Development of bioreactors for nitrifying sewage

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonium, first to nitrite and then to nitrate by two groups of aerobic, chemolithotrophic bacteria belonging to the family Nitrobacteriaceae. The biological nitrification in municipal wastewater treatment is important in those cases were ammonia removal requirement specially exist. In a trickling filter or in an activated sludge system nitrification is rate limiting and thus necessitates longer detention time. The combined carbon oxidation-nitrification processes generally have low population of nitrifiers due to a high ratio of BOD to total nitrogen in the effluent. This necessitates, separate carbon and nitrogen oxidation processes, which thus minimizes wash out ofthe nitrifiers. Therefore, a separate stage nitrification has become essential to achieve faster and efficient removal of ammonia from the wastewater. The present work deals with the development of bio reactor for nitrifying of sewage as the tertiary process so that the treated wastewater can be used for irrigation, algal culture or fish culture

Magnetic moments of the Lambda(1405) and Lambda(1670) resonances

By using techniques of unitarized chiral perturbation theory, where the Lamda(1405) and Lamda(1670) resonances are dynamically generated, we evaluate the magnetic moments of these resonances and their transition magnetic moment. The results obtained here differ appreciably from those obtained with existing quark models. The width for the Lamda(1670)->Lamda(1405)gamma transition is also evaluated, leading to a branching ratio of the order of 210-6.

RNS based programmable multi-mode decimation filter for WCDMA and WiMAX

The recent trends envisage multi-standard architectures as a promising solution for the future wireless transceivers to attain higher system capacities and data rates. The computationally intensive decimation filter plays an important role in channel selection for multi-mode systems. An efficient reconfigurable implementation is a key to achieve low power consumption. To this end, this paper presents a dual-mode Residue Number System (RNS) based decimation filter which can be programmed for WCDMA and 802.16e standards. Decimation is done using multistage, multirate finite impulse response (FIR) filters. These FIR filters implemented in RNS domain offers high speed because of its carry free operation on smaller residues in parallel channels. Also, the FIR filters exhibit programmability to a selected standard by reconfiguring the hardware architecture. The total area is increased only by 24% to include WiMAX compared to a single mode WCDMA transceiver. In each mode, the unused parts of the overall architecture is powered down and bypassed to attain power saving. The performance of the proposed decimation filter in terms of critical path delay and area are tabulated.

Dual-mode RNS based programmable decimation filter for WCDMA and WLANa

The recent trends envisage multi-standard architectures as a promising solution for the future wireless transceivers. The computationally intensive decimation filter plays an important role in channel selection for multi-mode systems. An efficient reconfigurable implementation is a key to achieve low power consumption. To this end, this paper presents a dual-mode Residue Number System (RNS) based decimation filter which can be programmed for WCDMA and 802.11a standards. Decimation is done using multistage, multirate finite impulse response (FIR) filters. These FIR filters implemented in RNS domain offers high speed because of its carry free operation on smaller residues in parallel channels. Also, the FIR filters exhibit programmability to a selected standard by reconfiguring the hardware architecture. The total area is increased only by 33% to include WLANa compared to a single mode WCDMA transceiver. In each mode, the unused parts of the overall architecture is powered down and bypassed to attain power saving. The performance of the proposed decimation filter in terms of critical path delay and area are tabulated

Quadratic Predictor based Differential Encoding and Decoding of Speech Signals

Modeling nonlinear systems using Volterra series is a century old method but practical realizations were hampered by inadequate hardware to handle the increased computational complexity stemming from its use. But interest is renewed recently, in designing and implementing filters which can model much of the polynomial nonlinearities inherent in practical systems. The key advantage in resorting to Volterra power series for this purpose is that nonlinear filters so designed can be made to work in parallel with the existing LTI systems, yielding improved performance. This paper describes the inclusion of a quadratic predictor (with nonlinearity order 2) with a linear predictor in an analog source coding system. Analog coding schemes generally ignore the source generation mechanisms but focuses on high fidelity reconstruction at the receiver. The widely used method of differential pnlse code modulation (DPCM) for speech transmission uses a linear predictor to estimate the next possible value of the input speech signal. But this linear system do not account for the inherent nonlinearities in speech signals arising out of multiple reflections in the vocal tract. So a quadratic predictor is designed and implemented in parallel with the linear predictor to yield improved mean square error performance. The augmented speech coder is tested on speech signals transmitted over an additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.

Verbal proficiency as fitness indicator: Experimental and comparative research on the evolutionary psychology of language and verbal displays

Summary: Recent research on the evolution of language and verbal displays (e.g., Miller, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2002) indicated that language is not only the result of natural selection but serves as a sexually-selected fitness indicator that is an adaptation showing an individual’s suitability as a reproductive mate. Thus, language could be placed within the framework of concepts such as the handicap principle (Zahavi, 1975). There are several reasons for this position: Many linguistic traits are highly heritable (Stromswold, 2001, 2005), while naturally-selected traits are only marginally heritable (Miller, 2000a); men are more prone to verbal displays than women, who in turn judge the displays (Dunbar, 1996; Locke & Bogin, 2006; Lange, in press; Miller, 2000a; Rosenberg & Tunney, 2008); verbal proficiency universally raises especially male status (Brown, 1991); many linguistic features are handicaps (Miller, 2000a) in the Zahavian sense; most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age (Miller, 1999). However, neither an experimental study investigating the causal relation between verbal proficiency and attractiveness, nor a study showing a correlation between markers of literary and mating success existed. In the current studies, it was aimed to fill these gaps. In the first one, I conducted a laboratory experiment. Videos in which an actor and an actress performed verbal self-presentations were the stimuli for counter-sex participants. Content was always alike, but the videos differed on three levels of verbal proficiency. Predictions were, among others, that (1) verbal proficiency increases mate value, but that (2) this applies more to male than to female mate value due to assumed past sex-different selection pressures causing women to be very demanding in mate choice (Trivers, 1972). After running a two-factorial analysis of variance with the variables sex and verbal proficiency as factors, the first hypothesis was supported with high effect size. For the second hypothesis, there was only a trend going in the predicted direction. Furthermore, it became evident that verbal proficiency affects long-term more than short-term mate value. In the second study, verbal proficiency as a menstrual cycle-dependent mate choice criterion was investigated. Basically the same materials as in the former study were used with only marginal changes in the used questionnaire. The hypothesis was that fertile women rate high verbal proficiency in men higher than non-fertile women because of verbal proficiency being a potential indicator of “good genes”. However, no significant result could be obtained in support of the hypothesis in the current study. In the third study, the hypotheses were: (1) most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age. (2) The more works of high literary quality a male writer produces, the more mates and children he has. (3) Lyricists have higher mating success than non-lyric writers because of poetic language being a larger handicap than other forms of language. (4) Writing literature increases a man’s status insofar that his offspring shows a significantly higher male-to-female sex ratio than in the general population, as the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (Trivers & Willard, 1973) applied to literature predicts. In order to test these hypotheses, two famous literary canons were chosen. Extensive biographical research was conducted on the writers’ mating successes. The first hypothesis was confirmed; the second one, controlling for life age, only for number of mates but not entirely regarding number of children. The latter finding was discussed with respect to, among others, the availability of effective contraception especially in the 20th century. The third hypothesis was not satisfactorily supported. The fourth hypothesis was partially supported. For the 20th century part of the German list, the secondary sex ratio differed with high statistical significance from the ratio assumed to be valid for a general population.

Medizinische und psychologische Betrachtung von Genuss und Sucht

In der Diplomarbeit "Medizinische und psychologische Betrachtung von Genuss und Sucht" werden beide Begriffe in Bezug zu einander gestellt und als mögliche Antagonisten (Gegenspieler) betrachtet. Dabei soll bewußt gelebter Genuss - der als Fähigkeit trainierter ist- auch als ein Gegenspieler im Umgang mit Sucht dienen. Aus der psychologischen Verhaltenstrainingsrichtung ist bekannt, dass Genußtrainings u. a. bei Depressionen eingesetzt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird auch die Komponente der Präventionsfähigkeit von Genuss betrachtet, die als stressreduzierende Komponente auch im Rahmen eines persönlichen Zeitmanangements zum Einsatz kommen kann. Ein hierfür entwickeltes Training "Power mit Genuss" wird u. a. in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt.

Effects of red brick production on land use, household income, and greenhouse gas emissions in Khartoum, Sudan

In Khartoum (Sudan) a particular factor shaping urban land use is the rapid expansion of red brick making (BM) for the construction of houses which occurs on the most fertile agricultural Gerif soils along the Nile banks. The objectives of this study were to assess the profitability of BM, to explore the income distribution among farmers and kiln owners, to measure the dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and organic carbon (C_org) in cow dung used for BM, and to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from burned biomass fuel (cow dung and fuel wood). About 49 kiln owners were interviewed in 2009 using a semi-structured questionnaire that allowed to record socio-economic and variable cost data for budget calculations, and determination of Gini coefficients. Samples of cow dung were collected directly from the kilns and analyzed for their nutrients concentrations. To estimate GHG emissions a modified approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was used. The land rental value from red brick kilns was estimated at 5-fold the rental value from agriculture and the land rent to total cost ratio was 29% for urban farms compared to 6% for BM. The Gini coefficients indicated that income distribution among kiln owners was more equal than among urban farmers. Using IPCC default values the 475, 381, and 36 t DM of loose dung, compacted dung, and fuel wood used for BM emit annually 688, 548, and 60 t of GHGs, respectively.

Manejo de la simbología en el ascenso y consolidación de Hugo Chávez en el poder

Los proyectos políticos están en constante necesidad de legitimidad para llevar a cabo las acciones que planean y para mantenerse en el poder mientras las desarrollan, de esto no ha escapado la política latinoamericana y menos aún la venezolana. En su recorrido de más de dos décadas Hugo Chávez utilizó la simbología para hacerse al poder y lograr encaminar los deseos (y los votos) de los venezolanos hacia la idea de revolución y reconstrucción del país que él representa. El proyecto Chávez es de carácter expansionista y el manejo de la simbología que se utiliza en él va encaminado también hacia el posicionamiento a lo largo y ancho del continente de la doctrina promulgada por su líder.

Análisis de la política exterior de Brasil y Venezuela en materia energética. Periodo 2003 – 2008

El dinamismo de las políticas exteriores de Brasil y Venezuela ha sido particularmente activo en la última década. Brasil porque con su manifiesta ambición de potencia regional, se ha encargado de ejercer una fuerte influencia sobre América del Sur al mismo tiempo que toma la iniciativa en escenarios multilaterales con la grandes potencias y potencias emergentes, destacándose mundialmente. Y Venezuela porque desde la llegada al poder del presidente Hugo Chávez ha desarrollado una política exterior agresiva con los Estados Unidos y sus aliados en el continente, y extremadamente benévola con sus socios comerciales e ideológicos, usando como principal herramienta sus recursos petroleros y los dividendos que su venta le generan.

El voto programático en Colombia. Garantías para su efectividad

La idea central de este texto es que la ineficacia del voto programático (un tipo de voto que vincula a algunos gobernantes en Colombia al cumplimiento de su programa de gobierno) debe ser duramente criticada desde una comprensión participativa y deliberativa de democracia y desde el punto de vista de la obligatoriedad del Derecho, y por lo tanto resuelta a partir del desarrollo de las garantías del voto programático ya previstas en la Constitución y en la ley, así como a partir de la creación de nuevas garantías. En la primera parte del texto, correspondiente al marco teórico de la investigación, se desarrolla el tema de los posibles vínculos entre quienes están sujetos al poder político y quienes lo ostentan en una democracia (básicamente, mandato representativo y mandato imperativo). En la segunda parte, luego de la descripción normativa del voto programático, se ofrece una revisión detallada de la revocatoria del mandato en Colombia, teniendo en cuenta los últimos avances legislativos e información sobre su puesta en práctica. Así mismo, el trabajo incorpora un estudio de la correspondencia que debe existir entre los planes de desarrollo de departamentos y municipios y los programas de gobierno impuestos por la vía del voto programático a los elegidos gobernadores y alcaldes, así como un análisis del tema del control sobre la Administración a partir de la idea de accountability. Finalmente, se ha incluido un capítulo que plantea la posibilidad de considerar el cumplimiento de las promesas políticas como un derecho subjetivo.

Los conceptos de salud financiera, riesgo y epidemiología en los estados financieros de las compañías del sector de extracción de petróleo crudo y gas natural en Colombia

El presente proyecto tiene como objeto identificar cuáles son los conceptos de salud, enfermedad, epidemiología y riesgo aplicables a las empresas del sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural en Colombia. Dado, el bajo nivel de predicción de los análisis financieros tradicionales y su insuficiencia, en términos de inversión y toma de decisiones a largo plazo, además de no considerar variables como el riesgo y las expectativas de futuro, surge la necesidad de abordar diferentes perspectivas y modelos integradores. Esta apreciación es pertinente dentro del sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural, debido a la creciente inversión extranjera que ha reportado, US$2.862 millones en el 2010, cifra mayor a diez veces su valor en el año 2003. Así pues, se podrían desarrollar modelos multi-dimensional, con base en los conceptos de salud financiera, epidemiológicos y estadísticos. El termino de salud y su adopción en el sector empresarial, resulta útil y mantiene una coherencia conceptual, evidenciando una presencia de diferentes subsistemas o factores interactuantes e interconectados. Es necesario mencionar también, que un modelo multidimensional (multi-stage) debe tener en cuenta el riesgo y el análisis epidemiológico ha demostrado ser útil al momento de determinarlo e integrarlo en el sistema junto a otros conceptos, como la razón de riesgo y riesgo relativo. Esto se analizará mediante un estudio teórico-conceptual, que complementa un estudio previo, para contribuir al proyecto de finanzas corporativas de la línea de investigación en Gerencia.

Analisis de la politica exterior china para Africa Subsahariana en materia politica y energetica. Una aproximacion a la relacion sino sudanesa. Periodo 1996 - 2005

Este trabajo explica las razones por las cuales China se estrecha sus vinculos con Afirca. El tema principal es el inicio de la relacion sino-sudanesa y la evolucion de esta hasta el fin de la guerra civil en Sudan.

Los carteles del narcotráfico en el Fútbol Profesional Colombiano: estructura de oportunidad

El interés de este trabajo de grado es analizar la incidencia que ha tenido la estructura de oportunidad en la participación de los carteles del narcotráfico en el Fútbol Profesional colombiano. Este elemento es fundamental para entender este fenómeno pues desviste la arbitrariedad con la que se ha pretendido entender la entrada de estos colectivos al Fútbol. Igualmente, desde los conceptos teóricos de Charles Tilly, Sidney Tarrow y Doug McAdam, se evalúan los patrones de comportamiento de estos colectivos ilegales en su búsqueda por consolidar poder, riquezas y aceptación social. Por último se entiende, a la luz de un caso antitético, cómo el ordenamiento estructural de los espacios políticos y económicos abren precisamente las oportunidades para la infiltración y no viceversa, como se ha pensado. El resultado de la investigación permite identificar y comprobar de forma documentada y a partir de tres casos puntuales, las verdaderas causas de la infiltración de los carteles colombianos en el Fútbol Profesional de Colombia.