Relaciones entre los usos del suelo, las infraestructuras y la planificación: incidencia de la red viaria y el planeamiento en la aparición del terciario para el caso de la N-VI

Esta tesis examina el papel de la red viaria y el planeamiento urbanístico en la localización de las actividades terciarias. A partir de los años sesenta se produce una modificación de los patrones de comportamiento espacial de las actividades productivas. En la raíz de estos cambios está los procesos de globalización e internacionalización de la economía y un importante aumento de la utilización vehículos privados. Todo ello da lugar a una preocupación entre los profesionales por la identificación de variables en esa organización espacial, y por la búsqueda de modelos que mejorasen las condiciones de competitividad en el entramado urbano, reclamado también la formulación de conceptos diferentes, capaces de entender los cambios territoriales de la reestructuración permanente en que viven las economías capitalistas avanzadas. En este marco, hay un aumento importante de las actividades terciarias o proceso de terciarización; que es el principio basilar para la suburbanización de este sector. Consiste, en buena medida, en unas necesidades de descentralización y dispersión de las actividades terciarias por todo el territorio, con demandas de nuevos espacios para todo tipo de actividades empresariales. Se va así generando un espacio urbano complejo, con nuevas actividades, distintas de la residencial, y con tipologías edificatorias diferentes: centros comerciales, hipermercados, zocos o edificios de empresas dedicadas a servicios avanzados y altamente cualificados. Adquiere, por tanto, un fuerte protagonismo los espacios periféricos de las grandes ciudades. En la transformación de este territorio interviene el planeamiento urbanístico porque prevé la ocupación del suelo y la forma de uso. Y también la carretera considerada clave en el desarrollo histórico de la ciudad. Consecuentemente, se impulsan una plétora de nuevas líneas de investigación y nuevas formas de aproximación al estudio de las relaciones entre las infraestructuras viarias y los usos del suelo. El interés del proyecto de investigación es, por todo ello, estudiar en que medida la localización del terciario depende del planeamiento urbano y de las variaciones en la red viaria. Es decir, la hipótesis de este trabajo se puede enunciar diciendo que: en la aparición del terciario inciden dos variables, el planeamiento urbanístico y la red viaria; lógicamente siendo consciente de la dificultad intrínseca de separar algún parámetro y sus relaciones de un sistema funcional urbano. Centrando este enfoque sobre el caso particular del corredor de la carretera de La Coruña (N-VI) situado en el oeste de la Comunidad de Madrid. Es un ámbito suburbano que comprende los términos municipales de Las Rozas y Majadahonda, un segmento del municipio de Madrid (abarca los barrios de Aravaca, el Plantío y Valdemarín, y una pequeña superficie de la Casa de Campo, Ciudad Universitaria y El Pardo), y la mitad septentrional del municipio de Pozuelo de Alarcón. La conclusión general a la que se ha llegado es que se trata de un fenómeno complejo, en el que se detecta que: A) La aprobación de un nuevo Plan Urbanístico no supone un cambio inmediato en la evolución cuantitativa de la implantación de actividades terciarias en edificio exclusivo en el área de estudio. B) Se evidencia una relación directa entre la implantación de una nueva infraestructura de transporte o modificación de algún elemento importante y el crecimiento de la localización de actividades terciarias. C) Resulta difícil verificar que cuando confluyen mejoras o nuevas construcciones en la red viaria y una estrategia en el planeamiento dirigida a la ordenación e intervención del espacio terciario, el número de edificios terciarios aumente. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the role of road networks and urban planning in the location of tertiary activities. Since the sixties there is a modification of spatial behavior patterns of production activities. At the root of these changes is the process of globalization and internationalization of the economy and a significant increase in private car use. This leads to a concern among professionals in the identification of variables in the spatial organization, and the search for models that would improve the competitive conditions in the urban framework, also called for the formulation of different concepts, able to understand the changes territorial restructuring that live permanently in the advanced capitalist economies. In this context, there is a significant increase in tertiary activities or process outsourcing, which is the beginning basilar to the suburbanization of the sector. It consists, in large part, on the Needs of decentralization and dispersal of tertiary activities throughout the territory, demands for new spaces for all types of business activities. It is thus generating a complex urban area, with new activities, other than residential and with different building typologies: shopping malls, hypermarkets, souks and buildings of companies engaged in advanced and highly skilled services. Thus takes strong role peripheral areas of big cities. In the transformation of this region is involved in providing for urban planning land use and how to use. And the road is considered key in the historical development of the city. Consequently, they are promoting a plethora of new research and new ways of approaching the study of the relationship between road infrastructure and land use. The interest of the research project is, for all that, consider to what extent depends on the location of tertiary urban planning and changes in the road network. That is, the hypothesis of this work can be stated by saying that: the emergence of two variables affecting tertiary, urban planning and road network, of course being aware of the inherent difficulty of separating any parameters and functional relationships of an urban. Approach focusing on the particular case of the road corridor from La Coruña (N-VI) located in the west of Madrid. It is a suburban area comprising the municipalities of Las Rozas and Majadahonda, a segment of the city of Madrid (covering the districts of Aravaca, the planting and Valdemarín, and a small area of the Casa de Campo, Ciudad Universitaria and El Pardo) , and the northern half of the town of Pozuelo de Alarcón. The general conclusion has been reached is that this is a complex phenomenon, which is detected: A) The approval of a new Urban Plan is not an immediate change in the quantitative evolution of the implementation of tertiary activities in exclusive building in the study area. B) It shows a direct relationship between the introduction of a new transport infrastructure or amendment to an important and growing element of the location of tertiary activities. C) It is difficult to verify that when improvements or new construction come together in the road network and planning a strategy aimed at the management and intervention of third space, the number of commercial buildings increases.

How can video analysis help laparoscopic surgeons?

Automatic analysis of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) video has the potential to drive new solutions that alleviate existing needs for safer surgeries: reproducible training programs, objective and transparent assessment systems and navigation tools to assist surgeons and improve patient safety. As an unobtrusive, always available source of information in the operating room (OR), this research proposes the use of surgical video for extracting useful information during surgical operations. Methodology proposed includes tools' tracking algorithm and 3D reconstruction of the surgical field. The motivation for these solutions is the augmentation of the laparoscopic view in order to provide orientation aids, optimal surgical path visualization, or preoperative virtual models overlay

Spacecraft thermal control design data

This paper shows the actual state of a compilation work on Thermal Control Design Data being done at Madrid (Lamf-ETSIA) under several ESTEC contracts, introducing a Handbook already issued, its additions and updatings.

La geoquímica de los sedimentos de llanuras de inundación como guía para la valoración ambiental en España

En la presente tesis se estudian los contenidos geoquímicos de los sedimentos de llanura de inundación en diversas cuencas fluviales seleccionadas con el objetivo de contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de sus condiciones medioambientales. En cada cuenca, se ha muestreado un perfil vertical de llanura de inundación, dividiéndolo en tramos que generalmente corresponden a diferentes episodios de inundación. Estos sedimentos se depositan durante los episodios de crecidas una vez que la corriente sobrepasa los límites del canal. Se caracterizan normalmente por tener un tamaño de grano fino y una estructura en capas horizontales que corresponden a los sucesivos episodios de inundación. Muestran dos ventajas principales con respecto a otros medios de muestreo en geoquímica como suelos o sedimentos de corriente: • Pueden almacenar sedimento antiguo así como actual, con lo que se puede estudiar la historia geoquímica de una zona específica en un mismo punto de muestreo (perfil vertical). • Los sedimentos de llanuras de inundación son capaces de caracterizar grandes áreas de drenaje. El origen de los sedimentos es más diverso que en el sedimento de corriente, debido a las mayores áreas de donde proceden las aguas de las avenidas. Las cuencas han sido seleccionadas según las actividades antropogénicas que en ellas se llevan a cabo, en concreto, actividades urbanas e industriales, minería y agricultura. Así mismo, se han estudiado, como referencia, dos cuencas donde no se espera encontrar ningún tipo de actividad contaminante. Una vez hecha la selección, los sedimentos aluviales de las cuencas se han estudiado cuidadosamente para asegurar que no existen depósitos de acreción lateral en el punto seleccionado. Posteriormente se ha procedido al muestreo del perfil vertical. Las muestras han sido analizadas mediante ICP-MS (ataque total) e INAA para conocer los contenidos totales de los elementos traza y mayoritarios. Los análisis de la fracción extraíble se han llevado a cabo mediante ICP-MS (ataque con agua regia). Así mismo, algunas muestras seleccionadas han sido sometidas a una extracción secuencial para un estudio más detallado. La presencia de materia orgánica ha sido estimada mediante el análisis de Carbono Orgánico Total (TOC). Finalmente, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de isótopos de Pb en muestras escogidas en los perfiles, con el objetivo de hacer una evaluación ambiental. Los contenidos metálicos aumentan hacia la superficie en algunos de los perfiles, mientras en otros muestran una distribución muy constante exceptuando algún nivel específico con un aumento de los contenidos de la mayoría de los metales. Ha sido posible determinar la influencia de las actividades antropogénicas en algunos de los perfiles. Aquellos que pertenecen a cuencas mineras, urbanas o industrializadas muestran generalmente altos contenidos en elementos metálicos. Es el caso de los perfiles muestreados en los ríos Odiel y Tinto, Besaya, Besós y Manzanares. Algunos de estos perfiles pueden incluso correlacionarse con periodos de tiempo en los que ha tenido lugar una actividad antropogénica más intensa. Los perfiles que mejor se correlacionan con la actividad antropogénica de la cuenca son el perfil de Rivas en el río Manzanares (Madrid), que refleja un crecimiento de la contaminación producida por las actividades urbana e industrial en las últimas décadas, y el río Tinto, que muestra un crecimiento llamativo de los contenidos en su mayoría metálicos que puede estar relacionado con el incremento de la actividad minera que tuvo lugar hace aproximadamente 125 años. El análisis de los isótopos de Pb ha resultado ser una herramienta útil en la evaluación ambiental de estos sedimentos. Con este estudio y mediante la comparación con fuentes naturales y antropogénicas, ha sido posible diferenciar las muestras afectadas por diferentes fuentes de plomo, así como detectar las más afectadas antropogénicamente. ABSTRACT The geochemical composition of overbank sediments of some selected river basins is studied in this thesis in order to contribute to a better knowledge of the environmental conditions surrounding them. In each basin a vertical overbank profile has been sampled, dividing it into stretches that usually correspond to different flood events. The overbank sediments are those deposited during a flood event once the flow spills over the channel banks. They are usually characterized by a very fine grain size and a structure of horizontal layers, which correspond to successive flood events. These sediments show two main advantages regarding other sampling media in geochemistry, like soils or stream sediments: • They can store sediment deposited in the past as well as in current times, so that the history of a specific location can be studied at the very same point (vertical profile). • The overbank sediments are able to characterize a large drainage area. The origin of the sediment is wider than in the stream sediments due to the larger areas where the flood water comes from. The basins have been selected depending on the anthropogenic activities developed in them, namely, urban and industrial activities, mining activities and agricultural activities. As well, two pristine basins have been studied as a reference. Afterwards, the alluvial sediments in the basins have been carefully studied in order to sample a vertical profile and make sure that lateral accretion materials are not present in the profile. The samples have been analysed by ICP-MS (total digestion) and INAA to know the total contents of trace and major elements. Analysis of the mobile fraction has been carried out by ICP-MS (aqua regia); as well some of the samples have been subjected to sequential extraction for a more detailed study. The presence of organic matter has been estimated by the analysis of the Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Finally, a lead isotope analysis of some of the samples in the profiles was carried out in order to make an environmental assessment. Metal contents grow towards the surface in some of the profiles, while others show a very steady distribution, except for some of them with a growth of most of the metals in a specific level. XI It has been possible to determine the influence of the anthropogenic activities in some of the profiles. The ones that belong to mining and urban or industrialized basins show generally high contents of metal elements. This is the case of the profiles sampled in the Odiel and Tinto Rivers, the Besaya River, the Besós River and the Manzanares River. Some of these profiles can even correlate with the periods of time when a more intense activity in their respective basins has taken place. The profiles which best correlate with the anthropogenic activity are the Rivas profile in the Manzanares River, which reflects a growth of the pollution produced by urban and industrial activities in the city of Madrid in the last decades and the Tinto profile, which shows a very dramatic growth of the elemental contents (mostly metals) which can be related to the increase of the mining activities that took place in the last 125 years. The analysis of lead isotopes has turned out to be a powerful tool in the environmental assessment in this type of sediments. With this study and through the comparison with natural and anthropogenic sources, it has been possible to determine samples affected by different sources of lead and to detect the most anthropogenicaly affected ones.

Grid-connected roof solar plants in educational institutions for testing and electricity generation: a case in Spain.

The use of photovoltaic experimental plants in engineering educational buildings contributes to an increase in acceptance of this technology by future engineers. There are some photovoltaic (PV) systems in educational buildings in Spain, but they are usually limited to buildings in relation to electrical technologies or research areas. They are not common in other educational or official buildings. This paper presents the project of a grid-connected solar plant with two main objectives. First, different PV module technologies will be compared. Second, an emphasis on agronomical areas in educational settings will be reviewed in an attempt to facilitate student engagement in the use of the power plant. The system is grid-connected in order to pay-back the investment in the plant. In fact the electricity generated by the plant will be used by the installations of the building, as it is the closest consumer. This work intends to approximate photovoltaic technology to university degrees not directly related with it and at the same time research in comparison of systems with different technologies. This is a good example of an solar plant for both optimum production and educational purposes.

Efficiency and spatial equity impacts of high-speed rail extensions in urban areas

Urban areas benefit from significant improvements in accessibility when a new high speed rail (HSR) project is built. These improvements, which are due mainly to a rise in efficiency, produce locational advantagesand increase the attractiveness of these cities, thereby possibly enhancing their competitivenessand economic growth. However, there may be equity issues at stake, as the main accessibility benefits are primarily concentrated in urban areas with a HSR station, whereas other locations obtain only limited benefits. HSR extensions may contribute to an increase in spatial imbalance and lead to more polarized patterns of spatial development. Procedures for assessing the spatial impacts of HSR must therefore follow a twofold approach which addresses issues of both efficiency and equity. This analysis can be made by jointly assessing both the magnitude and distribution of the accessibility improvements deriving from a HSR project. This paper describes an assessment methodology for HSR projects which follows this twofold approach. The procedure uses spatial impact analysis techniques and is based on the computation of accessibility indicators, supported by a Geographical Information System (GIS). Efficiency impacts are assessed in terms of the improvements in accessibility resulting from the HSR project, with a focus on major urban areas; and spatial equity implications are derived from changes in the distribution of accessibility values among these urban agglomerations.

Mapping the visual landscape quality in Europe using physical attributes

he inclusion of environmental care data in the decision-making process should be based on the results obtained after scienti?cally evaluating different environmental variables. Herein, a European landscape geographic model is presented. This landscape map would allow the environmental care variable ?visual landscape?, along with other information related to vegetation, geology, soils, cultural variables, etc., to be integrated into the planning process. The methodology used is not new since it has already been tested in Spain by the authors. Nevertheless, the model was adapted to cope with the much more extensive territory of the European Union. This meant dealing with computational dif?culties, and a lack of information. The result of this work is a raster map (100 m cell size) that evaluates landscape quality in Europe by dividing the area into seven visual quality classes. This is a practical tool for territorial development that will facilitate the environmental assessment of plans, such as infrastructure plans, within a strategic pan-European framework.

Seismic Risk Scenarios in Puerto Principe (Haiti). A Tool for Reconstruction and Emergency Planning

The 12 January 2010, an earthquake hit the city of Port-au-Prince, capital of Haiti. The earthquake reached a magnitude Mw 7.0 and the epicenter was located near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km west of the capital. The earthquake occurred in the boundary region separating the Caribbean plate and the North American plate. This plate boundary is dominated by left-lateral strike slip motion and compression, and accommodates about 20 mm/y slip, with the Caribbean plate moving eastward with respect to the North American plate (DeMets et al., 2000). Initially the location and focal mechanism of the earthquake seemed to involve straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system (EPGFZ), however Hayes et al., (2010) combined seismological observations, geologic field data and space geodetic measurements to show that, instead, the rupture process involved slip on multiple faults. Besides, the authors showed that remaining shallow shear strain will be released in future surface-rupturing earthquakes on the EPGFZ. In December 2010, a Spanish cooperation project financed by the Politechnical University of Madrid started with a clear objective: Evaluation of seismic hazard and risk in Haiti and its application to the seismic design, urban planning, emergency and resource management. One of the tasks of the project was devoted to vulnerability assessment of the current building stock and the estimation of seismic risk scenarios. The study was carried out by following the capacity spectrum method as implemented in the software SELENA (Molina et al., 2010). The method requires a detailed classification of the building stock in predominant building typologies (according to the materials in the structure and walls, number of stories and age of construction) and the use of the building (residential, commercial, etc.). Later, the knowledge of the soil characteristics of the city and the simulation of a scenario earthquake will provide the seismic risk scenarios (damaged buildings). The initial results of the study show that one of the highest sources of uncertainties comes from the difficulty of achieving a precise building typologies classification due to the craft construction without any regulations. Also it is observed that although the occurrence of big earthquakes usually helps to decrease the vulnerability of the cities due to the collapse of low quality buildings and the reconstruction of seismically designed buildings, in the case of Port-au-Prince the seismic risk in most of the districts remains high, showing very vulnerable areas. Therefore the local authorities have to drive their efforts towards the quality control of the new buildings, the reinforcement of the existing building stock, the establishment of seismic normatives and the development of emergency planning also through the education of the population.

Proyecto de evaluación de un yacimiento de gas mediante fracturación hidráulica

En este proyecto se evalúa la posibilidad de mejorar la producción de gas en un yacimiento en el que las reservas son todavía suficientes para ser explotadas. Para realizar esta evaluación se estudia en primer lugar la cantidad de gas que se extrae sin ningún método de mejoramiento de producción, y después se evalúa la cantidad de gas que se extraería si se aplicase el método de estimulación de yacimientos llamado fracturación hidráulica mediante unos ensayos de calibración que se han realizado en uno de los pozos que hay en el yacimiento de gas. Finalmente se hace una comparación económica de cómo mejoraría la producción de gas cuando el yacimiento no está estimulado y cuando lo está. Además, se aprovecha también para hacer una sucinta revisión de la base teórica de la fracturación hidráulica y de la ingeniería de yacimientos, así como un breve estudio de impacto ambiental de la fracturación. ABSTRACT This project is trying to assess the possibility to improve the gas production of a reservoir in which there are still enough reserves to be exploited. To do that, it is necessary to evaluate the quantity of gas that is producing without any type of stimulation method and then assess how the production will grow if a stimulation method called hydraulic fracturing is applied though some calibration tests, subsequently compare how much the incomes will be increased in case of application of the stimulation method. In addition, some of the basis and concepts of reservoir stimulation and reservoir engineering are reviewed in order to understand the project. Finally, a brief environmental impact is also assessed.

Minimally invasive surgical video analysis: a powerful tool for surgical training and navigation

Analysis of minimally invasive surgical videos is a powerful tool to drive new solutions for achieving reproducible training programs, objective and transparent assessment systems and navigation tools to assist surgeons and improve patient safety. This paper presents how video analysis contributes to the development of new cognitive and motor training and assessment programs as well as new paradigms for image-guided surgery.

Minimally invasive surgical video analysis: a powerful tool for surgical training and navigation

Analysis of minimally invasive surgical videos is a powerful tool to drive new solutions for achieving reproducible training programs, objective and transparent assessment systems and navigation tools to assist surgeons and improve patient safety. This paper presents how video analysis contributes to the development of new cognitive and motor training and assessment programs as well as new paradigms for image-guided surgery.

Sistema de gestión de residuos de construcción y demolición en obras de edificación residencial. Buenas prácticas en la ejecución de obra

En el sector de la edificación, las grandes constructoras comienzan a considerar aspectos medioambientales, no limitándose a lo establecido por la legislación vigente, y buscando la implementación de buenas prácticas. Si bien este hecho es una realidad para las grandes empresas constructoras, todavía falta que la gran mayoría de las empresas del sector (pequeñas y medianas) adopten ésta tendencia. En este sentido, las publicaciones y estadísticas consultadas revelan que el sector de la construcción sigue siendo el sector con menor número de Sistemas de Gestión Ambiental (SGA) certificados en comparación con otros sectores industriales, debido principalmente a las peculiaridades de su actividad. Por otra parte, el sector de la construcción genera grandes cantidades de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD). Aunque, en los últimos años la actividad de la construcción ha disminuido, debido a la crisis económica del país, no hay que olvidar todos los problemas causados por este tipo de residuos, o mejor dicho, por su gestión. La gestión de los RCD actual está lejos de alcanzar la meta propuesta en la Directiva Marco de Residuos (DMR), la cual exige un objetivo global para el año 2020 en el que el 70% de todos los RCD generados deberán ser reciclados en los países de la UE. Pero, la realidad es que sólo el 50% de la RCD generados en la Unión Europea se recicla. Por este motivo, en los últimos años se ha producido una completa modificación del régimen jurídico aplicable a los RCD, incorporando importantes novedades a nuestro ordenamiento interno como son: la redacción de un Estudio de gestión de RCD (en fase de diseño) y un Plan de gestión de RCD (en fase de ejecución). Entre estas medidas destaca el poder conocer, con la antelación suficiente, la cantidad y el momento en que los RCD son generados, para así poder planificar la gestión más adecuada para cada categoría de RCD. Es por ello que el desarrollo de cualquier instrumento que determine la estimación de RCD así como iniciativas para su control debe ser considerado como una herramienta para dar respuestas reales en el campo de la sostenibilidad en la edificación. Por todo lo anterior, el principal objetivo de la Tesis Doctoral es mejorar la gestión actual de los RCD, a través de la elaboración e implementación en obra de un Sistema de gestión de RCD en fase de ejecución que podrá ser incluido en el Sistema de Gestión Ambiental de las empresas constructoras. Para ello, se ha identificado la actividad que más residuo genera, así como las diferentes categorías de RCD generadas durante su ejecución, a través del análisis de nueve obras de edificación de nueva planta. Posteriormente, se han determinado y evaluado, en función de su eficacia y viabilidad, veinte buenas prácticas encaminadas a reducir la generación de RCD. También, se han identificado y evaluado, en función de su coste económico, cinco alternativas de gestión para cada categoría de RCD generada. Por último, se ha desarrollado e implementado un Sistema de Gestión de RCD en una empresa de construcción real. En definitiva, el Sistema de Gestión de RCD propuesto contiene una herramienta de estimación de RCD y también proporciona una relación de buenas prácticas, según su viabilidad y eficacia, sobre los aspectos más significativos en cuanto a la gestión de RCD se refiere. El uso de este Sistema de gestión de RCD ayudará a los técnicos de la construcción en el desarrollo de los documentos "Estudio de gestión de RCD " y "Plan de gestión de RCD " - requeridos por ley -. Además, el Sistema promueve la gestión ambiental de la empresa, favoreciendo la cohesión del proceso constructivo, estableciendo responsabilidades en el ámbito de RCD y proporcionando un mayor control sobre el proceso. En conclusión, la implementación de un sistema de gestión de RCD en obra ayuda a conseguir una actividad de edificación, cuyo principal objetivo sea la generación de residuos cero. ABSTRACT Currently, in the building sector, the main construction companies are considering environmental issues, not being limited to the current legislation, and seeking the implementation of good practices. While this fact is a reality for large construction companies, still the vast majority of construction companies (small and medium enterprises) need to accept this trend. In this sense, official publications and statistics reveal that the construction sector remains with the lowest number of certified Environmental Management Systems (EMS) compared to other industrial sectors, mainly due to the peculiarities of its activity. Moreover, the construction industry in Spain generates large volumes of construction and demolition waste (CDW) achieving a low recycling rate compared to other European Union countries and to the target set for 2020. Despite the complete change in the legal regime for CDW in Spain, there are still several difficulties for their application at the construction works. Among these difficulties the following can be highlighted: onsite segregation, estimating CDW generation and managing different CDW categories. Despite these difficulties, the proper CDW management must be one of the main aspects considered by construction companies in the EMS. However, at present the EMS used in construction companies consider very superficially CDW management issues. Therefore, current EMS should go a step further and include not only procedures for managing CDW globally, but also specific procedures for each CDW category, taking into account best practices for prevention, minimization and proper CDW management in order to achieve building construction works with zero waste generation. The few scientific studies analysing EMS implementation in construction enterprises focus on studying the benefits and barriers of their implementation. Despite the drawbacks found, implementing an EMS would bring benefits such as improving the corporate image in relation to the environment, ensuring compliance with the law or reducing environmental risks. Also, the international scientific community has shown great interest in defining models to estimate in advance the CDW that will be generated during the building construction or rehabilitation works. These studies analyse the overall waste generation and its different CDW categories. However, despite the many studies found on CDW quantification, analysing its evolution throughout the construction activities is a factor that must be further studied and discussed in greater depth, as results would be of great significance when planning the CDW management. According to the scientific studies analysing the implementation of good environmental practices in construction sites, it seems that, in general, the CDW collection system is done in a decentralized manner by each subcontracted company. In addition, the corporate image generated when poor practices are done may adversely affect the company's reputation and can result in loss of contracts. Finally, although there are numerous guides and manuals of good practices for CDW management, no references have been found implementing these measures in the Environmental Management System of the construction companies. From all the above, this thesis aims to provide answers to reduce the environmental impact caused by CDW generation in building construction works, in order to get a building process with zero waste generation. In this sense, is essential to generate new knowledge in order to implement a system which can carry out comprehensive management of CDW generated onsite, at the design stage until the end of its life cycle, taking into account both technical and economic criteria. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to define and implement a CDW management system for residential building construction works, helping construction agents not only to manage the CDW in accordance with current legislation, but also minimizing their generation on site by applying best practices, resulting in achieving the goal of zero waste in building works.

Despacho económico ambiental de unidades térmicas de carbón

El objetivo del presente proyecto es el despacho económico-ambiental de unidades térmicas de carbón con respecto a la minimización de sus costes horarios o de sus emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOX), según convenga. Se han estudiado tanto las curvas de costes de generación como las de emisión de óxidos de nitrógeno para cinco unidades tipo de carbón para poder llevar a cabo el proyecto. Se modelizaron las curvas de emisión de óxidos de nitrógeno para las cinco unidades estudiadas mediante la simulación de la combustión del carbón en caldera con el software ASPEN PLUS®, y las curvas de costes con datos proporcionados en la publicación “Las centrales termoeléctricas: Consumos marginales, Consumos medios y costes de arranque de grupos de carbón” y otra bibliografía, para su posterior aplicación en el despacho, desarrollado en Excel y con el uso de su lenguaje de programación, VBA, para escribir un código que automatice la elección a tomar entre todas las posibilidades. Analizando tres posibles casos de generación térmica con carbón, se ha llevado a cabo el despacho económico-ambiental de las cinco unidades implicadas, con todas sus posibles combinaciones (apagado-encendido), obteniendo en cada caso lo que parece ser la manera más económica o ambiental, según convenga, de generar la potencia demandada en cada momento. ABSTRACT The aim of this project is the economic-environmental dispatch of thermal coal power plants to minimize the hourly costs of generation or the nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions as appropriate. It have been studied both generation cost curves as nitrogen oxides emissions curves for five examples of coal power plants to carry out the project. Nitrogen oxides emissions curves were modeled for the five coal power plants simulating the coal combustion in the boiler with ASPEN PLUS® software, and generation cost curves with data provided in the publication “Las centrales termoeléctricas: Consumos marginales, Consumos medios y costes de arranque de grupos de carbón” and other publications, to be used later in the dispatch, developed in Excel, using the VBA code, to write a code that automatize the correct election between all the generation possibilities. Analizing three possible cases of thermal generation with coal, economic-environmental dispatch for the five implied power plants has been done, with all the possible combinations (generating or no generating), obtaining, in each case, the most economically or environmentally way, as appropriate, to generate the demanded power in each moment.

Fuel Cells: A Real Option for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Propulsion

The possibility of implementing fuel cell technology in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) propulsion systems is considered. Potential advantages of the Proton Exchange Membrane or Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC) and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), their fuels (hydrogen and methanol), and their storage systems are revised from technical and environmental standpoints. Some operating commercial applications are described. Main constraints for these kinds of fuel cells are analyzed in order to elucidate the viability of future developments. Since the low power density is the main problem of fuel cells, hybridization with electric batteries, necessary in most cases, is also explored.