T&K-yhteisty��projektinvalintakriteerit ja - p����t��sprosessi: Case VR Cargo

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli l��yt���� yritysten v��listen tutkimus- ja kehityshankkeiden valintaan liittyvi�� kriittisi�� tekij��it�� ja luoda T&K-verkostojen analysointiin soveltuva malli, jonka avulla tutkimuksen caseyritys VR Cargo voi tehd�� p����t��ksi�� panostuksistaan eri hankkeisiin ja ylip����t��ns�� siit��, miss�� kannattaa olla mukana sek�� kuinka l��yt���� strategisia kehityskumppaneita. Ty��n teoriaosuus tehtiin kirjallisuuskatsauksena aiempaan T&K-tutkimukseen ja empiria osuus suoritettiin tekem��ll�� teemahaastatteluja VR Cargossa sek�� kahdessa vertailuyrityksess��. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin useita erilaisia kriittisi�� tekij��it�� T&K-yhteisty��hankkeisiin liittyen. Yrityksen on mm. huomioitava T&K-hankkeen strateginen sopivuus ja lis��arvo, m����ritelt��v�� motiivit ja riskit, yrityskohtaisten tekij��iden ovat oltava kunnossa, on tiedett��v�� millainen on yritykselle hyv�� ja sopiva partneri sek�� yhteisty��tason tekij��t on huomioitava. Tutkimuksessa rakennettua hankkeiden valintaan liittyv���� p����t��spuumallia, ei ole tarkoitettu tekem����n lopullista valintap����t��st��, vaan sen tarkoituksena on helpottaa ja tukea valintaprosessia ja alentaa n��in todenn��k��isyytt�� unohtaa jokin t��rke�� seikka valintaprosessissa.

Ac��mulo de N, K, Ca, Mg e S na mat��ria seca da parte a��rea de mudas de cajueiro-an��o-precoce submetidas a n��veis crescentes de mat��ria org��nica

Com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de n��veis crescentes de mat��ria org��nica no ac��mulo de macronutrientes de porta-enxertos de cajueiro-an��o-precoce em 4 est��dios de crescimento, foi conduzido experimento na ��rea experimental do Departamento de Irriga����o e Drenagem da Universidade Federal do Cear��, em Fortaleza, Cear��, no per��odo de abril a junho de 1995. Utilizou-se como substrato mistura de solo e h��mus de minhoca em propor����es variadas. Para o plantio, utilizou-se semente de cajueiro-an��o-precoce prog��nie CCP-76. Os tratamentos resultaram da aplica����o de cinco n��veis de mat��ria org��nica (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 cm��/2,5kg solo) e 4 ��pocas de avalia����o (15; 30; 45 e 60 dias ap��s a germina����o). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com quatro repeti����es e seis plantas por parcela. Amostras do material vegetal foram submetidas �� digest��o n��tricopercl��rica, para determina����o de K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente, e sulf��rica, para determinar o N. A adi����o de n��veis crescentes de mat��ria org��nica ao substrato apresentou efeito linear positivo, para o N e K, atingindo o m��ximo para a dose de 400 cm3. Em rela����o aos efeitos das ��pocas, verificou-se efeito linear negativo. Quanto ao Ca, Mg e S, por serem considerados de baixa mobilidade no floema, estes apresentaram tend��ncias de concentra����o com o incremento de massa seca das mudas.

Motion artifact reduction and vessel enhancement for free-breathing navigator-gated coronary MRA using 3D k-space reordering.

Breathing-induced bulk motion of the myocardium during data acquisition may cause severe image artifacts in coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Current motion compensation strategies include breath-holding or free-breathing MR navigator gating and tracking techniques. Navigator-based techniques have been further refined by the applications of sophisticated 2D k-space reordering techniques. A further improvement in image quality and a reduction of relative scanning duration may be expected from a 3D k-space reordering scheme. Therefore, a 3D k-space reordered acquisition scheme including a 3D navigator gated and corrected segmented k-space gradient echo imaging sequence for coronary MRA was implemented. This new zonal motion-adapted acquisition and reordering technique (ZMART) was developed on the basis of a numerical simulation of the Bloch equations. The technique was implemented on a commercial 1.5T MR system, and first phantom and in vivo experiments were performed. Consistent with the results of the theoretical findings, the results obtained in the phantom studies demonstrate a significant reduction of motion artifacts when compared to conventional (non-k-space reordered) gating techniques. Preliminary in vivo findings also compare favorably with the phantom experiments and theoretical considerations. Magn Reson Med 45:645-652, 2001.

Calculation of Activity Coefficients of Uni-Univalent Electrolytes by Equations Containing No Adjustable Parameters in Aqueous Solutions at 298.15 K

Normally either the G��ntelberg or Davies equation is used to predict activity coefficients of electrolytes in dilute solutions when no better equation is available. The validity of these equations and, additionally, of the parameter-free equations used in the Bates-Guggenheim convention and in the Pitzerformalism for activity coefficients were tested with experimentally determined activity coefficients of HCl, HBr, HI, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, NH4Cl, LiBr,NaBr and KBr in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K. The experimental activity coefficients of these electrolytes can be usually reproduced within experimental errorby means of a two-parameter equation of the H��ckel type. The best H��ckel equations were also determined for all electrolytes considered. The data used in the calculations of this study cover almost all reliable galvanic cell results available in the literature for the electrolytes considered. The results of the calculations reveal that the parameter-free activity coefficient equations can only beused for very dilute electrolyte solutions in thermodynamic studies.

Potentiometric titration as a method of determining the stoichiometric dissociation constants of weak acids from the thermodynamic dissociation constants of aqueous solutions at 298.15 K

The simple single-ion activity coefficient equation originating from the Debye-H��ckel theory was used to determine the thermodynamic and stoichiometric dissociation constants of weak acids from data concerning galvanic cells. Electromotive force data from galvanic cells without liquid junctions, which was obtained from literature, was studied in conjuction with the potentiometric titration data relating to aqueous solutions at 298.15 K. The dissociation constants of weak acids could be determined by the presented techniques and almost all the experimental data studied could be interpreted within the range of experimental error. Potentiometric titration has been used here and the calculation methods were developed to obtain the thermodynamic and stoichiometric dissociation constants of some weak acids in aqueous solutions at 298.15 K. The ionic strength of titrated solutions were adjusted using an inert electrolyte, namely, sodium or potassium chloride. Salt content alonedetermines the ionic strength. The ionic strength of the solutions studied varied from 0.059 mol kg-1 to 0.37 mol kg-1, and in some cases up to 1.0 mol kg-1. The following substances were investigated using potentiometric titration: aceticacid, propionic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid and bis(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropanol) amine.

Superf��cies de resposta do tangor 'Murcott' �� fertiliza����o com N, P e K

O valor de comercializa����o no mercado de fruta fresca e a maior resist��ncia a doen��as, como o decl��nio e a clorose variegada dos citros, comparado ��s variedades de laranjas, estimularam a produ����o de tangerinas e de 'Murcott' na ��ltima d��cada. Por outro lado, faltam informa����es seguras para o diagn��stico das necessidades de aduba����o para esses c��tricos. Assim, o presente trabalho foi planejado com os objetivos de estudar a demanda por nutrientes e estabelecer doses de fertilizantes para maximizar a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos de tangor 'Murcott' e definir crit��rios de diagn��stico da an��lise de folhas para o manejo nutricional dessas plantas. O experimento foi desenvolvido durante seis anos, num pomar comercial da variedade Murcott sobre limoeiro 'Cravo', com 4 anos de idade. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no delineamento fatorial fracionado, do tipo �� (4��) e constitu��dos por n��veis de N (30; 100; 170 e 240 kg N ha-1), de P (20; 80; 140 e 200 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e de K (30; 110; 190 e 270 kg ha-1 de K2O). O N aumentou a produ����o m��dia do per��odo, enquanto o efeito do K foi negativo. N��o houve efeito significativo para doses de P. A produ����o m��xima de frutos foi obtida com as doses 155; 20 e 30 kg ha-1, respectivamente, de N, P2O5 e K2O, enquanto, para otimizar o tamanho dos frutos, foi necess��rio elevar a doses de K para 270 kg ha-1 de K2O. Outras caracter��sticas de qualidade dos frutos tamb��m foram estudas, bem como crit��rios para a interpreta����o de resultados de an��lises de folhas.

Zn and K influence in fruit sizes of Valencia orange

In orange commercial farms, Zn deficiencies symptoms and small fruits were observed in Corrientes, Argentine. During four years (1995 to 1998), Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) on Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstock, implanted in 1974 in sandy soil, where six treatments were tested. Treatments varied from 1 to 3 Kg KCl.tree-1.year-1 (applied in April and December) with and without Zineb 80, 0,35%. year-1, 20 L. tree-1 (13,3 g Zn.tree-1 applied in December). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications, with a single tree and borders in the experimental plot. Foliar sample were taken every year in Autumn and Summer, foliar concentrations of Zn and K were determined by atomic spectrum absorption. Harvested fruits were classified into small, medium and big. Analysis of Variance, Tukey test and Pearson correlations between production and foliar concentrations were performed. Higher fertilization levels of K with Zn increased medium and big fruits production (Kg and percentage). Foliar concentrations of K and Zn were positively correlated with big and medium fruit production and negatively correlated with small one. Chemical names used: Ethilenbis-ditiocarbamate of Zn (Zineb).

Copy number variation in the porcine genome inferred from a 60 k SNP BeadChip

Background: Recent studies in pigs have detected copy number variants (CNVs) using the Comparative Genomic Hybridization technique in arrays designed to cover specific porcine chromosomes. The goal of this study was to identify CNV regions (CNVRs) in swine species based on whole genome SNP genotyping chips. Results: We used predictions from three different programs (cnvPartition, PennCNV and GADA) to analyze data from the Porcine SNP60 BeadChip. A total of 49 CNVRs were identified in 55 animals from an Iberian x Landrace cross (IBMAP) according to three criteria: detected in at least two animals, contained three or more consecutive SNPs and recalled by at least two programs. Mendelian inheritance of CNVRs was confirmed in animals belonging to several generations of the IBMAP cross. Subsequently, a segregation analysis of these CNVRs was performed in 372 additional animals from the IBMAP cross and its distribution was studied in 133 unrelated pig samples from different geographical origins. Five out of seven analyzed CNVRs were validated by real time quantitative PCR, some of which coincide with well known examples of CNVs conserved across mammalian species. Conclusions: Our results illustrate the usefulness of Porcine SNP60 BeadChip to detect CNVRs and show that structural variants can not be neglected when studying the genetic variability in this species.

Metabolic responses of guava trees irrigated withdifferent N and K levels in S��o Francisco Valley

The guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Paluma has been cultivated in S��o Francisco Valley, Northeastern of Brazil, for in natura consumption and processing purposes. In spite of its importance, there are few scientific knowledge regarding guava physiology, nutrition, irrigation and fertigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of weather conditions and different concentrations of N and K applied by fertigation in foliar contents of reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch, sucrose, amino acids, and proteins. The field experiment was carried out at Bebedouro Experimental Field and the biochemical evaluations at the Laboratory of Seed and Plant Physiology, both located at Embrapa Semi-��rido, Petrolina-PE. The doses of 200 g N and 100 g K2O; 400 g N and 200 g K2O; 600 g N and 300 g K2O; and 800 g N and 400 g K2O per plant were applied in an experiment field. The experimental design was totally randomized blocks, with four treatments and five blocks. The weather conditions influenced the plant photosynthesis, which affects the plants metabolism. Guava presented specific responses to N and K fertigation for each parameter evaluated. The weather conditions during the evaluation period influenced guava responses to N and K fertigation.

Fertirriga����o da bananeira cv. Prata-An�� com N e K em um argissolo vermelho-amarelo

O Nordeste brasileiro �� a principal regi��o produtora de banana, respons��vel por cerca de 35,80% da produ����o nacional. Apesar das condi����es favor��veis ao seu cultivo, a produtividade tem sido muito abaixo do seu potencial. Geralmente, isso se deve a problemas de suprimento h��drico e nutricional. Dentre os nutrientes, o nitrog��nio (N) e o pot��ssio (K) s��o requeridos em maiores quantidades pela bananeira. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de quatro doses de N (0; 117; 235 e 352 kg ha-1 de N) e de K (0; 157; 313 e 470 kg ha-1 de K2O), aplicados via fertirriga����o, avaliaram-se caracter��sticas produtivas de um 2�� ciclo de cultivo da banana cv. Prata-An��, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo dos tabuleiros costeiros do Nordeste brasileiro. O N n��o influenciou na produ����o de banana, enquanto a resposta ao K foi linear. O n��vel cr��tico de K pelo Mehlich-1, na profundidade de 0,20- 0,40 m, foi 0,71 mmol c kg-1.