Das Jahr 2000 Problem - Sorgen mit der Zeit?

Vortrag beim Treffen Lions Club Kassel Brüder Grimm am 20. August 1999. In der Zeit vor der Jahrtausendwende gab es Bedenken, dass größere Probleme durch die übliche Darstellung der Jahresangabe mit nur zwei Ziffern entstehen würden, weil Rechner nicht zwischen 1900 und 2000 unterscheiden könnten. Als Beispiel genannt wurden Fahrstühle, die seit 100 Jahren nicht mehr gewartet wurden und daher stehenbleiben. Tatsächlich ist dann sehr wenig passiert, ob wegen der lebhaften Diskussion vorher oder nicht, ist umstritten. Der Vortrag betrachtet sehr gründlich die technischen Probleme, die sich mit der Zeitdarstellung auf Rechnern ergeben.

Problem??tica de la formaci??n profesional espec??fica

Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone la creaci??n de un grupo de trabajo para analizar la problem??tica de la formaci??n profesional y proponer mejoras. Se realiza en el IES Padre P??veda en Guadix, Granada. Los objetivos son: seguimiento del cat??logo nacional de las cualificaciones profesionales y de los nuevos t??tulos de formaci??n profesional que afecta directamente a nuestro alumnado; estudiar la necesidad de implantar nuevos ciclos formativos en nuestra comunidad relacionados con la demanda de alumnado; estudiar el equilibrio o desequilibrio entre los distintos subsistemas de formaci??n profesional, e intentar evitar un estancamiento en la formaci??n profesional espec??fica; impulsar el establecimiento de los centros integrados en Andaluc??a; estudiar y analizar la legislaci??n vigente, difundi??ndola a toda nuestra comunidad escolar; analizar el plan Andaluz de formaci??n profesional; elaborar informes donde se reflejen los resultados de nuestro trabajo y darle la mayor difusi??n posible.

The Logical Problem of Language Change

This paper considers the problem of language change. Linguists must explain not only how languages are learned but also how and why they have evolved along certain trajectories and not others. While the language learning problem has focused on the behavior of individuals and how they acquire a particular grammar from a class of grammars ${cal G}$, here we consider a population of such learners and investigate the emergent, global population characteristics of linguistic communities over several generations. We argue that language change follows logically from specific assumptions about grammatical theories and learning paradigms. In particular, we are able to transform parameterized theories and memoryless acquisition algorithms into grammatical dynamical systems, whose evolution depicts a population's evolving linguistic composition. We investigate the linguistic and computational consequences of this model, showing that the formalization allows one to ask questions about diachronic that one otherwise could not ask, such as the effect of varying initial conditions on the resulting diachronic trajectories. From a more programmatic perspective, we give an example of how the dynamical system model for language change can serve as a way to distinguish among alternative grammatical theories, introducing a formal diachronic adequacy criterion for linguistic theories.

Properties of Support Vector Machines

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) perform pattern recognition between two point classes by finding a decision surface determined by certain points of the training set, termed Support Vectors (SV). This surface, which in some feature space of possibly infinite dimension can be regarded as a hyperplane, is obtained from the solution of a problem of quadratic programming that depends on a regularization parameter. In this paper we study some mathematical properties of support vectors and show that the decision surface can be written as the sum of two orthogonal terms, the first depending only on the margin vectors (which are SVs lying on the margin), the second proportional to the regularization parameter. For almost all values of the parameter, this enables us to predict how the decision surface varies for small parameter changes. In the special but important case of feature space of finite dimension m, we also show that there are at most m+1 margin vectors and observe that m+1 SVs are usually sufficient to fully determine the decision surface. For relatively small m this latter result leads to a consistent reduction of the SV number.

Electrical Design: A Problem for Artificial Intelligence Research

This report outlines the problem of intelligent failure recovery in a problem-solver for electrical design. We want our problem solver to learn as much as it can from its mistakes. Thus we cast the engineering design process on terms of Problem Solving by Debugging Almost-Right Plans, a paradigm for automatic problem solving based on the belief that creation and removal of "bugs" is an unavoidable part of the process of solving a complex problem. The process of localization and removal of bugs called for by the PSBDARP theory requires an approach to engineering analysis in which every result has a justification which describes the exact set of assumptions it depends upon. We have developed a program based on Analysis by Propagation of Constraints which can explain the basis of its deductions. In addition to being useful to a PSBDARP designer, these justifications are used in Dependency-Directed Backtracking to limit the combinatorial search in the analysis routines. Although the research we will describe is explicitly about electrical circuits, we believe that similar principles and methods are employed by other kinds of engineers, including computer programmers.

Alternative ways to estimate change points in multinomial sequences. An application to an authorship attribution problem

The statistical analysis of literary style is the part of stylometry that compares measurable characteristics in a text that are rarely controlled by the author, with those in other texts. When the goal is to settle authorship questions, these characteristics should relate to the author’s style and not to the genre, epoch or editor, and they should be such that their variation between authors is larger than the variation within comparable texts from the same author. For an overview of the literature on stylometry and some of the techniques involved, see for example Mosteller and Wallace (1964, 82), Herdan (1964), Morton (1978), Holmes (1985), Oakes (1998) or Lebart, Salem and Berry (1998). Tirant lo Blanc, a chivalry book, is the main work in catalan literature and it was hailed to be “the best book of its kind in the world” by Cervantes in Don Quixote. Considered by writters like Vargas Llosa or Damaso Alonso to be the first modern novel in Europe, it has been translated several times into Spanish, Italian and French, with modern English translations by Rosenthal (1996) and La Fontaine (1993). The main body of this book was written between 1460 and 1465, but it was not printed until 1490. There is an intense and long lasting debate around its authorship sprouting from its first edition, where its introduction states that the whole book is the work of Martorell (1413?-1468), while at the end it is stated that the last one fourth of the book is by Galba (?-1490), after the death of Martorell. Some of the authors that support the theory of single authorship are Riquer (1990), Chiner (1993) and Badia (1993), while some of those supporting the double authorship are Riquer (1947), Coromines (1956) and Ferrando (1995). For an overview of this debate, see Riquer (1990). Neither of the two candidate authors left any text comparable to the one under study, and therefore discriminant analysis can not be used to help classify chapters by author. By using sample texts encompassing about ten percent of the book, and looking at word length and at the use of 44 conjunctions, prepositions and articles, Ginebra and Cabos (1998) detect heterogeneities that might indicate the existence of two authors. By analyzing the diversity of the vocabulary, Riba and Ginebra (2000) estimates that stylistic boundary to be near chapter 383. Following the lead of the extensive literature, this paper looks into word length, the use of the most frequent words and into the use of vowels in each chapter of the book. Given that the features selected are categorical, that leads to three contingency tables of ordered rows and therefore to three sequences of multinomial observations. Section 2 explores these sequences graphically, observing a clear shift in their distribution. Section 3 describes the problem of the estimation of a suden change-point in those sequences, in the following sections we propose various ways to estimate change-points in multinomial sequences; the method in section 4 involves fitting models for polytomous data, the one in Section 5 fits gamma models onto the sequence of Chi-square distances between each row profiles and the average profile, the one in Section 6 fits models onto the sequence of values taken by the first component of the correspondence analysis as well as onto sequences of other summary measures like the average word length. In Section 7 we fit models onto the marginal binomial sequences to identify the features that distinguish the chapters before and after that boundary. Most methods rely heavily on the use of generalized linear models

Application of discriminant function analysis and change-point problem in dating volcanic ashes

The application of Discriminant function analysis (DFA) is not a new idea in the study of tephrochrology. In this paper, DFA is applied to compositional datasets of two different types of tephras from Mountain Ruapehu in New Zealand and Mountain Rainier in USA. The canonical variables from the analysis are further investigated with a statistical methodology of change-point problems in order to gain a better understanding of the change in compositional pattern over time. Finally, a special case of segmented regression has been proposed to model both the time of change and the change in pattern. This model can be used to estimate the age for the unknown tephras using Bayesian statistical calibration

Educaci??n ambiental para la acci??n ciudadana : concepciones del profesorado en formaci??n sobre la problem??tica de la energ??a

Determinar el alcance de los objetivos y la naturaleza de las concepciones que tienen los-as estudiantes y los materiales did??cticos, sobre la tem??tica de la energ??a, se formula los siguientes problemas: 1. ??Cu??les son las concepciones de los-las estudiantes de Magisterio sobre los modelos de Educaci??n Ambiental? 2. ??Cu??les son las concepciones de los-las estudiantes sobre los problemas socioambientales que consideran m??s importantes y la idea de riesgo asociada a los mismos? 3. ??Cu??les son las concepciones de los-las estudiantes sobre el papel que juega la participaci??n en el proceso de Educaci??n Ambiental? 4. ??Cu??les son las concepciones de los-las estudiantes sobre la energ??a y el papel que juega la energ??a como problema socioambiental? 5. ??Cu??les son las concepciones did??cticas dominantes de los-las estudiantes sobre el tratamiento did??ctico de la energ??a? 6. ??Cu??les son las concepciones did??cticas dominantes de los materiales seleccionados sobre el tratamiento de la energ??a? 7. ??Existe alguna correspondencia entre las concepciones de los-las estudiantes y las concepciones did??cticas de los materiales seleccionados sobre el tratamiento did??ctico de la energ??a? 8. ??Existen diferencias en las concepciones de los-las estudiantes sobre algunos aspectos de la Educaci??n Ambiental y de la energ??a dependiendo del momento de la investigaci??n? 9. ??Existe coherencia en las concepciones de los-las estudiantes y de los materiales?. El paradigma metodol??gico elegido se ubica en la definici??n del paradigma interpretativo, denominado tambi??n naturalista, de enfoque ecol??gico o etnogr??fico, a trav??s de un estudio de caso. Se selecciona un grupo de estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci??n de la Universidad de Sevilla, de las modalidades de Educaci??n Primaria y Especial, que cursan la asignatura optativa de Educaci??n Ambiental (EA). La muestra se compone de 12 hombres y 38 mujeres, sumando un total de 50 personas, solo se tiene materiales escritos de forma individual de 45 personas, se agrupan para trabajar de forma conjunta formando 12 grupos. Dentro del planteamiento metodol??gico adoptado, se utiliza diferentes t??cnicas e instrumentos: la b??squeda y an??lisis de materiales de EA desde un punto de vista did??ctico. Observaci??n externa y recogida de informaci??n en el diario de clase. Cuestionarios y documentos de trabajo. Grabaciones de algunas sesiones de clase. Grupo de discusi??n. Para el tratamiento de los datos se dise??a un sistema de categor??as que sistematizara las respuestas. Las respuestas m??s encontradas, sobre el modelo de EA y el car??cter interdisciplinar, se encuentran en los valores m??s simples respecto a los valores considerados en el sistema de categor??as creados, los cuales mayoritariamente vinculan la EA con un modelo conservacionista y con actividades puntuales, lo cual indica que lo que entiende los-as educadores-as ambientales sobre EA, suele estar 'identificado con el amor a la naturaleza, con las salidas fuera del aula, generalmente 'al campo', con la recogida de muestras o la realizaci??n de an??lisis o reciclado de papel' y 'ven la Educaci??n Ambiental como algo ajeno a las dem??s materias que se lleva a cabo en algunas determinadas fechas y que debe tener un curr??culo establecido y diferente del de otras materias, a excepci??n de las ciencias naturales, con las que de alguna manera se liga la Educaci??n Ambiental y aparece una alta relaci??n entre esta visi??n de la EA y la corriente inductivista del aprendizaje'.

La escuela rural en Catalu??a : problem??ticas, propuestas y retos de futuro

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

??Formaci??n en la empresa? problem??tica, perspectivas

Resumen del autor. Res??menes en espa??ol e ingl??s

A survey addressing the fundamental matrix estimation problem

Epipolar geometry is a key point in computer vision and the fundamental matrix estimation is the only way to compute it. This article surveys several methods of fundamental matrix estimation which have been classified into linear methods, iterative methods and robust methods. All of these methods have been programmed and their accuracy analysed using real images. A summary, accompanied with experimental results, is given

G+: Enhanced Traffic Grooming in WDM Mesh Networks using Lighttours

In this article, a new technique for grooming low-speed traffic demands into high-speed optical routes is proposed. This enhancement allows a transparent wavelength-routing switch (WRS) to aggregate traffic en route over existing optical routes without incurring expensive optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions. This implies that: a) an optical route may be considered as having more than one ingress node (all inline) and, b) traffic demands can partially use optical routes to reach their destination. The proposed optical routes are named "lighttours" since the traffic originating from different sources can be forwarded together in a single optical route, i.e., as taking a "tour" over different sources towards the same destination. The possibility of creating lighttours is the consequence of a novel WRS architecture proposed in this article, named "enhanced grooming" (G+). The ability to groom more traffic in the middle of a lighttour is achieved with the support of a simple optical device named lambda-monitor (previously introduced in the RingO project). In this article, we present the new WRS architecture and its advantages. To compare the advantages of lighttours with respect to classical lightpaths, an integer linear programming (ILP) model is proposed for the well-known multilayer problem: traffic grooming, routing and wavelength assignment The ILP model may be used for several objectives. However, this article focuses on two objectives: maximizing the network throughput, and minimizing the number of optical-electro-optical conversions used. Experiments show that G+ can route all the traffic using only half of the total OEO conversions needed by classical grooming. An heuristic is also proposed, aiming at achieving near optimal results in polynomial time

Renssellaer Institute. Jim Hendler. CSCI 4964/COMM 49652 – Web Science. Assignment

Programming Assignment on Web Crawling

Renssellaer Institute. Jim Hendler. CSCI 4964/COMM 49652 – Web Science. Assignment 2

Programming Assignment on Search Engines