Long-term effects of oil pollution in mangrove forests (Baixada Santista, Southeast Brazil) detected using a GIS-based multitemporal analysis of aerial photographs

Oil spills are potential threats to the integrity of highly productive coastal wetlands, such as mangrove forests. In October 1983, a mangrove area of nearly 300 ha located on the southeastern coast of Brazil was impacted by a 3.5 million liter crude oil spill released by a broken pipeline. In order to assess the long-term effects of oil pollution on mangrove vegetation, we carried out a GIS-based multitemporal analysis of aerial photographs of the years 1962, 1994, 2000 and 2003. Photointerpretation, visual classification, class quantification, ground-truth and vegetation structure data were combined to evaluate the oil impact. Before the spill, the mangroves exhibited a homogeneous canopy and well-developed stands. More than ten years after the spill, the mangrove vegetation exhibited three distinct zones reflecting the long-term effects of the oil pollution. The most impacted zone (10.5 ha) presented dead trees, exposed substrate and recovering stands with reduced structural development. We suggest that the distinct impact and recovery zones reflect the spatial variability of oil removal rates in the mangrove forest. This study identifies the multitemporal analysis of aerial photographs as a useful tool for assessing a system's capacity for recovery and monitoring the long-term residual effects of pollutants on vegetation dynamics, thus giving support to mangrove forest management and conservation.

Geometria e metodo tra Cartesio e Spinoza

Il testo che segue è, in primo luogo, una lettura del Tractatus de intellectus emendatione di Spinoza. Tra i tanti filtri che potevano caratterizzare la lettura di quest'opera, quello che si è adottato ha avuto lo scopo di far emergere nei suoi tratti fondamentali la distanza tra l'approccio spinoziano al problema della conoscenza e del metodo per il suo raggiungimento e l'approccio cartesiano.

Diethylhexylphthalate extracted by typical newborn lipid emulsions from polyvinylchloride infusion systems causes significant changes in histology of rabbit

Background: Looking for a candidate substance inducing hepatobiliary dysfunction under parenteral nutrition (PN) in newborns, we recently discovered that newborn infusions extract large amounts of the plasticizer diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) from commonly used polyvinylchloride (PVC) infusion lines. This plasticizer is well known to be genotoxic and teratogenic in animals and to cause changes in various organs and enzyme systems even in humans. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of DEHP, extracted in the same way and in the same amount as in newborns, on livers of young rabbits. Methods: Prepubertal rabbits received lipid emulsion through central IV lines continuously for 3 weeks either via PVC or polyethylene (PE) infusion systems. Livers were examined after 1 and 3 weeks by light and electron microscopy. Results: By light microscopy, hydropic degeneration, single-cell necrosis, fibrosis, and bile duct proliferation were observed more in the PVC group. Electron microscopy revealed multiple nuclear changes, clusters and atypical forms of peroxisomes, proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, increased deposition of lipofuscin, and a mild perisinusoidal fibrosis only in the PVC group. These changes, which are generally regarded as reaction upon a toxic stimulus, could be exclusively attributed to DEHP. Conclusions: This investigation proved that DEHP produces toxin-like changes in livers of young rabbits in the same dose, duration, and method of administration as in newborn infants. For this reason, it is likely that DEHP is the substance that causes hepatobiliary dysfunction in newborns under PN. Possible modes of action of DEHP are proposed.

[Efficacy of specific physiotherapy for temporomandibular joint dysfunction of muscular origin]

INTRODUCTION: Little explanation is given to patients with temporomandibular disorders and muscles dysfunction on the mechanism and the expected results of conservative treatment. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of specific physical therapy prescribed after this explanation was given and also after using a flat occlusal splint adapted only if muscle pain remained after physical therapy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty-seven patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction of muscular origin were evaluated after a mean of six sessions of specialized physical therapy with professionals. Patients were treated by oral and facial massages and were trained for self-reeducation. They were also trained for a specific exercise named the "propulsive/opening maneuver". Every patient was questioned on the subjective evolution of pain and the current maximal pain was evaluated with the Visual Analogical Scale (VAS). Clinical evaluation focused on tenderness of masticator muscles and also assessed the changes in the amplitude of mouth opening. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of the patients treated by specific physical therapy had a significant reduction of their maximal pain feeling (p<0.05). The recovery of an optimal mouth opening without deviation was also improved as was the protrusion. For 33% of the patients a flat nighttime occlusal splint was necessary as a complementary treatment. Twenty-two percent of the patients decided to change their treatment for alternative therapies (osteopathy, acupuncture, etc.). Fifty percent of the patients were convinced of the efficacy of the prescribed treatment. DISCUSSION: Patients who undertake the specific physical therapy and who regularly practice self-physical therapy succeed in relaxing their masticator muscles and in decreasing the level of pain. Explanations given by the doctor concerning the etiology of pain, during temporomandibular joint dysfunction of muscular origin, and the purpose of specific physical therapy increase the capacity of self-relaxation. A flat occlusal splint is indicated for patients who grind their teeth and for those whose pain resists to physical therapy.

Shell brace for stage II posterior tibial tendon insufficiency

BACKGROUND: The nonoperative treatment of posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (PTTI) can lead to unsatisfactory functional results. Short-term results are available but the impact on the evolution of the deformity is not known. To address these problems, a new brace for the flexible Stage II deformity was developed, and midterm followup was obtained. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In a prospective case series, eighteen patients (mean age 64.2 years; range, 31 to 82; four male, 14 female) with flexible Stage II PTTI were fitted with the new custom-molded foot orthosis. At latest followup of a mean of 61.4 (range, 20 to 87) months, functional results were assessed with the AOFAS ankle hindfoot score and clinical or radiographic progression was recorded. RESULTS: The score improved significantly from a mean of 56 points (range, 20 to 64) to a mean of 82 points (range, 64 to 100, p < 0.001). Three patients (3/18, 16%) had a clinical progression to a fixed deformity (Stage III) and a radiographic increase of their deformity. All the other patients were satisfied with the brace's comfort and noted an improvement in their mobility. Complications were seen in three patients (3/18, 16%), and consisted of the development of calluses. CONCLUSION: The "shell brace" is a valuable option for nonoperative treatment of the flexible Stage II PTTI. Hindfoot flexibility was conserved throughout the observation period in all but three patients. Functional outcome and patient acceptance was above average. Problems were few, and closely associated with a progression to a fixed, Stage III deformity.

Long-term follow up (37-69 years) of patients with bladder exstrophy treated with ureterosigmoidostomy: uro-nephrological outcome

OBJECTIVE: To describe the urological and nephrological long-term outcome of patients born with classical bladder exstrophy treated with bilateral ureterosigmoidostomies in early childhood. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Out of 42 patients born with bladder exstrophy in Switzerland between 1937 and 1968, 25 participated in this study; seven had died, seven were lost to follow up and three refused consent. Assessment included chart review, clinical examination, and assessment of renal function and morphology. RESULTS: After a follow-up period of 37-69 years ((mean 50 years), 13 of the 25 participants (52%) had their ureterosigmoidostomy still in place. All others had different forms of urinary diversions. Fifteen (60%) patients had normal renal function or mild chronic kidney disease as assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate. Three patients were on renal replacement therapy. MRI (n=16) showed 10 morphologically normal kidneys. One patient suffered from adenocarcinoma of the colon, five had benign colonic polyps, one urethral papillary carcinoma and 18 no evidence of tumor. CONCLUSION: The majority of our patients have normal or mildly impaired renal function and a well functioning ureterosigmoidostomy. This is remarkable, given the fact that ureterosigmoidostomies are considered to be refluxing high-pressure reservoirs at risk of renal injury and malignancy.

Turkey. A Generalist Approach in Social Work Education

A global review of social work education reveals considerable similarity among countries as well as significant differences. Historically, programs of social work education are informed by humanistic values and encompass knowledge of social problems, an understanding of individuals and their environment in interaction, and method of intervention into social and human difficulties. At the same time, structure of social work within the educational system and the length of training vary considerably from country to country. There is no serious international standards' setting for social work education, programs, educators and students around the world. Education programs exist at differing levels of education and for differing periods of time. There are no worldwide data on the number and qualifications of teachers of social work, the number and characteristics of social work students, variations in curricula and type of practicum (Hokeenstad and Kendall, 2001; Hokenstad, Midgley, 1998). North American and European models have had a major influence on social work educational programs in most parts of the world, especially developing countries. Still, the amount of western influence on social work education in developing countries is an issue that continues to be discussed (Hockenstad, Khinduka and Midgley, 1992; Frumkin, Lloyd, 2001). The programs in practice in Europe and North America have influenced the implementation of social work education programs. In recent years this influence has had a big part in the acceptance of the generalist approach. It is very important that social work education programs must be planned in accordance with the social structure and the development process of the society. Because of this, information on the social indicators and social welfare services will be given first then social work education will be stressed upon.

Effect of Relaxin on Parturition in Ruminants

The biology of relaxin differs in many respects between ruminants and nonruminants. Immunoreactive blood concentration of circulating relaxin is much less in ruminant (cattle and sheep) than in nonruminant (pigs) farm animals. The ovaries of the pig produce abundant quantities of the hormone in late pregnancy, whereas tissue sources of relaxin are not clearly defined in sheep and cattle. Relaxin facilitates parturition by cervical dilation and pelvic canal expansion in several mammalian species. Relaxin injected intramuscularly during late pregnancy can cause earlier parturition in cattle, but in sheep limited evidence indicates it does not induce earlier delivery than seen in diluent-treated controls. Intravenous infusion of increasing dosages of relaxin in beef heifers the last days of pregnancy decreased plasma progesterone concentration compared with phosphate buffer controls, but oxytocin plasma concentrations remained similar throughout the posttreatment period. Although continuous intravenous infusion of relaxin depressed blood levels of progesterone, it did not result in earlier parturition than seen in the diluent treated controls. Thus, the timing and method of relaxin administration during late pregnancy in ruminants affect remodelling of collagen and pelvic canal relaxation and can result in earlier parturition.

Trastornos de autoagresión hacia las uñas. Autoagressive nail disoreders

Background and objective: Autoaggressive nail disorders span a wide range of clinical changes, but they often remain undiagnosed. This article is intended to help the practitioner to make the correct diagnosis and institute an accepted treatment. Material and method: The patient charts of 1800 patients seen by the author between the years 2000-2011 in 6 different European countries were evaluated using photographs of finger and toenails. Results: The most common condition is onycholysis induced by overzealous manicure. The habit tic of maniacally pushing back the proximal nail fold of one or both thumb nails is frequent and often misdiagnosed. Heller’s median canaliform dystrophy is probably also due to a similar injury mechanism. Onychophagia is relatively com- mon and seen both in children and adults. Onychotillomania is less frequent and almost exclusively seen in adults. Onychotemnomania is even less frequent. Onychoteiromania is sowhere between the latter two habits. Onychodaknomania is exceptional and usually a sign of an underlying psychiatric disorder. There was no substantial difference in the prevalence of these conditions among the different countries visited. Conclusions: Auto aggressive nail injury is common, but often difficult to diagnose. Patient care requires not only an in-depth knowledge of virtually all nail diseases, but also a cautious and empathic patient examination and treatment

The Forensic Reference Phantom-a new tool for quality assurance of attenuation measurements in forensic radiology

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to present the technical specifications of the Forensic Reference Phantom (FRP), to test its behavior relative to organic test materials, and discuss potential applications of the phantom in forensic radiology. Materials and method The FRP prototype is made of synthetic materials designed to simulate the computed tomography (CT) attenuation of water. It has six bore holes that accommodate multiuse containers. These containers were filled with test materials and scanned at 80 kVp, 120 kVp, and 140 kVp. X-ray attenuation was measured by two readers. Intra- and inter-reader reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Significance levels between mean CT numbers at 80 kVp, 120 kVp, and 140 kVp were assessed with the Friedman-test. The T-test was used to assess significance levels between the FRP and water. Results Overall mean CT numbers ranged from −3.0–3.7HU for the FRP; −1000.3–−993.5HU for air; −157.7– −108.1HU for oil; 35.5–42.0HU for musle tissue; and 1301.5–2354.8HU for cortical bone. Inter-reader and intra-reader reliability were excellent (ICC>0.994; and ICC=0.999 respectively). CT numbers were significantly different at different energy levels. There was no significant difference between the attenuation of the FRP and water. Conclusions The FRP is a new tool for quality assurance and research in forensic radiology. The mean CT attenuation of the FRP is equivalent to water. The phantom can be scanned during routine post-mortem CT to assess the composition of unidentified objects. In addition, the FRP may be used to investigate new imaging algorithms and scan protocols in forensic radiology.

[Sausage or carrot--spoilt for choice].

As far as healthy food is concerned, it cannot be categorized simply as "good" or "bad" since its effect on health depends mainly on the amount and method consumed. Today's recommendations include a diversified diet, a diet which targets energy-balance and provides all nutrients necessary. Living in an affluent society aggravates healthy choices because of a constantly available, large assortment of food items. In general, the way food is prepared these days has changed a lot: mainly, the energy content has constantly increased, while the fiber and natural micronutrient concentrations decreased. Food items with a high energy yield, containing a lot of fat and sugar, affects our energy balance, which may lead to diseases of affluence such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and some kinds of tumors.

The tumor border configuration of colorectal cancer as a histomorphological prognostic indicator.

Histomorphological features of colorectal cancers (CRC) represent valuable prognostic indicators for clinical decision making. The invasive margin is a central feature for prognostication shaped by the complex processes governing tumor-host interaction. Assessment of the tumor border can be performed on standard paraffin sections and shows promise for integration into the diagnostic routine of gastrointestinal pathology. In aggressive CRC, an extensive dissection of host tissue is seen with loss of a clear tumor-host interface. This pattern, termed "infiltrative tumor border configuration" has been consistently associated with poor survival outcome and early disease recurrence of CRC-patients. In addition, infiltrative tumor growth is frequently associated with presence of adverse clinicopathological features and molecular alterations related to aggressive tumor behavior including BRAFV600 mutation. In contrast, a well-demarcated "pushing" tumor border is seen frequently in CRC-cases with low risk for nodal and distant metastasis. A pushing border is a feature frequently associated with mismatch-repair deficiency and can be used to identify patients for molecular testing. Consequently, assessment of the tumor border configuration as an additional prognostic factor is recommended by the AJCC/UICC to aid the TNM-classification. To promote the assessment of the tumor border configuration in standard practice, consensus criteria on the defining features and method of assessment need to be developed further and tested for inter-observer reproducibility. The development of a standardized quantitative scoring system may lay the basis for verification of the prognostic associations of the tumor growth pattern in multivariate analyses and clinical trials. This article provides a comprehensive review of the diagnostic features, clinicopathological associations, and molecular alterations associated with the tumor border configuration in early stage and advanced CRC.

1D.03: Inactive Matrix Gla Protein is Assocated with Renal Resistive Index in a Population-Based Study

OBJECTIVE Renal resistive index (RRI) varies directly with renal vascular stiffness and pulse pressure. RRI correlates positively with arteriolosclerosis in damaged kidneys and predicts progressive renal dysfunction. Matrix Gla-protein (MGP) is a vascular calcification inhibitor that needs vitamin K to be activated. Inactive MGP, known as desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP), can be measured in plasma and has been associated with various cardiovascular (CV) markers, CV outcomes and mortality. In this study we hypothesize that increased RRI is associated with high levels of dp-ucMGP. DESIGN AND METHOD We recruited participants via a multi-center family-based cross-sectional study in Switzerland exploring the role of genes and kidney hemodynamics in blood pressure regulation. Dp-ucMGP was quantified in plasma samples by sandwich ELISA. Renal doppler sonography was performed using a standardized protocol to measure RRIs on 3 segmental arteries in each kidney. The mean of the 6 measures was reported. Multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate associations between RRI and dp-ucMGP adjusting for sex, age, pulse pressure, mean pressure, renal function and other CV risk factors. RESULTS We included 1035 participants in our analyses. Mean values were 0.64 ± 0.06 for RRI and 0.44 ± 0.21 (nmol/L) for dp-ucMGP. RRI was positively associated with dp-ucMGP both before and after adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, pulse pressure, mean pressure, heart rate, renal function, low and high density lipoprotein, smoking status, diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol lowering drugs, and history of CV disease (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RRI is independently and positively associated with high levels of dp-ucMGP after adjustment for pulse pressure and common CV risk factors. Further studies are needed to determine if vitamin K supplementation can have a positive effect on renal vascular stiffness and kidney function.

Knowledge-Based Task Structure Planning for an Information Gathering Agent

An effective solution to model and apply planning domain knowledge for deliberation and action in probabilistic, agent-oriented control is presented. Specifically, the addition of a task structure planning component and supporting components to an agent-oriented architecture and agent implementation is described. For agent control in risky or uncertain environments, an approach and method of goal reduction to task plan sets and schedules of action is presented. Additionally, some issues related to component-wise, situation-dependent control of a task planning agent that schedules its tasks separately from planning them are motivated and discussed.

Dynamic Smile Analysis : Changes with Age

Introduction: The objective of this study was to define age-related changes in the human smile. The areas of interest were: upper lip length at smile and repose, upper lip thickness at smile and repose, maxillary incisal display at smile, interlabial gap height at smile, smile index, percent buccal corridors, intercommissural width at rest, smile height, and smile arc. A secondary objective was to study the perioral changes from rest to smile and compare them on the basis of age. Materials and Method: Video equipment was used to capture video for 261 subjects. Two frames for each subject were selected; one frame representing the lips and rest and the second representing the widest smile. After excluding 40 subjects the data for the remaining 221 subjects was analyzed. Results: There was a decrease of 1.5 to 2 mm in the maxillary incisor display during smile, with increase in age. Smile index significantly increased with increase in age. Most (78%) subjects displayed an average smile height. No subjects in the 50 and over age group displayed a high smile while no subjects in the 15-19 year old age group presented with a low smile. All the dynamic measures indicated there was a pattern of decreasing change from rest to smile especially evident after the 30-39 year old age group. Conclusions: This study helps to establish age related dynamic norms. As the person ages the smile gets narrower vertically and wider transversely. The dynamic measures indicate that the muscles' ability to create a smile decreases with increasing age.