será solicitado en préstamo y el restante 29% será asumido por la Cooperativa. Del análisis financiero resultó que la propuesta de los socios con uso de financiamiento para las inversiones a una tasa de interés del 12.5% presenta un VAN de C$41996.65 y una TIR de 15.16%. En cambió la realización de la propuesta con recursos propios presentó resultados superiores al anterior siendo el VAN de C$18,506.01 y una TIR de 18.01%•. Considerando estos resultados la propuesta es rentable, pero debido al déficit de efectivo que se presenta en los primeros años podría alterar la realización de las inversiones, ésta situación puede compensarse haciendo uso de otros recursos de la Cooperativa.

Estudio epidemiológico de la prevalencia de mastitis Sub. clínica en el ganado reina en la finca Santa Rosa (UNA) en época de lluvia

El presente trabajo investigativo se llevó a cabo en la finca Santa Rosa de la UNA. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de mastitis subclínica en condiciones tradicional de ordeño, en el Ganado Criollo Reina, se evaluó un total de 290 muestras de, durante un periodo de seis meses de Mayo a Octubre del dos mil cinco (2005). Para conocer la prevalencia de mastitis en el ganado Reina, se realizó una prueba de diagnóstico individual utilizando para esto la prueba de California Mastitis Test (CMT). Los resultados de la prueba CMT muestran que de 290 pruebas realizadas que corresponden al mismo número de vacas, 118 resultaron positivas, al menos con una cruz en uno de sus cuartos mamarios, representando un 41% de esto un 35% mastitis subclínica un 5.1% de mastitis clínica y un 59% de negatividad, este hato es considerado, como una unidad AFECTADA. Se observó que en los diferentes muestreos se presentaron un mayor porcentaje de reacción positiva en los el muestreo numero 12 (70.58) y el muestreo número 8 (58.33%) y el muestreo numero 11 (54.28). Los resultados obtenidos en relación al grado de intensidad, tomando en cuenta los parámetros, indican que del total de la población examinada en términos porcentuales el 4.13% está representada por tres cruces (+++), el 6.03% representada por dos cruces (++) y el 11.37% representada por una cruz (+), para un total de 21.53%. Los cuartos anteriores presentaron mayor prevalencia por mastitis con un 49.30"/o y el más afectado fue el Anterior Derecho (AD) con el 24.82 % reaccionaron positivos. El parto número cinco (- 1.2772). Del factor periodo de lactancia (PERL) este resulto significativos, observándose una tendencia marcada a mayor afectación para el periodo de lactancia cinco presento mayor afectación por mastitis seguido del periodo uno.

Prevalencia de la mastitis subclínica en el ganado criollo reina en la finca Santa Rosa (UNA) en época de verano

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de la mastitis subclínica en condiciones tradicionales de ordeño, en el Ganado CRIOLLO REINA de la finca Santa Rosa de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, se evaluó un total de 180 vacas en ordeño durante un periodo de tres meses de Febrero a Mayo. Para conocer la prevalencia de la mastitis en el hato criollo se realizó una prueba de diagnóstico individual utilizando para esto la prueba de california mastitis Test (CMT). Los resultados del estudio demostraron que existe en el hato una baja prevalencia de mastitis (13.88%), con una prevalencia en general en los cuartos reactores positivos de (5.42%), se encontró que la intensidad de la reacción en los cuartos reactores fue de 1.66% con tres cruces; de 1.94% con dos cruces y del 1.80% de una cruz; la cantidad de cuartos que reaccionaron sospechosos a la prueba fue de 7.49% y la cantidad de cuartos no reactores fue 94.58%. De los diferentes muestreos realizados se encontró una mayor Prevalencia de la mastitis en el muestreo cinco (21.43%) y en el muestreo cuatro (20.69%); con una prevalencia de la enfermedad por cuarto a favor del muestreo cinco (8.92%) y el cuatro con (6.90%) y una intensidad de la reacción a favor del muestreo cuatro con tres cruces (3.44%), muestreo tres con una cruz (3.84%) y el cinco con dos cruces (3.57%). Con relación al comportamiento porcentual por cuarto, se tiene que del total de 720 cuartos mamarios examinados, solamente 39 cuartos reaccionaron positivos a la prueba de CMT; Los resultados muestran una mayor prevalencia de la enfermedad a favor de los cuartos anteriores con (56.41 %), de esto el cuarto anterior derecho con (38.46%) y anterior izquierdo con (17.95%) y el (43.59%) para los cuarto posteriores, presentándose una mayor intensidad de la reacción en los cuartos anteriores de (tres y una cruz). El número de cuartos sospechosos es mayor en los cuartos posteriores (15%). Estos resultados están relacionados con el manejo del ordeño el cual es un factor determinante en la Prevalencia de la mastitis subclinica en el hato. Con respecto a los cuartos de la ubre (C), el cuarto anterior derecho resultó más afectado por la enfermedad, con un estimado de riesgo de -0.562, los otros cuartos no presentaron afectación alguna. Sin embargo esto puede deberse a que el ordeñador anteriormente ordeño una vaca infectada y pasa a ordeñar las otras vacas, sin haberse lavado las manos comienza el ordeño con los primeros pezones transmitiendo directamente la enfermedad, también se debe al no lavado de la ubre entre una y otra vaca. Con relación al número de parto de las vacas (NUMPA) se encontró una mayor afectación por mastitis en los partos tres, cinco y seis, con riesgo de afectación de 0.1071, -2.4635, -2.061 5, presentándose una mayor afectación en el parto cinco, seguido de parto seis y el parto tres. Esto es ambientalmente comprensible, dado que a medida que la vaca envejece. se acumulan los efectos de las otras lactaciones y el epitelio de la glándula mamaria se torna más sensible al ataque de la flora bacteriana. Los resultados muestran que en relación al mes de prueba (MI'RU), se encontró una mayor afectación por la enfermedad a partir del mes dos, tres y cuatro disminuyendo en el mes cinco: los riesgo de afectación son -0.5931, -0.6085 y -0.2498. presentándose la mayor afectación en los meses de Febrero, Marzo y Abril Esto puede deberse a que algunas bacterias como el Strepwcoccus uheris y S!reptococcus dysy,alactiae son responsables de la mayoría de las mastitis que se presentan ya sea al comienzo o al final del período de seca. Además de estas dos especies de bacterias, existen muchos otros estreptococos ambientales (Strep. hovis, Strep.fecalis) que pueden causar mastitis. Con respecto al periodo de lactación (PERL), se encontró mayor afectación de la mastitis a partir del período cuatro seguido del cinco. El periodo que presento una mayor afectación por la enfermedad fue el cinco con -1.2081, seguido del cuatro -0.7349. En cuanto a los factores que predisponen se reporta que las vacas con alto índice de producción debido a la mayor actividad celular, son más susceptibles a las infecciones intramamarias que las vacas de bajos índices de producción.

Utilización de la resina de neem (Azadirachta indica) como desparasitante externo en el tratamiento del tórsalo (Dermatobia hominis) en bovinos del municipio de Muy Muy, departamento de Matagalpa

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la utilización de la Resina de Neem (Azadirachta indica)como desparasitante externo en el tratamiento del tórsalo (Dermatobia hominis)en bovinos del Municipio de Muy Muy, Departamento de Matagalpa. El Municipio de Muy Muy esta ubicado en las Coordenadas 12º45'48" de latitud Norte con 85° 37' 36" de Longitud Oeste, con una altura sobre el nivel del mar de 337.6 metros, una precipitación promedio entre 1400-1800 mm, con una temperatura promedio 24°C., La topografía del terreno en que se ubica el Municipio de MUY MUY, presenta las siguientes características: 32.1% Terrenos Plano, 41.0% Terrenos Ondulados y 26.9% Terrenos Quebrados. Y los tipos de suelos son arcillosos y rocosos. En el trabajo experimental se utilizó un diseño completamen te al azar (D.C.A) el que estuvo compuesto por un lote de 18 animales divididos en 3 grupos, cada grupo formado por 6 animales seleccionadas al azar y sometidas a tratamientos distintos Tratamiento I: Ivermectina al 1%, Tratamiento II: Resina del Neem al 5%. Tratamiento III: Resina de Neem al 10%. Para evaluar la efectividad de los distintos tratamientos se hizo conteos periódicos de tórsalos cada siete días, cuantificando la cantidad de nódulos por animal y región anatómica a los 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 días. La efectividad de todos los tratamientos se observó a partir de los 21 días después de la aplicación. Los tratamientos II y I tuvieron las mejores respuestas en el control, del tórsalo, con un porcentaje de efectividad del 91.6%, y 72.7% respectivamente y con un 62.5% para el tratamiento III. El área anatómica mas afectada fue la del miembro anterior derecho seguido del lateral derecho. Según el análisis del costo de la dosis, se puede decir que la resina de Neem es un desparasita nte económico para los productores.

Estudio preliminar de la utilización de la manteca de armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) en el tratamiento de la mastitis bovina en el municipio de Paiwas departamento de Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN)

El presente estudio se realizo con el objetivo de utilización de la manteca de Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)en el tratamiento de la mastitis bovina en el Municipio de PAIWAS Departamento de Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN).Se localiza entre las coordenadas 12° 47' de latitud norte y 85° 07', con una altura sobre el nivel del mar de 145.88 msnm. una temperaturas entre 24°C y 25°C. La precipitación anual oscila entre los 2,400 mm y los 3,000 mm con una buena distribución durante todo el año. Se utilizo un diseño completamente al azar (D.C.A) el que esta compuesto por un lote de 30 animales divididas en 3 grupos, cada grupo formado por 10 animales seleccionadas al azar y sometidas a tratamientos distintos Tratamiento I: Mastivet complex, Tratamiento II: Manteca de cusuco al 100%. Tratamiento III: Manteca de cusuco al 50%. Existe una prevalencia de la mastitis en el hato del 65% de esto el 39% de mastitis subclínica y el 22.4% de mastitis clíni ca, y 74 vacas resultaron negativas a la prueba representando el 35.2%. EL cuarto mas afectado fue el Anterior derecho (AD) del cual el 48.5 % reaccionaron positivos. Los tratamiento III y II a base de manteca de del armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) tuvieron mejores resultados clínico-terapéuticos en la curación de la mastitis bovina, donde a los 42 días se alcanzó la mayor efectividad; ya que el tratamiento I la efectividad fue del 60 % ,en el II del 70 % y en el III del 80%. Los tratamientos alternativos (III y II) a base de manteca de del armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)mostraron factibilidad económica y terapéuticas.