Embryonic development in Clarias gariepinus under laboratory conditions

The embryonic development in Clarias gariepinus was studied under laboratory conditions. The developmental stages of eggs starting from first cleavage were examined microscopically. Photomicroscope was used to take important stages of segmentation, blastulation, differentiation of embryo and hatching. The films of the photograph were developed and printed for each stage produced. The accurate timing and detailed description of each stage was done. The results show that the blastodisc (Polar cap) appeared about 35 minutes after fertilization and the first cleavage dividing the blastodisc into two blastomeres occurs 15 minutes after polar cap formation. Details of the developmental stages of embryos and the timing from one stage to the other were described. The larva shook off the shell and emerged completely from the egg case about 22 hours after fertilization at a water temperature of 25.1 degree C. The accurate determination of the time of initiation of first mitosis is of great importance in fish culture and breeding especially in the production of tetraploids

In search of slow-moving ionizing massive particles

Many particles proposed by theories, such as GUT monopoles, nuclearites and 1/5 charge superstring particles, can be categorized as Slow-moving, Ionizing, Massive Particles (SIMPs).

Detailed calculations of the signal-to-noise ratios in vanous acoustic and mechanical methods for detecting such SIMPs are presented. It is shown that the previous belief that such methods are intrinsically prohibited by the thermal noise is incorrect, and that ways to solve the thermal noise problem are already within the reach of today's technology. In fact, many running and finished gravitational wave detection ( GWD) experiments are already sensitive to certain SIMPs. As an example, a published GWD result is used to obtain a flux limit for nuclearites.

The result of a search using a scintillator array on Earth's surface is reported. A flux limit of 4.7 x 10^(-12) cm^(-2)sr^(-1)s^(-1) (90% c.l.) is set for any SIMP with 2.7 x 10^(-4) less than β less than 5 x 10^(-3) and ionization greater than 1/3 of minimum ionizing muons. Although this limit is above the limits from underground experiments for typical supermassive particles (10^(16)GeV), it is a new limit in certain β and ionization regions for less massive ones (~10^9 GeV) not able to penetrate deep underground, and implies a stringent limit on the fraction of the dark matter that can be composed of massive electrically and/ or magnetically charged particles.

The prospect of the future SIMP search in the MACRO detector is discussed. The special problem of SIMP trigger is examined and a circuit proposed, which may solve most of the problems of the previous ones proposed or used by others and may even enable MACRO to detect certain SIMP species with β as low as the orbital velocity around the earth.

Unnatural amino acids in the synthesis and semisynthesis of metalloprotein motifs

The design, synthesis, and characterization of two novel metalloprotein motifs is presented. The first project involved the design and construction of a protein motif which was programmed to form a tetradentate metal complex upon the addition of metal cations. The overall structure of the motif was based on a ββ super-secondary structure consisting of a flexible peptide sequence flanked by metal binding regions located at the carboxy and amino termini. The metal binding region near the amino terminus was constructed from a reverse turn motif with two metal ligating residues, (2R, 3R)-β-methyl-cysteine and histidine. Selection of the peptide sequence for this region was based on the conformational analysis of a series of tetrapeptides designed to form reverse turns in solution.

The stereospecific syntheses of a series of novel bipyridyl- and phenanthrolylsubstituted amino acids was carried out to provide ligands for the carboxy terminus metal binding region. These residues were incorporated into peptide sequences using solid phase peptide synthesis protocols, and metal binding studies indicated that the metal binding properties of these ligands was dictated by the specific regioisomer of the heteroaromatic ring and the peptide primary sequence.

Finally, a peptide containing optimized components for the metal binding regions was prepared to test the ability of the compound to form the desired intramolecular peptide:metal cation complexes. Metal binding studies demonstrated that the peptide formed monomeric complexes with very high metal cation binding affinities and that the two metal binding regions act cooperatively in the metal binding process. The use of these systems in the design of proteins capable of regulating naturally occurring proteins is discussed.

The second project involved the semisynthesis of two horse heart cytochrome c mutants incorporating the bipyridyl-amino acids at position 72 of the protein sequence. Structural studies on the proteins indicated that the bipyridyl amino acids had a neglible effect on the protein structure. One of the mutants was modified with Ru(bpy)_2^(+2) to form a redox-active protein, and the modified protein was found to have enhanced electron transfer properties between the heme and the introduced metal site.

Projections in a normed linear space and a generalization of the pseudo-inverse

The concept of a "projection function" in a finite-dimensional real or complex normed linear space H (the function P_M which carries every element into the closest element of a given subspace M) is set forth and examined.

If dim M = dim H - 1, then P_M is linear. If P_N is linear for all k-dimensional subspaces N, where 1 ≤ k < dim M, then P_M is linear.

The projective bound Q, defined to be the supremum of the operator norm of P_M for all subspaces, is in the range 1 ≤ Q < 2, and these limits are the best possible. For norms with Q = 1, P_M is always linear, and a characterization of those norms is given.

If H also has an inner product (defined independently of the norm), so that a dual norm can be defined, then when P_M is linear its adjoint P_M^H is the projection on (kernel P_M)^⊥ by the dual norm. The projective bounds of a norm and its dual are equal.

The notion of a pseudo-inverse F⁺ of a linear transformation F is extended to non-Euclidean norms. The distance from F to the set of linear transformations G of lower rank (in the sense of the operator norm ∥F - G∥) is c/∥F⁺∥, where c = 1 if the range of F fills its space, and 1 ≤ c < Q otherwise. The norms on both domain and range spaces have Q = 1 if and only if (F⁺)⁺ = F for every F. This condition is also sufficient to prove that we have (F⁺)^H = (F^H)⁺, where the latter pseudo-inverse is taken using dual norms.

In all results, the real and complex cases are handled in a completely parallel fashion.

Reactions of oxygen containing ligands in the coordination sphere of permethylhafnocene and permethyltantalocene

A series of terl-butylperoxide complexes of hafnium, Cp*₂Hf(R)(OOCMe₃) (Cp* = ((η⁵-C₅Me₅); R = Cl, H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CHMe₂, CH=CHCMe₃, C₆H₅, meta-C₆H₃(CH₂)2) and Cp*(η⁵-C₅(CH₃)₄CH₂CH₂CH₂)Hf(OOCMe₃), has been synthesized. One example has been structurally characterized, Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃)CH₂CH₃ crystallizes in space group P2₁/c, with a = 19.890(7)Å, b = 8.746(4)Å, c = 17.532(6)Å, β = 124.987(24)°, V = 2498(2)ų, Z = 4 and R_F = 0.054 (2222 reflections, I > 0). Despite the coordinative unsaturation of the hafnium center, the terl-butylperoxide ligand is coordinated in a mono-dentate ligand. The mode of decomposition of these species is highly dependent on the substituent R. For R = H, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CHMe₂ a clean first order conversion to Cp*₂Hf(OCMe₃)(OR) is observed (for R CH₂CH₃, ΔHǂ = 19.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -13 e.u.). These results are discussed in terms of a two step mechanism involving η²-coordination of the terl-butylperoxide ligand. Homolytic O-O bond cleavage is observed upon heating of Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃) R (R = C₆H₆, meta-C₆H₃(CH₃)₂). In the presence of excess 9,10-dihydroanthracene thermolysis of Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃)C₆H₆ cleanly affords Cp*₂Hf(C₆H₆)OH and HOCMe₃ (ΔHǂ = 22.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -9 e.u.). The O-O bond strength in these complexes is thus estimated to be 22 kcal•mol^-1.

Cp*₂Ta(CH₂)H, Cp*₂Ta(CHC₆H₅)H, Cp*₂Ta(C₆H₄)H, Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CH₂)H and Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CHMe)H react, presumably through Cp*₂Ta-R intermediates, with H₂O to give Cp*₂Ta(O)H and alkane. Cp*₂Ta(O)H was structurally characterized: space group P2₁/n, a= 13.073(3)Å, b = 19.337(4)Å, c = 16.002(3)Å, β = 108.66(2)°, V = 3832(1)ų, Z = 8 and R_F = 0.0672 (6730 reflections). Reaction of terlbutylhydroperoxide with these same starting materials ultimately yields Cp*₂Ta(O)R and HOCMe₃. Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CHR)OH species are proposed as intermediates in the olefin hydride reactions. Cp*₂Ta(O₂)R species can be generated from the reaction of the same starting materials and O₂. Lewis acids have been shown to promote oxygen insertion in these complexes.

Geomorphology of a Portion of the Easternmost Ventura Basin

The Humphreys Quadrangle is a portion of the easternmost Ventura Basin underlain by a thick series of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. On these rocks a great variety of geomorphic forms have been molded by the processes of running water typical of a semi-arid climate and by several types of mass movement. Among the different categories of mass movement present, a new type, the siltflow, was observed.

The geomorphic forms of special interest present in the quadrangle are rock cones, open canyonheads, asymmetric canyons, and stream terraces and straths. The author urges the adoption of the definition of strath as that part of an old dissected valley floor, including the floors of tributary valleys, which was not part of the floodplain of the main valley stream.

An old erosion surface, the Puckett Mesa Surface, is present in the Humphreys Quadrangle which is correlative with certain of the older stream terraces. By correlating the variation of gradient and of fill of the stream terraces with post –Wisconsin climatic fluctuations the age of the Puckett Mesa Surface is set at approximately 6000 B.C. This correlation sets the probable age of the older Rancho La Brea deposits at 6000 to 8000 B. C. and the probable age of the Carpenteria brea deposits at 1000 to 1 B. C.

Smooth Banach spaces and approximations

If E and F are real Banach spaces let C^p,q(E, F) O ≤ q ≤ p ≤ ∞, denote those maps from E to F which have p continuous Frechet derivatives of which the first q derivatives are bounded. A Banach space E is defined to be C^p,q smooth if C^p,q(E,R) contains a nonzero function with bounded support. This generalizes the standard C^p smoothness classification.

If an L^p space, p ≥ 1, is C^q smooth then it is also C^q,q smooth so that in particular L^p for p an even integer is C^∞,∞ smooth and L^p for p an odd integer is C^p-1,p-1 smooth. In general, however, a C^p smooth B-space need not be C^p,p smooth. C_o is shown to be a non-C^2,2 smooth B-space although it is known to be C^∞ smooth. It is proved that if E is C^p,1 smooth then C_o(E) is C^p,1 smooth and if E has an equivalent C^p norm then c_o(E) has an equivalent C^p norm.

Various consequences of C^p,q smoothness are studied. If f ϵ C^p,q(E,F), if F is C^p,q smooth and if E is non-C^p,q smooth, then the image under f of the boundary of any bounded open subset U of E is dense in the image of U. If E is separable then E is C^p,q smooth if and only if E admits C^p,q partitions of unity; E is C^p,psmooth, p ˂∞, if and only if every closed subset of E is the zero set of some C^P function.

f ϵ C^q(E,F), 0 ≤ q ≤ p ≤ ∞, is said to be C_p,q approximable on a subset U of E if for any ϵ ˃ 0 there exists a g ϵ C^p(E,F) satisfying

sup/xϵU, O≤k≤q ‖ D^k f(x) - D^k g(x) ‖ ≤ ϵ.

It is shown that if E is separable and C^p,q smooth and if f ϵ C^q(E,F) is C_p,q approximable on some neighborhood of every point of E, then F is C_p,q approximable on all of E.

In general it is unknown whether an arbitrary function in C¹(l², R) is C_2,1 approximable and an example of a function in C¹(l², R) which may not be C_2,1 approximable is given. A weak form of C_∞,q, q≥1, to functions in C^q(l², R) is proved: Let {U_α} be a locally finite cover of l² and let {T_α} be a corresponding collection of Hilbert-Schmidt operators on l². Then for any f ϵ C^q(l²,F) such that for all α

sup ‖ D^k(f(x)-g(x))[T_αh]‖ ≤ 1.

xϵU_α,‖h‖≤1, 0≤k≤q

Surface water temperature of Windermere. Monthly and yearly totals of degree-days centigrade and monthly mean temperatures, 1933 to 1975

The surface temperature of Windermere has been recorded by the staff of the Freshwater Biological Association on every weekday (with a few minor exceptions) since 11 January 1933. This publication presents this information in a form which can easily be used by individual research workers. There are 43 tables (1 for each year, 1933-1975) which give the data, expressed as degree-days centigrade. The tables show for each month the number of degree-days above each temperature from 0 degree C to the highest recorded, at 1 degree C intervals. Mean temperatures are obtained by dividing the number of degree-days over 0 degree C by the relevant number of days. The advantage of degree-days rather than mean temperatures is that degree-days are additive so data for any desired periods may be combined quickly and simply. Seasonal results for spring, summer, autumn and winter are presented in tabular form, as are selected totals for comparisons between years. Further tables give the mean temperature in each month of the year, and the frequency distributions of monthly mean temperatures.

Fiber grating sensors for high-temperature measurement

Two fiber grating sensors for high-temperature measurements are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The interrogation technologies of the sensor systems are all simple, low cost but effective. In the first sensor system, the sensor head is comprised of one fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and two metal rods. The lengths of the rods are different from each other. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the rods are also different from each other. The FBG will be strained by the sensor head when the temperature to be measured changes. The temperature is measured based on the wavelength-shifts of the FBG induced by the strain. In the second sensor system, a long-period fiber grating (LPG) is used as the high-temperature sensor head. The LPG is very-high-temperature stable CO2-Aaser-induced grating and has a linear function of wavelength-temperature in the range of 0 - 800 degrees C. A dynamic range of 0 - 800 degrees C and a resolution of 1 degrees C have been obtained by either the first or the second sensor system. The experimental results agree with theoretical analyses. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A novel fiber Bragg grating high-temperature sensor

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for the measurement of high temperature is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The interrogation system of the sensor system is simple, low cost but effective. The sensor head is comprised of one FBG and two metal rods. The lengths of the rods are different from each other. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the rods are also different from each other. The FBG will be strained by the sensor head when the temperature to be measured changes. The temperature is measured basis of the wavelength shifts of the FBG induced by strain. A dynamic range of 0-800 degrees C and a resolution of 1 degrees C have been obtained by the sensor system. The experiment results agree with theoretical analyses. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Accuracy analysis of parallel plate interferometer for angular displacement measurement

The measurement accuracy of a parallel-plate interferometer for angular displacement measurement is analyzed. The measurement accuracy of angular displacement is not only related to the accuracy of phase extraction, but also related to initial incident angle, refraction index and thickness of plane-parallel plate as well as wavelength's stability of laser diode, etc. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation show that the measurement error of the angular displacement bears a minimum value when choosing an optimal initial incident angle in a large range. These analytical results serve as a guide in practical measurement. In this interferometer, reducing the refraction index or increasing the thickness of the parallel plate can improve the measurement accuracy; and the relative error of the phase measurement is 3.0 x 10(-4) corresponding to 1 degrees C temperature variation. Based on these theoretical and experimental results, the measurement accuracy of the parallel-plate interferometer is up to an order of 10(-8) rad. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On the Lyapunov transformation for stable matrices

The matrices studied here are positive stable (or briefly stable). These are matrices, real or complex, whose eigenvalues have positive real parts. A theorem of Lyapunov states that A is stable if and only if there exists H ˃ 0 such that AH + HA* = I. Let A be a stable matrix. Three aspects of the Lyapunov transformation L_A :H → AH + HA* are discussed.

1. Let C₁ (A) = {AH + HA* :H ≥ 0} and C₂ (A) = {H: AH+HA* ≥ 0}. The problems of determining the cones C₁(A) and C₂(A) are still unsolved. Using solvability theory for linear equations over cones it is proved that C₁(A) is the polar of C₂(A*), and it is also shown that C₁ (A) = C₁(A^-1). The inertia assumed by matrices in C₁(A) is characterized.

2. The index of dissipation of A was defined to be the maximum number of equal eigenvalues of H, where H runs through all matrices in the interior of C₂(A). Upper and lower bounds, as well as some properties of this index, are given.

3. We consider the minimal eigenvalue of the Lyapunov transform AH+HA*, where H varies over the set of all positive semi-definite matrices whose largest eigenvalue is less than or equal to one. Denote it by ψ(A). It is proved that if A is Hermitian and has eigenvalues μ₁ ≥ μ₂…≥ μ_n ˃ 0, then ψ(A) = -(μ₁-μ_n)²/(4(μ₁ + μ_n)). The value of ψ(A) is also determined in case A is a normal, stable matrix. Then ψ(A) can be expressed in terms of at most three of the eigenvalues of A. If A is an arbitrary stable matrix, then upper and lower bounds for ψ(A) are obtained.

Efeitos da castração e reposição hormonal tardia no tecido erétil do pênis de ratos Sprague-Dawley

Estudos em animais e humanos sugerem que níveis adequados de testosterona são necessários para preservar a integridade do tecido eretor peniano. Nenhum estudo prévio confirmou se as mudanças estruturais são reversíveis após longo período de deprivação hormonal. Foi proposto a avaliação, através de métodos quantitativos, as alterações estruturais no corpo cavernoso de ratos submetidos à castração cirúrgica; bem como o papel da reposição hormonal tardia na reversão das possíveis alterações estruturais. Foram usados 25 ratos Sprague-Dawley machos com aproximadamente 12 semanas de idade. Os animais foram divididos em 5 grupos compostos por 5 animais em cada grupo e tratados da seguinte forma: ORQ1 = Grupo submetido à orquiectomia e sacrificado após 1 mês. C1- Grupo controle morto após 1 mês. ORQ2 - Grupo orquiectomizado e morto após 2 meses. C2 - Grupo controle morto após 2 meses. T Grupo orquiectomizado que recebeu, após 1 mês, suplementação com undecanoato de testosterona na dose de 100mg/ Kg subcutâneo. Após 1 mês de reposição hormonal os animais foram mortos.No Resultado Houve uma redução significativa no valor absoluto do colágeno, músculo liso, espaço sinusoidal e área total do corpo cavernoso após 2 meses no grupo castrado, quando comparado ao controle. Em termos gerais a densidade não apresentou nenhuma diferença significativa entre os grupos. A reposição hormonal com testosterona foi capaz de reverter as alterações observadas, demonstrando um aumento dos elementos estudados. A metodologia utilizada permitiu mostrar que valores absolutos demonstram melhor o que de fato ocorre com os elementos observados, eliminando um víeis de análise, quando se consideram os valores relativos. Esses resultados sugerem que a reposição, mesmo quando realizada tardiamente, foi eficaz na reversibilidade das alterações geradas pela castração

Sinalização da grelina no coração de camundongos obesos após hipernutrição durante a lactação

A grelina é um ligante endógeno do receptor secretagogo do hormônio do crescimento (GHSR), potente estimulador da liberação do hormônio de crescimento (GH), ingestão alimentar, e adiposidade. Além disso, sua ação hormonal inclui regulação do metabolismo energético cardíaco. Entretanto, a hipernutrição no início da vida leva ao desenvolvimento da obesidade, induz hipertrofia cardíaca, compromete a função cardíaca, e gera insuficiência cardíaca na vida adulta. Avaliar proteínas chaves no processo de sinalização da grelina no remodelamento cardíaco no coração de camundongos obesos após a hipernutrição na lactação. A obesidade foi induzida por redução de ninhada e camundongos adultos (180 dias) foram divididos em: grupo hiperalimentado, GH com obesidade decorrente de hipernutrição na lactação e controle, GC. Cardiomiócitos (cmi) do ventrículo esquerdo foram analisados por microscopia de luz e estereologia, o conteúdo e fosforilação de proteínas cardíacas: receptor de grelina (hormônio do crescimento secretagogo receptor 1a, GHSR-1a), proteína quinase-B (AKT e pAKT), phosphatidil inositol 3-quinase (PI3K), proteína quinase ativada por AMP (AMPK e pAMPK), m-TOR, pmTOR, Bax, Bcl2 e actina foram analizados por western blotting. A expressão gênica do GHSR-1a foi analisada por PCR em tempo real. A respirometria de alta resolução dos cardiomiócitos foi analisada por oxígrafo OROBOROS. Significância estatística (P< 0,05) determinada por teste t-Student não-pareado. Nossos dados demonstram que a hipernutrição na lactação induz aumento no peso corporal, iniciado aos 10 dias de idade, persistindo até os 180 dias de idade. A glicemia, peso do fígado, e da gordura visceral foram maiores no grupo GH. Além disso, o grupo GH também apresentou aumento no peso do coração e razão peso do coração/CT (comprimento da tíbia), indicando hipertrofia e remodelamento cardíaco, aumento na expressão e conteúdo de GHSR-1a no coração, associado ao maior conteúdo de PI3K e maior conteúdo e fosforilação de AKT, diminuição no conteúdo de Bcl2. Em contraste, o conteúdo e fosforilação da AMPK e mTOR no coração não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Os níveis de grelina plasmático no GH foram menores. A respiração do GH com grelina foi menor que no GC com grelina. A incubação das fibras cardíacas com grelina resultou em aumento do fluxo respiratório após adição de citocromo c nos grupos com grelina, indicando dano à membrana mitocondrial e extravazamento de citocromo c. Os grupos GC com grelina e GH sem grelina apresentaram RCR menor comparado ao GC sem grelina, indicando desacoplamento mitocondrial. Nossos resultados mostram que a hipernutrição na lactação induz diminuição do nível de grelina plasmática e aumento da expressão do GHS-R1a no cardiomiócito do animal quando adulto. Tal processo determina aumento da sensibilidade a grelina no coração, processo que ocorre independentemente de variações do AMPK e mTOR. Sugerimos uma redução no efeito protetor da ação da grelina na AMPK. Também, demonstramos que o remodelamento do miocárdio nestes animais adultos associa-se a GHSR-1a, PI3K, e fosforilação da AKT, mas não com AMPK e mTOR na vida adulta.

Croissance du patudo (Thunnus obesus) de l'Océan Atlantique intertropical oriental

The growth of big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean was studied using Petersen's method, by the analysis of the length frequency data of the F.I.S. (French-Ivorian-Senegalese) surface tuna fleet from 1969 to 1977. The results are in agreement with a previous study by Champagnat and Pianet (1973) and with observations made in the Pacific Ocean.