Differential response of cholesterol based pyrimidine systems with oxyethylene type spacers to gelation and mesogen formation in the presence of alkali metal ions

A new series of lipophilic cholesteryl derivatives of 2,4,6-trichloro-pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde has been synthesized. Oxyethylene spacers of variable lengths were inserted between the hydrogen bonding promoting pyrimidine core and the cholesteryl tail in order to understand their effect on the selfassembly of these compounds. Only compound 1a with the shortest spacer formed a gel in organic solvents such as n-butanol and n-dodecane. While other members (1b and c) having longer spacers led to sol formation and precipitation in n-butanol and n-dodecane respectively. The self-assembly phenomena associated with the gelation process were investigated using temperature-dependent UVVis and CD-spectroscopy. The morphological features of the freeze-dried gels obtained from different organic solvents were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The solid phase behaviours of these molecules and their associated alkali metal ion complexes were explored using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular arrangements in the xerogel and in the solid state were further probed using a wide-angle Xray diffraction (WAXD) technique. Analysis of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction data reveals that this class of molecules adopts a hexagonal columnar organization in the gel and in the solid state. Each slice of these hexagonal columnar structures is composed of a dimeric molecular-assembly as a building block. Significant changes in the conformation of the oxyethylene chains could be triggered via the coordination of selected alkali metal ions. This led to the production of interesting metal ion promoted mesogenic behaviour.

Experimental and numerical studies on protection of buried pipelines and underground utilities using geocells

This paper presents the results of the laboratory model tests and the numerical studies conducted on small diameter PVC pipes, buried in geocell reinforced sand beds. The aim of the study was to evaluate the suitability of the geocell reinforcement in protecting the underground utilities and buried pipelines. In addition to geocells, the efficacy of only geogrid and geocell with additional basal geogrid cases were also studied. A PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) pipe with external diameter 75 mm and thickness 1.4 mm was used in the experiments. The vehicle tire contact pressure was simulated by applying the pressure on the top of the bed with the help of a steel plate. Results suggest that the use of geocells with additional basal geogrid considerably reduces the deformation of the pipe as compared to other types of reinforcements. Further, the depth of placement of pipe was also varied between 1B to 2B (B is the width of loading plate) below the plate in the presence of geocell with additional basal geogrid. More than 50% reduction in the pressure and more than 40% reduction in the strain values were observed in the presence of reinforcements at different depths as compared to the unreinforced beds. Conversely, the performance of the subgrade soil was also found to be marginally influenced by the position of the pipe, even in the presence of the relatively stiff reinforcement system. Further, experimental results were validated with 3-dimensional numerical studies using FLAC(3D) (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3D). A good agreement in the measured pipe stain values were observed between the experimental and numerical studies. Numerical studies revealed that the geocells distribute the stresses in the lateral direction and thus reduce the pressure on the pipe. In addition, the results of the 1-g model tests were scaled up to the prototype case of the shallow buried pipeline below the pavement using the appropriate scaling laws. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Template-free coordination-driven self-assembly of discrete hexanuclear prismatic cages employing half-sandwich octahedral Ru-2(II) acceptors and triimidazole donors

Coordination-driven self-assembly of dinuclear half-sandwich p-cymene ruthenium(II) complexes Ru-2(mu-eta(4)-C2O4)(CH3OH)(2)(eta(6)-p-cymene)(2)](O3SCF3)(2) (1a) and Ru-2(mu-eta(4)-C6H2O4)(CH3OH)(2)(eta(6)-p-cymene)(2)](O3SCF3)(2) (1b) separately with imidazole-based tritopic donors (L-1-L-2) in methanol yielded a series of hexanuclear 3+2] trigonal prismatic cages (2-5), respectively L-1 = 1,3,5-tris(imidazole-1-yl) benzene; L-2 = 4,4',4 `'-tris(imidazole-1-yl) triphenylamine]. All the self-assembled cages 2-5 were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques (multinuclear NMR, Infra-red and ESI-MS) and their sizes, shapes were obtained through geometry optimization using molecular mechanics universal force field (MMUFF) computation. Despite the possibility due to the free rotation of donor sites of imidazole ligands, of two different atropoisomeric prismatic cages (C-3h or C-s) and polymeric product, the self-selection of single (C(3)h) conformational isomeric cages as the only product is a noteworthy observation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estudio de medios de cultivos, explantes, frascos y sustratos en cladodio de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus Britton et Rose) cv. chocoya de Nicaragua en fase de micropropagacion

Se estudiaron las fases de multiplicación, enraizamiento, aclimatización y el trasplante en el cultivo de pitahaya ( Hylocereus undatus Britton et Rose ) cultivar Chocoya . El ensayo se desarrolló en 4 fases: Fase 1: Multiplicación. 1a) Efecto de 9 medios de cultivo (dosis de BAP y sacarosa) y tipo de explantes (apical, central y basal). 1b) Efecto en crecimiento de tres tipos de explantes (apical, central y basal), número de explantes (5, 6 y 7 explantes/frasco) y volumen del frasco (220 y 430 ml). Fase 2: Enraizamiento. Efect o de 9 medios de cultivo , consistencia de medios de cultivo (líquida y semisólida) con explantes centrales. Fase 3: Aclimatización. Establecimiento de plántulas provenientes de la fase de enraizamiento con do s tipos de sustrato (compost y lombrihumus). Fase 4: Trasplante. Trasplante al campo de plantas provenientes de la fase de aclimatización segmentando el cladodio en 3 partes. Los ensayos fueron esta blecidos sobre diseños factoriales apropiados, y se utilizó Duncan - Waller ( Pr =0.05) como criterio de separación de promedios en las variables de cladodios, raíces, sobrevivencia, número de brotes, entre otras. En los medios de cultivo que contenían 1 mg l - 1 de BAP con 30 ó 40 g/l de sacarosa, resultó mejor el número de brotes emitidos por segmentos apicales de la vaina. En los tratamientos segmento central en frasco de 220 ml y 430 ml y segmento apical en frasco de 430 ml, el número de brotes fue mayor en t odos ellos con 5 y 6 tejidos por frasco. El promedio de raíces por cladodio fue de 3.32 en el medio de cultivo que contenía 30g/l de sacarosa, sin adición de AIA y de consistencia sólida. La aclimatación en el sustrato compost el promedio de longitud, núme ro de raíces y el porcentaje de sobrevivencia fue mejor cuando las plantas habían enraizado previamente en un medio de cultivo con 0.5 mg l - 1 de AIA y 60 g/l de sacarosa y en sustrato de lombrihumus la aclimatación fue mejor con plantas previamente enraizad as en el medio de cultivo con 0.5 mg/l de AIA y 30 g/l de sacarosa. En el trasplante, el segmento apical de la vaina presentó una mayor longitud (14.56 cm), la longitud de los brotes axilares fue superior en los segmentos centrales (2.46 cm). En todos los tratamientos no hubo muerte de los cladodios enraizados

A singularly perturbed linear two-point boundary-value problem

We consider the following singularly perturbed linear two-point boundary-value problem:

Ly(x) ≡ Ω(ε)D_xy(x) - A(x,ε)y(x) = f(x,ε) 0≤x≤1 (1a)

By ≡ L(ε)y(0) + R(ε)y(1) = g(ε) ε → 0^+ (1b)

Here Ω(ε) is a diagonal matrix whose first m diagonal elements are 1 and last m elements are ε. Aside from reasonable continuity conditions placed on A, L, R, f, g, we assume the lower right mxm principle submatrix of A has no eigenvalues whose real part is zero. Under these assumptions a constructive technique is used to derive sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique solution of (1). These sufficient conditions are used to define when (1) is a regular problem. It is then shown that as ε → 0^+ the solution of a regular problem exists and converges on every closed subinterval of (0,1) to a solution of the reduced problem. The reduced problem consists of the differential equation obtained by formally setting ε equal to zero in (1a) and initial conditions obtained from the boundary conditions (1b). Several examples of regular problems are also considered.

A similar technique is used to derive the properties of the solution of a particular difference scheme used to approximate (1). Under restrictions on the boundary conditions (1b) it is shown that for the stepsize much larger than ε the solution of the difference scheme, when applied to a regular problem, accurately represents the solution of the reduced problem.

Furthermore, the existence of a similarity transformation which block diagonalizes a matrix is presented as well as exponential bounds on certain fundamental solution matrices associated with the problem (1).

Signal transduction, regulation, and developmental logic of EGFR signalling in C. elegans

RTKs-mediated signaling systems and the pathways with which they interact (e.g., those initiated by G protein-mediated signaling) involve a highly cooperative network that sense a large number of cellular inputs and then integrate, amplify, and process this information to orchestrate an appropriate set of cellular responses. The responses include virtually all aspects of cell function, from the most fundamental (proliferation, differentiation) to the most specialized (movement, metabolism, chemosensation). The basic tenets of RTK signaling system seem rather well established. Yet, new pathways and even new molecular players continue to be discovered. Although we believe that many of the essential modules of RTK signaling system are rather well understood, we have relatively little knowledge of the extent of interaction among these modules and their overall quantitative importance.

My research has encompassed the study of both positive and negative signaling by RTKs in C. elegans. I identified the C. elegans S0S-1 gene and showed that it is necessary for multiple RAS-mediated developmental signals. In addition, I demonstrated that there is a SOS-1-independent signaling during RAS-mediated vulval differentiation. By assessing signal outputs from various triple mutants, I have concluded that this SOS-1-independent signaling is not mediated by PTP-2/SHP-2 or the removal of inhibition by GAP-1/ RasGAP and it is not under regulation by SLI-1/Cb1. I speculate that there is either another exchange factor for RASor an as yet unidentified signaling pathway operating during RAS-mediated vulval induction in C. elegans.

In an attempt to uncover the molecular mechanisms of negative regulation of EGFR signaling by SLI-1/Cb1, I and two other colleagues codiscovered that RING finger domain of SLI-1 is partially dispensable for activity. This structure-function analysis shows that there is an ubiquitin protein ligase-independent activity for SLI-1 in regulating EGFR signaling. Further, we identified an inhibitory tyrosine of LET-23/ EGFR requiring sli-1(+)for its effects: removal of this tyrosine closely mimics loss of sli-1 but not loss of other negative regulator function.

By comparative analysis of two RTK pathways with similar signaling mechanisms, I have found that clr-1, a previously identified negative regulator of egl-15 mediated FGFR signaling, is also involved in let-23 EGFR signaling. The success of this approach promises a similar reciprocal test and could potentially extend to the study of other signaling pathways with similar signaling logic.

Finally, by correlating the developmental expression of lin-3 EGF to let-23 EGFR signaling activity, I demonstrated the existence of reciprocal EGF signaling in coordinating the morphogenesis of epithelia. This developmental logic of EGF signaling could provide a basis to understand a universal mechanism for organogenesis.

Ultrabroad infrared luminescences from Bi-doped alkaline earth metal germanate glasses

We report on ultrabroad infrared (IR) luminescences covering the 1000-1700-nm wavelength region, from Bi-doped 75GeO(2) 20RO-5Al(2)O(3) 1B(2)O(3) (R = Sr, Ca, and Mg) glasses. The full width at half-maximum of the IR luminescences excited at 980 nm increases (315 -> 440 -> 510 nm) with the change of alkaline earth metal (Mg2+ -> Ca2+ -> Sr2+). The fluorescence lifetime of the glass samples is 1725, 157, and 264 mu s when R is Sr, Ca, and Mg, respectively. These materials may be promising candidates for broad-band fiber amplifiers and tunable laser resources.

Avaliação da presença de mutações de resistência no gene da NS5B e do prognóstico da infecção pelo HCV através da IL-28B em pacientes monoinfectados com HCV no RJ

Estima-se que a prevalência global da população mundial com hepatite C é de 3%. Pouco se sabe sobre a resposta ao tratamento com respeito à resistência viral. Algumas mutações no fragmento de 109 aminoácidos da NS5B são associadas com resistência ao interferon (IFN) e ribavirina (RBV). Estudos moleculares e clínicos identificaram fatores associados com o hospedeiro e vírus relacionados associada com a resposta ao tratamento, tal como o gene que codifica a IL-28B. Este estudo foi dividido em duas fases, cujos objetivos foram caracterizar a frequência de mutações que conferem resistência ao HCV e avaliar a relevância das mutações em pacientes Respondedores (R) ou Não Respondedores (NR) ao tratamento e caracterizar geneticamente as populações sobre polimorfismos genéticos nos SNPs da IL-28B em relação ao prognóstico da resposta ao tratamento. As amostras dos pacientes foram submetidas a testes de genotipagem e carga viral. As sequências geradas foram comparadas no BLAST e no banco de dados Los Alamos HCV. Realizamos o alinhamento das sequências homólogas e as mutações identificadas. Com base no genótipo e carga viral determinamos a classificação dos pacientes de acordo com a resposta à terapia. O DNA genômico foi isolado a partir de sangue periférico para a realização da tipagem de SNPs de IL-28B. A metodologia utilizada foi de PCR em tempo real utilizando sondas TaqMan SNP específico. A análise dos dados foi realizada utilizando GraphPad Prism com qui-quadrado, risco relativo (RR), Odds Ratio (OR) e intervalo de confiança de 95%, com um nível de significância de P <0,05. Foi encontrado na primeira fase deste estudo uma taxa significativa mutações associadas ao tratamento nas amostras estudadas. A prevalência de mutações associadas à resistência ao IFN e RBV bem como a novos medicamentos antivirais localizados no fragmento de 109 aminoácidos da NS5B foi examinado em 69 indivíduos infectados naïve no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Na segunda fase, as mutações foram clinicamente relevantes. Desde então, procuramos observar as diferenças entre melhor ou pior prognóstico de acordo com a imunogenética que mostrou diferenciação entre os grupos R e NR ao tratamento em relação ao prognóstico da resposta terapêutica. Quando as diferenças entre as sequências da NS5B e a resposta ao tratamento foram consideradas verificou-se que associada a mutação R254K, estava a C316N que poderia conduzir a uma não resposta à terapia no genótipo 1b. Os nossos dados também suportaram forte associação de IL-28B rs12979860, com elevada probabilidade de resposta à terapia de IFN + RBV. Nossos dados evidenciam a presença de pacientes virgens de tratamento que abrigam mutações de resistência previamente descritas na literatura. A análise dos fatores preditores de resposta virológica mostrou que a predição de boa resposta ou não ao tratamento e ainda da progressão da doença é dependente de uma importante interação entre a genética viral e a do hospedeiro. Fato este importante para que no momento de avaliação de diagnóstico e conduta terapêutica, o médico possa tomar medidas apropriadas para o tratamento de cada paciente individualmente independentemente do genótipo do HCV em questão.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type Ib Associated with Novel Duplications in the GNAS Locus

Context Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b (PHP-Ib) is characterized by renal resistance to PTH (and, sometimes, a mild resistance to TSH) and absence of any features of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. Patients with PHP-Ib suffer of defects in the methylation pattern of the complex GNAS locus. PHP-Ib can be either sporadic or inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Whereas familial PHP-Ib is well characterized at the molecular level, the genetic cause of sporadic PHP-Ib cases remains elusive, although some molecular mechanisms have been associated with this subtype. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular and imprinting defects in the GNAS locus in two unrelated patients with PHP-Ib. Design We have analyzed the GNAS locus by direct sequencing, Methylation-Specific Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification, microsatellites, Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short Fluorescent fragments and array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization studies in order to characterize two unrelated families with clinical features of PHP-Ib. Results We identified two duplications in the GNAS region in two patients with PHP-Ib: one of them, comprising similar to 320 kb, occurred 'de novo' in the patient, whereas the other one, of similar to 179 kb in length, was inherited from the maternal allele. In both cases, no other known genetic cause was observed. Conclusion In this article, we describe the to-our-knowledge biggest duplications reported so far in the GNAS region. Both are associated to PHP-Ib, one of them occurring 'de novo' and the other one being maternally inherited.

Implications of using On-Farm Flood Flow Capture to recharge groundwater and mitigate flood risks along the Kings River, CA

Two large hydrologic issues face the Kings Basin, severe and chronic overdraft of about 0.16M ac-ft annually, and flood risks along the Kings River and the downstream San Joaquin River. Since 1983, these floods have caused over $1B in damage in today’s dollars. Capturing flood flows of sufficient volume could help address these two pressing issues which are relevant to many regions of the Central Valley and will only be exacerbated with climate change. However, the Kings River has high variability associated with flow magnitudes which suggests that standard engineering approaches and acquisition of sufficient acreage through purchase and easements to capture and recharge flood waters would not be cost effective. An alternative approach investigated in this study, termed On-Farm Flood Flow Capture, involved leveraging large areas of private farmland to capture flood flows for both direct and in lieu recharge. This study investigated the technical and logistical feasibility of best management practices (BMPs) associated with On-Farm Flood Flow Capture. The investigation was conducted near Helm, CA, about 20 miles west of Fresno, CA. The experimental design identified a coordinated plan to determine infiltration rates for different soil series and different crops; develop a water budget for water applied throughout the program and estimate direct and in lieu recharge; provide a preliminary assessment of potential water quality impacts; assess logistical issues associated with implementation; and provide an economic summary of the program. At check locations, we measured average infiltration rates of 4.2 in/d for all fields and noted that infiltration rates decreased asymptotically over time to about 2 – 2.5 in/d. Rates did not differ significantly between the different crops and soils tested, but were found to be about an order of magnitude higher in one field. At a 2.5 in/d infiltration rate, 100 acres are required to infiltrate 10 CFS of captured flood flows. Water quality of applied flood flows from the Kings River had concentrations of COC (constituents of concern; i.e. nitrate, electrical conductivity or EC, phosphate, ammonium, total dissolved solids or TDS) one order of magnitude or more lower than for pumped groundwater at Terranova Ranch and similarly for a broader survey of regional groundwater. Applied flood flows flushed the root zone and upper vadose zone of nitrate and salts, leading to much lower EC and nitrate concentrations to a depth of 8 feet when compared to fields in which more limited flood flows were applied or for which drip irrigation with groundwater was the sole water source. In demonstrating this technology on the farm, approximately 3,100 ac-ft was diverted, primarily from April through mid-July, with about 70% towards in lieu and 30% towards direct recharge. Substantial flood flow volumes were applied to alfalfa, wine grapes and pistachio fields. A subset of those fields, primarily wine grapes and pistachios, were used primarily to demonstrate direct recharge. For those fields about 50 – 75% of water applied was calculated going to direct recharge. Data from the check studies suggests more flood flows could have been applied and infiltrated, effectively driving up the amount of water towards direct recharge. Costs to capture flood flows for in lieu and direct recharge for this project were low compared to recharge costs for other nearby systems and in comparison to irrigating with groundwater. Moreover, the potentially high flood capture capacity of this project suggests significant flood avoidance costs savings to downstream communities along the Kings and San Joaquin Rivers. Our analyses for Terranova Ranch suggest that allocating 25% or more flood flow water towards in lieu recharge and the rest toward direct recharge will result in an economically sustainable recharge approach paid through savings from reduced groundwater pumping. Two important issues need further consideration. First, these practices are likely to leach legacy salts and nitrates from the unsaturated zone into groundwater. We develop a conceptual model of EC movement through the unsaturated zone and estimated through mass balance calculations that approximately 10 kilograms per square meter of salts will be flushed into the groundwater through displacing 12 cubic meters per square meter of unsaturated zone pore water. This flux would increase groundwater salinity but an equivalent amount of water added subsequently is predicted as needed to return to current groundwater salinity levels. All subsequent flood flow capture and recharge is expected to further decrease groundwater salinity levels. Second, the project identified important farm-scale logistical issues including irrigator training; developing cropping plans to integrate farming and recharge activities; upgrading conveyance; and quantifying results. Regional logistical issues also exist related to conveyance, integration with agricultural management, economics, required acreage and Operation and Maintenance (O&M).

铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组的修订－兼论铁线莲属基于花粉形态学证据的系统发育

铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组是该属中记录种类最多的类群，主要分布在亚洲亚热带至温带地区，少数种类分布至亚洲及非洲的热带地区。由于缺乏野外观察和标本不够丰富等原因，有些种类的分类处理尚不能令人满意，应予修订。尾叶铁线莲组的组下分类系统以及与近缘组之间的系统关系也存在争议，还需深入研究。本文作者经过大量的标本馆工作和全面的文献考证，结合野外观察，对该组植物进行了分类学修订，同时通过基于形态性状的分支系统学和花粉形态研究对尾叶铁线莲组及铁线莲属的系统发育进行了探讨，结果如下： 1.分类修订 通过对国内外近20 个标本馆的5000 余份馆藏标本研究，结合全面的文献考证和广泛的野外观察，发现花丝形态、花药毛被状况、药隔是否凸起、萼片外侧附的属物等性状较为稳定，是分亚组的主要依据。而复叶类型、花序形态及花梗毛被状况、萼片颜色等性状为较好的分种性状。 本文在考证了近140 个种及种下等级的分类学名称后，确认尾叶铁线莲组植物共有37 种20 变种，共分为5 个亚组，另有4 种7 变种暂存疑;2 种、2 变种降为新异名;新组合6 个，其中5 个为改级新组合;发表新亚组1 个;发现中国新纪录变种1 个;纠正了以前研究者工作中对C. aethusifolia var. latisecta 的鉴定错误;初步澄清了C. jingdungensis 及C. jinzhaiensis 的一些名实混乱;指出了前人工作中的一些拼写错误;统一了植物的中文名称，并新拟了15 个分类群的中文名称;给出了各个种的形态描述、地理分布图以及分亚组和分种检索表。 2.分支系统学 在分类修订基础上选取了35 个形态性状，对尾叶铁线莲组的37 个种，和尾叶铁线莲组的近缘组Sect. Bebaeanthera 中的2 个种，以C. alternata 为外类群，利用系统发育分系软件PAUP 4.0 beta 10 对数据矩阵进行分析。共得到182 棵最简约树，树长为182 步，一致性指数（CI）=0.385，保持性指数（RI）=0.685。结果显示：尾叶铁线莲组为一并系类群，Sect. Bebaeanthera 中的两个种：C. pseudopogonandra 和C. barbellata 与Subsect. Otophorae 亲缘关系更为接近，应并入尾叶铁线莲组中;Subsect. Otophorae 与Subsect. Grandiflorae 各自聚为两大支，从分支图基部与其他类群分开，为本组早期分化出的类群;Subsect. Acutangulae 与Subsect. Connatae 中具有红色花的C. lasiandra 和C. dasyandra 近缘;分布于东亚北部地区的Subsect. Aethusifoliae 与分布于我国横断山区的C.rehderiana 和分布于印度的C. roylei 近缘;根据分支系统学分析的结果，对尾叶铁线莲组组下分类系统进行了调整，建立了新亚组Subsect. Otophorae。 3.花粉形态 在扫描电镜下研究了铁线莲属148 种12 变种和锡兰莲属3 个种的花粉形态特征，并在透射电镜下研究了部分种类的花粉外壁结构。 结果表明：铁线莲属花粉粒一般为近球形、球形或扁球形。具三沟的花粉赤道面观为椭圆形或近圆形，极面观为三裂圆形，大小为14.8-32.1 μm ×14.2-28.7 μm;具散沟或散孔的花粉（全为球形）直径大小为14.8-36.6 μm。花粉具三沟、散沟或散孔。在三沟类型中常伴有不同比例的散沟花粉。萌发沟狭长或稍宽，有整齐或不整齐下陷的边缘，沟膜上有颗粒状纹饰或刺状纹饰;萌发孔一般圆形或不规则形，分布不规则。外壁由薄到较厚，厚度为0.8-2.5 μm，外层稍厚于内层。在透射电镜下本属花粉外壁具备被子植物花粉典型的外壁层次，即外壁内层和外壁外层。外壁内层为一层均匀的质密的无结构的层次。外壁外层由3 层组成：覆盖层，柱状层，和基层。覆盖层上均匀分布有小刺状纹饰和小穿孔。 锡兰莲属花粉粒为圆球形，其直径大小为14.9-18.8 μm。具散孔。萌发孔一般圆形，分布不规则，孔膜上有颗粒状纹饰或刺状纹饰。外壁厚度为0.8-1.8 μm，外层稍厚于内层。覆盖层上均匀分布有小刺状纹饰和小穿孔。 根据花粉形态在花粉粒大小、萌发孔的类型和外壁纹饰方面的差异将两个属的花粉分为6 个类型，其中类型1 再分为两个亚型。在这些花粉类型中，类型1 为三沟花粉，类型3 为三沟至散沟花粉，其余类型为散孔花粉。类型1 的亚型 1b 在铁线莲属中分布最广，18 个组中有13 个组具有这种类型的花粉，是铁线莲属中最原始的花粉类型，其他类型和亚型均由此亚型直接或间接演化而来。 推测这两属花粉形态特征的演化趋势为：1. 萌发孔. 三沟→（散沟）→散孔。 2. 花粉粒大小. 小（散孔，直径14.9-18.8 μm）←中等（三沟，24.2 μm ×24.8 μm） →大（散孔，直径28.9-36.5 μm）。3. 表面纹饰. 小刺不明显、分布密集→小刺明显、分布稀疏。 铁线莲属及锡兰莲属花粉形态特征对于这两个属植物的区分以及铁线莲属下组间系统发育关系的探讨具有重要意义。锡兰莲属与铁线莲属中的Sect. Naraveliopsis 亲缘关系紧密;铁线莲属内具有散沟、散孔花粉类型的Sect. Naraveliopsis、Sect. Viticella、Sect. Tubulosa、Sect. Viorna (sensu Tamura 1995)为铁线莲属中的进化类群; Sect. Tubulosa 与Sect. Campanella 亲缘关系较远，而与Sect. Clematis 近缘。

水稻花药绒毡层特异基因及减数分裂相关基因的分离与功能分析

　利用RNA减法杂交、差异筛选和5’-RACE等方法从水稻分离到了一花药绒毡层特异表达的基因RA39。Southern 杂交表明，RA39在水稻基因组中是以单拷贝的形式存在的。RT-PCR 结果初步表明，RA39是一水稻花药特异表达的基因。RNA原位杂交进一步表明，RA39主要在水稻花药的绒毡层中表达，而且在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期和四分体时期表达量最高。RA39 cDNA全长1013bp，编码298个氨基酸残基。 RA39 cDNA与数据库中的已知序列没有明显的相似性，由其推测的多肽与核糖体失活蛋白（ribosome-inactivating protein, RIP）的序列相似在19-34%之间。多重序列排列分析结果表明构成RIPs活性位点的5个关键氨基酸残基在RA39中是保守的，在蓖麻毒蛋白中分别为Tyr80、 Tyr123、 Glu177、 Arg180 and Trp211 。利用原核表达系统，通过蛋白质分离和纯化获得了在SDS电泳图谱上为单一条带的纯的RA39蛋白，用兔rRNA作底物进行的酶活性分析证明该蛋白有N-糖基化作用，是一种类型I的核糖体失活蛋白。反义转基因植株的花粉用TTC进行活性染色结果显示其活性明显减弱，成熟的T0代反义转基因植株的结实率明显降低，只有对照的20-60%。这说明，RA39蛋白可能和小孢子母细胞的发育相关。 　　酵母DMC1是减数分裂过程中同源染色体配对和重组修复所必需的减数分裂特异基因。根据酵母Dmc1和拟南芥AtDmc1的保守区设计简并性引物，通过RT-PCR和RACE等方法，从水稻中分离出了酵母DMC1的同源基因OsDMC1。RT-PCR分析表明，OsDMC1在花中表达量最高，在根中表达量较低，在叶片和幼芽几乎不表达。水稻基因组中有两个拷贝的OsDMC1。OsDmc1蛋白与酵母Dmc1和拟南芥AtDmc1氨基酸一致性分别为53%和81%。 　　酵母Spo11在减数分裂过程中具有催化DNA双链断裂从而起始同源重组的功能。以酵母Spo11氨基酸序列为探针和现有的数据库通过数据分析，结合RACE技术，克隆了水稻SPO11同源基因OsSPO11-1， OsSPO11-1是一个单拷贝基因，有3个外显子和2个内含子，在转录过程中通过内含子的可变剪切产生4个不同的转录本（OsSPO11-1A、OsSPO11-1B、OsSPO11-1C和OsSPO11-1），其中，OsSPO11-1A是一个未剪切的转录本，OsSPO11-1B包含内含子2，OsSPO11-1C包含内含子1，OsSPO11-1D是一个完全剪切的转录本。这些转录本编码的蛋白有一致的246氨基酸残基的C-端，包含了Spo11/TopVIA家族蛋白共有的5个功能基元，是该家族的新成员。OsSPO11-1A和 OsSPO11-1C在花中优势积累，OsSPO11-1B是花特异的，而OsSPO11-1D在营养器官中优势积累。在花中该基因主要在减数分裂的花粉母细胞和胚曩中表达，在减数分裂期的绒毡层细胞和不同花器官的微管束细胞中也表达。这些结果说明内含子涉及到了OsSPO11-1表达的器官特异性调节，该基因除了参与减数分裂的调节外，在体细胞的发育中可能起重要作用。

一种抗人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型p24蛋白的单克隆抗体及其应用

一种抗人免疫缺陷病毒I型(HIV-1)p24蛋白的单克隆抗体及其应用，属生物技术领域。单克隆抗体的免疫原为HIV-1B亚型p24基因工程重组蛋白；是由免疫小鼠的脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合产生的杂交瘤p3JB9、p5F1和p6F4细胞系分泌产生；属于免疫球蛋白IgG1型；与猴免疫缺陷病毒SIVAGM、猴逆转录D型病毒SRV交叉反应；与CCR5 嗜性病毒株HIVAda-M和耐药株HIV74V反应；p5F1和p6F4能与临床分离株HIVKM018反应，而 p3JB9不能与临床分离株HIVKM018反应。单克隆抗体可以与其它单克隆抗体或多克隆抗体组合，或可作放射性同位素、酶、荧光素化合物、化学发光化合物或胶体金属离子的标记，用于制备定性或定量检测各种体液、培养上清或细胞、组织中p24抗原的试剂。具有制备方法简单，效价高；单克隆抗体特异性强，灵敏度高。

Identification of protein superfamily from structure-based sequence motif

The structure-based sequence motif of the distant proteins in evolution, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) I and II superfamilies, as an example, has been defined by the structural comparison, structure-based sequence alignment and analyses on substitut

Different protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamilies resulting from different gene reading frames

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are comprised of two superfamilies, the phosphatase I superfamily containing a single low-molecular-weight PTP (lmwPTP) family and the phosphatase II superfamily including both the higher-molecular-weight PTP (hmwPTP) and the dual-specificity phosphatase (DSP) families. The phosphatase I and H superfamilies are often considered to be the result of convergent evolution. The PTP sequence and structure analyses indicate that lmwPTPs, hmwPTPs, and DSPs share similar structures, functions, and a common signature motif, although they have low sequence identities and a different order of active sites in sequence or a circular permutation. The results of this work suggest that lmwPTPs and hmwPTPs/DSPs are remotely related in evolution. The earliest ancestral gene of PTPs could be from a short fragment containing about 90similar to120 nucleotides or 30similar to40 residues; however, a probable full PTP ancestral gene contained one transcript unit with two lmwPTP genes. All three PTP families may have resulted from a common ancestral gene by a series of duplications, fusions, and circular permutations. The circular permutation in PTPs is caused by a reading frame difference, which is similar to that in DNA methyltransferases. Nevertheless, the evolutionary mechanism of circular permutation in PTP genes seems to be more complicated than that in DNA methyltransferase genes. Both mechanisms in PTPs and DNA methyltransferases can be used to explain how some protein families and superfamilies came to be formed by circular permutations during molecular evolution.