Análisis de viabilidad técnica-económica del parque eólico Altos de Peralta

RESUMEN La energia eolica se considera una forma indirecta de energia solar. Entre el 1 y 2% de la energia proveniente del sol se convierte en viento, debido al movimiento del aire ocasionado por el desigual calentamiento de la superficie terrestre. La energia cinetica del viento puede transformarse en energia util, tanto mecanica como electrica. La energia eolica, transformada en energia mecanica ha sido historicamente aprovechada, pero su uso para la generacion de energia electrica es mas reciente, en respuesta a la crisis del petroleo y a los impactos ambientales derivados del uso de combustibles. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es hacer un analisis de viabilidad desde un punto de vista tecnico y economico de un parque eolico situado en el municipio de Barasoain (Navarra). Desde el punto de vista tecnico se han estudiado los aspectos constructivos del parque considerando sus diferentes infraestructuras de obra civil y electrica asi como los niveles de recurso eolico. En el ambito economico y financiero se han analizado los aspectos y ratios mas relevantes que definen un proyecto de estas caracteristicas asi como el modelo de financiacion elegida basada en el Project- Finance. Entre las conclusiones mas destacadas de este proyecto cabe destacar la contribucion de la construccion del parque al desarrollo social y economico de la zona donde queda ubicado contribuyendo a la creacion de puestos de trabajo, tanto en la fase de construccion como de explotacion y una perfecta armonia con condicionantes medioambientales de la zona. El analisis tecnico realizado nos indica la viabilidad tecnica del parque tanto desde el punto de vista de recurso eolico como la idoneidad para poder evacuar la energia producida. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos cumplen perfectamente con los estandares requeridos por los financiadores de los parques y resultando ser muy atractivos para sus accionistas

Production of polyesters in transgenic plants.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacterial polyesters having the properties of biodegradable thermoplastics and elastomers. Synthesis of PHAs has been demonstrated in transgenic plants. Both polyhydroxybutyrate and the co-polymer poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) have been synthesized in the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus. Furthermore, a range of medium-chain-length PHAs has also been produced in plant peroxisomes. Development of agricultural crops to produce PHA on a large scale and at low cost will be a challenging task requiring a coordinated and stable expression of several genes. Novel extraction methods designed to maximize the use of harvested plants for PHA, oil, carbohydrate, and feed production will be needed. In addition to their use as plastics, PHAs can also be used to modify fiber properties in plants such as cotton. Furthermore, PHA can be exploited as a novel tool to study the carbon flux through various metabolic pathways, such as the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle.

Role of fluid mixing in deep dissolution of carbonates

The presence of cavities filled with new minerals in carbonate rocks is a common feature in oil reservoirs and lead-zinc deposits. Since groundwater equilibrates rapidly with carbonates, the presence of dissolution cavities in deep carbonate host rocks is a paradox. Two alternative geochemical processes have been proposed to dissolve carbonates at depth: hydrogen sulfide oxidation to sulfuric acid, and metal sulfide precipitation. With the aid of geochemical modeling we show that mixing two warm solutions saturated with carbonate results in a new solution that dissolves limestone. Variations in the proportion of the end-member fluids can also form a supersaturated mixture and fill the cavity with a new generation of carbonate. Mixing is in general more effective in dissolving carbonates than the aforementioned processes. Moreover, mixing is consistent with the wide set of textures and mineral proportions observed in cavity infillings.

Effect of brushwood transposition on the leaf litter arthropod fauna in a cerrado area

The results of ecological restoration techniques can be monitored through biological indicators of soil quality such as the leaf litter arthropod fauna. This study aimed to determine the immediate effect of brushwood transposition transferred from an area of native vegetation to a disturbed area, on the leaf litter arthropod fauna in a degraded cerrado area. The arthropod fauna of four areas was compared: a degraded area with signal grass, two experimental brushwood transposition areas, with and without castor oil plants, and an area of native cerrado. In total, 7,660 individuals belonging to 23 taxa were sampled. Acari and Collembola were the most abundant taxa in all studied areas, followed by Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Symphyla. The brushwood transposition area without castor oil plants had the lowest abundance and dominance and the highest diversity of all areas, providing evidence of changes in the soil community. Conversely, the results showed that the presence of castor oil plants hampered early succession, negatively affecting ecological restoration in this area.

Model development for capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) habitat in the Jura Mountains (Western Switzerland)

Capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus, is a threatened species in central Europe, and Swiss populations declined 40 to 50 % between 1970 and 1985. Capercaillie are sensitive to forest structure, and loss of habitat is a major cause of their decline. Knowledge of habitat characteristics is therefore essential for capercaillie conservation. Here, we present models predicting capercaillie probability of occurrence, based on relevant structural habitat variables. Models were built using multiple logistic regression analyses on capercaillie presence/absence data. Vegetation survey was carried out in July 1999 in a 170-km2 forested area (Jura mountains, canton de Vaud, western Switzerland) inhabited by capercaillie and presence/absence of the species was assessed according to dropping presence/absence. The survey was based on 10-m-radius sample plots each in a 1-km2 forest patch (n = 76 with capercaillie droppings, n = 80 without). A first model included seven out of 27 measured habitat variables and a second model only four. The latter model best represents practical needs. It includes three variables which had a negative impact on capercaillie presence: tree and shrub covers and spruce, Picea excelsa, shrub cover, and one which had a positive effect: bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus, cover, highlighting that capaercaillie selected open forest with high bilberry abundance. The model can be used to map potential capercaillie habitat distribution and to manage the habitat in favour of capercaillie (protection and adapted forestry practices) in the Swiss Jura mountains.

Pore-scale modeling of two-phase flow instabilities in porous media

Les problèmes d'écoulements multiphasiques en média poreux sont d'un grand intérêt pour de nombreuses applications scientifiques et techniques ; comme la séquestration de C02, l'extraction de pétrole et la dépollution des aquifères. La complexité intrinsèque des systèmes multiphasiques et l'hétérogénéité des formations géologiques sur des échelles multiples représentent un challenge majeur pour comprendre et modéliser les déplacements immiscibles dans les milieux poreux. Les descriptions à l'échelle supérieure basées sur la généralisation de l'équation de Darcy sont largement utilisées, mais ces méthodes sont sujettes à limitations pour les écoulements présentant de l'hystérèse. Les avancées récentes en terme de performances computationnelles et le développement de méthodes précises pour caractériser l'espace interstitiel ainsi que la distribution des phases ont favorisé l'utilisation de modèles qui permettent une résolution fine à l'échelle du pore. Ces modèles offrent un aperçu des caractéristiques de l'écoulement qui ne peuvent pas être facilement observées en laboratoire et peuvent être utilisé pour expliquer la différence entre les processus physiques et les modèles à l'échelle macroscopique existants. L'objet premier de la thèse se porte sur la simulation numérique directe : les équations de Navier-Stokes sont résolues dans l'espace interstitiel et la méthode du volume de fluide (VOF) est employée pour suivre l'évolution de l'interface. Dans VOF, la distribution des phases est décrite par une fonction fluide pour l'ensemble du domaine et des conditions aux bords particulières permettent la prise en compte des propriétés de mouillage du milieu poreux. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous simulons le drainage dans une cellule Hele-Shaw 2D avec des obstacles cylindriques. Nous montrons que l'approche proposée est applicable même pour des ratios de densité et de viscosité très importants et permet de modéliser la transition entre déplacement stable et digitation visqueuse. Nous intéressons ensuite à l'interprétation de la pression capillaire à l'échelle macroscopique. Nous montrons que les techniques basées sur la moyenne spatiale de la pression présentent plusieurs limitations et sont imprécises en présence d'effets visqueux et de piégeage. Au contraire, une définition basée sur l'énergie permet de séparer les contributions capillaires des effets visqueux. La seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'investigation des effets d'inertie associés aux reconfigurations irréversibles du ménisque causé par l'interface des instabilités. Comme prototype pour ces phénomènes, nous étudions d'abord la dynamique d'un ménisque dans un pore angulaire. Nous montrons que, dans un réseau de pores cubiques, les sauts et reconfigurations sont si fréquents que les effets d'inertie mènent à différentes configurations des fluides. A cause de la non-linéarité du problème, la distribution des fluides influence le travail des forces de pression, qui, à son tour, provoque une chute de pression dans la loi de Darcy. Cela suggère que ces phénomènes devraient être pris en compte lorsque que l'on décrit l'écoulement multiphasique en média poreux à l'échelle macroscopique. La dernière partie de la thèse s'attache à démontrer la validité de notre approche par une comparaison avec des expériences en laboratoire : un drainage instable dans un milieu poreux quasi 2D (une cellule Hele-Shaw avec des obstacles cylindriques). Plusieurs simulations sont tournées sous différentes conditions aux bords et en utilisant différents modèles (modèle intégré 2D et modèle 3D) afin de comparer certaines quantités macroscopiques avec les observations au laboratoire correspondantes. Malgré le challenge de modéliser des déplacements instables, où, par définition, de petites perturbations peuvent grandir sans fin, notre approche numérique apporte de résultats satisfaisants pour tous les cas étudiés. - Problems involving multiphase flow in porous media are of great interest in many scientific and engineering applications including Carbon Capture and Storage, oil recovery and groundwater remediation. The intrinsic complexity of multiphase systems and the multi scale heterogeneity of geological formations represent the major challenges to understand and model immiscible displacement in porous media. Upscaled descriptions based on generalization of Darcy's law are widely used, but they are subject to several limitations for flow that exhibit hysteric and history- dependent behaviors. Recent advances in high performance computing and the development of accurate methods to characterize pore space and phase distribution have fostered the use of models that allow sub-pore resolution. These models provide an insight on flow characteristics that cannot be easily achieved by laboratory experiments and can be used to explain the gap between physical processes and existing macro-scale models. We focus on direct numerical simulations: we solve the Navier-Stokes equations for mass and momentum conservation in the pore space and employ the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method to track the evolution of the interface. In the VOF the distribution of the phases is described by a fluid function (whole-domain formulation) and special boundary conditions account for the wetting properties of the porous medium. In the first part of this thesis we simulate drainage in a 2-D Hele-Shaw cell filled with cylindrical obstacles. We show that the proposed approach can handle very large density and viscosity ratios and it is able to model the transition from stable displacement to viscous fingering. We then focus on the interpretation of the macroscopic capillary pressure showing that pressure average techniques are subject to several limitations and they are not accurate in presence of viscous effects and trapping. On the contrary an energy-based definition allows separating viscous and capillary contributions. In the second part of the thesis we investigate inertia effects associated with abrupt and irreversible reconfigurations of the menisci caused by interface instabilities. As a prototype of these phenomena we first consider the dynamics of a meniscus in an angular pore. We show that in a network of cubic pores, jumps and reconfigurations are so frequent that inertia effects lead to different fluid configurations. Due to the non-linearity of the problem, the distribution of the fluids influences the work done by pressure forces, which is in turn related to the pressure drop in Darcy's law. This suggests that these phenomena should be taken into account when upscaling multiphase flow in porous media. The last part of the thesis is devoted to proving the accuracy of the numerical approach by validation with experiments of unstable primary drainage in a quasi-2D porous medium (i.e., Hele-Shaw cell filled with cylindrical obstacles). We perform simulations under different boundary conditions and using different models (2-D integrated and full 3-D) and we compare several macroscopic quantities with the corresponding experiment. Despite the intrinsic challenges of modeling unstable displacement, where by definition small perturbations can grow without bounds, the numerical method gives satisfactory results for all the cases studied.

1233-015IJ Miller Creek Watershed Final Report

Miller Creek, a 19,926 acre watershed, is listed on the 2008 Section 303d Impaired Waters List. All indicators, as reported in the Miller Creek assessment, show that the impairment is due to nutrient and sediment delivery from upland runoff which contributes to elevated water temperatures, excessive algae, and low dissolved oxygen levels within the stream. The WIRB board provided implementation grant funds in 2010 for a three year project to treat targeted areas of 5 tons per acre or greater soil loss with an estimated reduction of 2,547 tons. As of December 1, 2012, with 95% of the funds allocated, the final results are estimated to provide a sediment delivery reduction of 4,500 tons and an estimated phosphorus reduction of 5,700 lbs per year. These accomplishments and the completion of the three year Miller Creek WIRB project represent "Phase I" of the SWCD's goals to treat the Miller Creek watershed. This application represents "Phase II" or the final phase of the Miller Creek water quality project. The Monroe SWCD plans to reduce sediment delivery by 70% on an additional 245 acres of priority land. This goal will be accomplished through installation of strategically placed structural practices, BMPs, and grazing systems. These practices will reduce soil loss, nutrient runoff, and sediment delivery as well as improve water quality and wildlife habitat in the watershed. Utilization of partnerships with NRCS and IDALS-DSC will continue to be an important part to the success of the project. Project goals will be achieved by utilizing matching funds from EQIP, and the Monroe SWCD has approved the use of District IFIP cost share funds specifically for use in the Miller Creek Watershed.

1109-003 Coe Creek Watershed Final Report

The city of Elliott has had an increase in nitrate levels in their community water supply located in the Coe Creek Watershed. They have been working with the IDNR Source Water Protection (SWP) Programs to conduct site investigations and have formed a SWP Planning Team. This Team has been reviewing the investigation findings, formed an action plan and studied different Best Management Practices (BMPs). After considering the BMPs the SWP Team made a recommendation to the Elliott City Council which included native grass seeding and a shallow water wetland. The Team also held an informational meeting for the citizens of Elliott. The goal of this meeting was to inform and educate the public of the Team findings and BMPs. The Elliott City Council approved the restoration of a shallow wetland with a native grass buffer. This whole project is 27 acres and includes a shallow water wetland with native grass buffer. This would be a long term method to reduce nitrates in the city wells. Elliott is partnering with the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Montgomery County Soil and Water Conservation District, Pheasants Forever, the Montgomery County Conservation Board, US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Montgomery County Board of Supervisors in the restoration of the shallow water wetland and native grass buffer.

1009-004 Lost Island Lake Watershed Final Report

The Lost Island Lake watershed is located in the prairie pothole region, a region dotted with glacial wetlands and shallow lakes. At 1,180 acres, Lost Island Lake is the state's fifth largest natural lake and its watershed is comprised of nearly 1,000 acres of wetland habitat, including Iowa 's largest natural wetland – Barringer Slough. Unfortunately, Lost Island and its associated wetlands are not functioning to their fullest ecological and water quality potential. In 2002 and 2004, Lost Island Lake was categorized as '·impaired'" on Iowa's Impaired Waters List. Frequent algal blooms and suspended solids drastically increase turbidity levels resulting in its impairment. To investigate these concerns, a two-year study and resulting Water Quality Improvement Plan were completed. The water quality study identified an overabundance of non-native common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the lake and its surrounding wetlands as a primary cause of impairment. The goal of the Lost Island Lake Watershed Enhancement Project is to restore ecological health to Lost Island Lake and its intricate watershed resulting in improved water quality and a diverse native plant and wildlife community. The purpose of this grant is to obtain funding for the construction of two combination fish barriers and water control structures placed at key locations in the watershed within the Blue Wing Marsh complex. Construction of the fish barriers and water control structures would aid restoration efforts by preventing spawning common carp from entering wetlands in the watershed and establishing the ability to manage water levels in large wetland areas. Water level management is crucial in wetland health and exotic fish control. These two structures are part of a larger construction project that involves a total of four combination fish barriers and water control structures and one additional fish barrier. The entire Lost Island Lake Watershed Enhancement Project is a multi-year project, but the construction phase for the fish barriers and water control structures will be completed before December 31, 2011.

06031-014 City of Carpenter Sewage Treatment System Project Final Report

The Mitchell County Soil and Water Conservation District is applying on behalf of the incorporated community of Carpenter to construct a wastewater collection and treatment system to assist in the environmental cleanup and protection of Deer Creek. IDNR water monitoring of the community tile line has shown consistently elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria indicating the presence of untreated sewage water. These are obvious health threats to the downstream users and wildlife in Deer Creek and the Cedar River. A new sewer system for the community of Carpenter will eliminate illegal discharges into the creed and be the first step in the overall protection of the stream.

07032-012 Lake MacBride Watershed Final Report

Lake Macbride is considered to be one of the top four lakes for fishing in the state of Iowa. It is widely used by the public and contributes significant economic benefits to the county. Lake Macbride is situated in the North Corridor which is one of the fastest growing areas in the state. The lake has a surface area of 940 acres and drains 16,205 acres. Lake Macbride is on the Iowa 303(d) list for excessive sediments and nutrients. In 2001, Lake Macbride State Park received over 2.5 million dollars from the Marine Fuel Tax and Fish and Wildlife Trust to install 2 silt basins and stabilize over 12 miles of shoreline in the lake. Also in 2001, the Johnson County SWCD received a WSPF allocation from DSC to address agriculture and urban runoff issues in the watershed. Section 319 funding was received in 2002 to continue watershed efforts to the present. A watershed assessment was completed in 2003 to guide watershed activities. In 2005, a TMDL was completed for the lake. Since 2001, over $645,000 dollars has been spent by landowners and funding partners to install conservation practices in the watershed. Watershed efforts have resulted in the reduction of over 4200 tons of soils from being delivered into Lake Macbride. Nutrient reductions have also occurred from the development of nutrient management plans on 2000 acres. The District is in the process of wrapping up watershed efforts on private land. A series of 13 structures is planned to be installed in the State Park over the next several years. One of the last remaining items that still needs addressed is 1,400 feet of eroding shoreline adjacent to Lake Macbride along Cottage Reserve Road. The road is under the jurisdiction of the Johnson County Board of Supervisors. Both the Board of Supervisors and the IDNR are willing to contribute substantial dollars to address the 250 tons of soil that are being directly delivered to Lake Macbride each year.

Riverine Wetland Summary Report, November 2015

The condition of Iowa’s riverine wetlands is poorly known. No historic baseline information about the physical conditions, vegetation communities, and wildlife use in these ecosystems exists in the state. The primary goals of this project were to assess the ecological condition of riverine wetlands in Iowa, and improve the quality and quantity of data available to resource managers. Iowa’s remaining riverine wetlands represent a valuable set of resources, and their continued monitoring and assessment is imperative to future management decisions.

Water stress before harvest of pepper-rosmarin

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of different periods of water stress before harvest of pepper-rosmarin (Lippia sidoides) on the contents of essential oil and flavonoids. The experiment was carried out during 270 days of cultivation, with drainage lysimeters, in a completely randomized block design with five treatments: 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of water suppression before harvest, with four replicates. Fresh and dry matter yield, essential oil content, total flavonoids content, and water potential and temperature of leaves were determined. There was a decrease of approximately 50% in oil content and of 60% in total flavonoid content with the reduction of leaf water potential in 0.3 MPa. Essential oil is more sensitive to water stress than total flavonoids.

Kunnan ympäristönsuojelumääräykset case Kotka

Ympäristönsuojelulain (86/2000) 19 §:n nojalla kunnilla voi olla ympäristönsuojelumääräykset. Määräysten antaminen on kunnille vapaaehtoista. Määräysten tulee olla ympäristönsuojelulain täytäntöönpanon kannalta tarpeellisia, kunnan paikallisista olosuhteista johtuvia kuntaa tai sen osaa koskevia yleisiä määräyksiä. Määräykset antaa kunnanvaltuusto. Ympäristönsuojelumääräyksillä on muuta lainsäädäntöä täydentävä, ei korvaava asema. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli laatia Kotkan kaupungille ehdotus kunnan ympäristönsuojelumääräyksiksi. Työn teoriaosassaon selvitetty kunnan ympäristönsuojelumääräysten oikeudelliset lähtökohdat ja suhde muuhun lainsäädäntöön. Tulososassa on selvitetty mitä toimintoja Kotkassa tulisi säännellä kunnan ympäristönsuojelumääräyksin. Työn toimeksiantajan kannalta oleellisimmat tulokset on esitetty työn liiteosassa. Ehdotuksen määräykset koskevat jätevesien käsittelyä, lumenkaatopaikkojen aiheuttamia ympäristöhaittoja, pölyn torjuntaa, tilapäisen melun torjuntaa, öljysäiliöiden tarkastamista ja käytöstä poistamista sekä hevosten pidon ympäristövaikutuksia. Ympäristönsuojelumääräysten voimaantulon myötä osa ympäristönsuojeluviranomaisen antamista suosituksista saa sitovan vaikutuksen. Ympäristönsuojelumääräykset osaltaan selventävät ympäristönsuojeluviranomaisen mahdollisuuksia puuttua eri toimintojen ympäristövaikutuksiin ennakolta.

Suomen öljytaseen laskenta kansainvälisessä raportoinnissa ja kansallisessa tilastoinnissa

Työn kohteena olivat Suomen öljytaseeseen liittyvät kansainväliset vuosikyselyt, joiden raportoinnista Suomessa vastaa Tilastokeskus. Samalla tarkasteltiin Tilastokeskuksen laatimia kansallisia energiatilastoja, jotka liittyvät öljyn hankintaan, jalostukseen ja käyttöön. Työn pääpaino oli kuitenkin kansainvälisissä raportoinneissa. Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää Eurostatin, IEA:n ja YK:n vuosittaisen öljykyselyn sekä YK:n ilmastosopimukselle laadittavaan kasvihuonekaasuinventaarioon liittyvän Reference Approach -laskennan raportointia. Selvitysten toivottiin pienentävän öljynhankinnan ja kulutuksen välisistä tase-eroista johtuvia tilastovirheitä. Kansainvälisten raportointien tutkimuksesta odotettiin myös löytyvän kehittämisehdotuksia kansallisiin energiatilastoihin. Vuosittaisten energiakyselyiden pohjalta syntyvät merkittävimmät kansainväliset energiatilastotietokannat. Tietoja käytetään useisiin tarkoituksiin muun muassa energian riittävyyden jakulutuksen analysointiin globaalisti. Reference Approach on taas vaihtoehtoinenlaskentatapa energiakäytöstä ja -tuotannosta aiheutuville hiilidioksidipäästöille. Reference Approach raportoidaan vuosittain YK:n ilmastosopimukselle. Työ toteutettiin tarkastelemalla kansainvälisen öljykyselyn rakennetta ja useista eri lähteistä saatuja öljytuotteiden lähtötietoja. Vuoden 2004 öljykyselyä täydennettiin ja tietoja verrattiin alkuperäiseen raporttiin. Reference Approach -laskennan tutkiminen toteutettiin tarkistamalla öljytuotteiden lähtötiedot ja loppukäytön jakaantuminen energiakäytön ja raaka-ainekäytön välillä. Tutkimuksien pohjalta Reference Approach -aikasarja laskettiin uudelleen ja tuloksia verrattiin alkuperäiseen aikasarjaan. Työn tuloksena saatiin sekä kansainvälistä öljykyselyä että Reference Approach -laskentaa tarkennettua huomattavasti. Samalla tilastovirheet pienenivät merkittävästi. Työssä tehtyjä havaintoja ja tuloksia tullaan hyödyntämään jatkossa sekä Suomen kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen laskennassa että kansainvälisen öljykyselyn raportoinnissa.