Revisão dos parasitas e outros agentes infecciosos que afectam as populações ibéricas de um carnívoro social - o texugo euroasiático (Meles Meles, Linnaeus 1758)

O texugo euroasiático é um dos carnívoros ibéricos passível de funcionar como reservatório de algumas zoonoses que podem afectar os animais domésticos, outros animais silvestres ou o Homem, cuja ecologia (ex. sociabilização) promove a manutenção e dispersão de algumas patologias. A listagem dos parasitas e das doenças infecciosas que afectam este predador na Europa foi já profundamente detalhada, mas nesses trabalhos há uma ausência quase completa de referências às populações ibéricas. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objectivo efectuar uma revisão bibliográfica dos trabalhos que mencionem o texugo como hospedeiro de ectoparasitas ou reservatório de outros agentes infecciosos, nomeadamente, pulgas (ex. Pulex), carraças (ex. Ixodes), piolhos (ex. Trichodectes),helmintos (ex. Mastophorus), bactérias (ex. Mycobacterium) e protozoários (ex. Toxoplama).

HIV/tuberculosis co-infection: a request for a better surveillance

The increasing endemicity of tuberculosis resulting from causes such as immigration, poverty, a declining public health infrastructure and co-infection by HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is leading to a change in tuberculosis control programmes. One of the main reasons for the resurgence of tuberculosis is HIV infection - the risk of tuberculosis is greater in HIV patients than in the majority of the population as can be seen from numerous research projects. The need for systematic testing for HIV infection in all tuberculosis patients by undertaking confidential HIV tests on admission to a tuberculosis programme is brought out. This measure would increase the number of cases diagnosed and provide data for better surveillance of the co-infection.

Tuberculose associada à AIDS: situação de região do Nordeste brasileiro

OBJETIVO: Investigar os principais aspectos da co-infecção pelo HIV e o Mycobacterium tuberculosis nos pacientes adultos assistidos pelo hospital de referência para doenças infecciosas do Estado do Ceará, Brasil, responsável pela notificação de 89,3% dos casos registrados no Estado, entre 1986-92. METODOLOGIA: Foram coletados dados de prontuários de pacientes maiores de 15 anos, com diagnóstico de AIDS, atendidos em hospital de referência estadual, região Nordeste do Brasil. A análise dos dados seguem o critério do Ministério da Saúde, para definição dessa doença. RESULTADOS: A tuberculose apresentou-se em 30,6% dos pacientes estudados (151/493) e foi diagnosticada até o primeiro ano após o diagnóstico da AIDS em 76,8% dos casos. Observou-se um tendência crescente na proporção de casos de tuberculose entre pacientes com AIDS conforme decresce o nível de escolaridade (<0,001). A forma extrapulmonar apresentou-se em 23,9% dos casos e a forma miliar em 25% destes casos, diferindo significativamente (p<0,001 para as duas proporções) dos casos com tuberculose sem infecção pelo HIV registrados no Estado, em 1992. CONCLUSÃO: O precoce desenvolvimento da tuberculose, a elevada presença de formas extrapulmonares e a alta letalidade indicam que as medidas de prevenção e controle da AIDS e da tuberculose não devem ser vistas separadamente.

Problemas na padronização da reação em cadeia da polimerase para diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar

OBJETIVO: Padronizar reação em cadeia da polimerase para diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar, comparando os resultados obtidos com as técnicas microbiológicas clássicas, e analisar seu uso numa região de alta prevalência da tuberculose. MÉTODOS: Foram descontaminadas, após a baciloscopia, 42 amostras de escarro de pacientes. Em seguida, procedeu-se ao cultivo em Lowenstein-Jensen e à reação em cadeia da polimerase com "primers" que amplificam um fragmento de 123 pares de base do genoma do Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTADOS: Das 42 amostras de escarro, 10 apresentaram cultura positiva para M. tuberculosis. Dez foram positivas à baciloscopia e 16 mostraram-se positivas na reação em cadeia da polimerase. A sensibilidade e especificidade do teste em relação à cultura foi de 90% e 81%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A reação em cadeia da polimerase tem sensibilidade comparável à da cultura e pode ser realizada em apenas um dia, resultando em tratamento precoce e melhor controle da doença. A padronização e avaliação de técnicas de biologia molecular no diagnóstico da tuberculose no Brasil é imprescindível na discussão da implantação deste exame na rotina diagnóstica em centros de referência.

Tuberculose resistente: revisão molecular

O progresso na compreensão dos mecanismos de resistência aos fármacos usados no tratamento da tuberculose tem permitido o desenvolvimento de novos métodos para a detecção da tuberculose resistente. A resistente aos fármacos representa uma ameaça para os programas de controle da tuberculose. Para tanto, é necessário conhecer o padrão de sensibilidade das linhagens para fornecer o tratamento adequado. Os estudos moleculares dos mecanismos de ação dos fármacos antituberculose têm elucidado as bases genéticas da resistência aos fármacos em Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Os mecanismos de resistência aos fármacos na tuberculose são causados por mutações cromossomais em diferentes genes da bactéria. Durante a exposição aos fármacos, há uma pressão seletiva favorecendo o desenvolvimento de linhagens resistentes. A tuberculose multirresistente é um problema nacional e internacional que traz sérias dificuldades para o controle global da doença. Realizou-se uma revisão sobre os mecanismos moleculares associados à resistência aos fármacos com ênfase nas novas perspectivas para detectar os isolados resistentes.

QSAR modeling of antitubercular activity of diverse organic compounds

Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide infectious disease that has shown over time extremely high mortality levels. The urgent need to develop new antitubercular drugs is due to the increasing rate of appearance of multi-drug resistant strains to the commonly used drugs, and the longer durations of therapy and recovery, particularly in immuno-compromised patients. The major goal of the present study is the exploration of data from different families of compounds through the use of a variety of machine learning techniques so that robust QSAR-based models can be developed to further guide in the quest for new potent anti-TB compounds. Eight QSAR models were built using various types of descriptors (from ADRIANA.Code and Dragon software) with two publicly available structurally diverse data sets, including recent data deposited in PubChem. QSAR methodologies used Random Forests and Associative Neural Networks. Predictions for the external evaluation sets obtained accuracies in the range of 0.76-0.88 (for active/inactive classifications) and Q(2)=0.66-0.89 for regressions. Models developed in this study can be used to estimate the anti-TB activity of drug candidates at early stages of drug development (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Alginate-chitosan particulate delivery systems for mucosal immunization against tuberculosis

Although vaccination is still the most cost-effective strategy for tuberculosis control, there is an urgent need for an improved vaccine. Current BCG vaccine lacks efficacy in preventing adult pulmonary tuberculosis, the most prevalent form of the disease. Targeting nasal mucosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection site, will allow a simpler, less prone to risk of infection and more effective immunization against disease. Due to its biodegradable, immunogenic and mucoadhesive properties, chitosan particulate delivery systems can act both as carrier and as adjuvant, improving the elicited immune response. In this study, BCG was encapsulated in alginate and chitosan microparticles, via a mild ionotropic gelation procedure with sodium tripolyphosphate as a counterion. The particulate system developed shows effective modulation of BCG surface physicochemical properties, suitable for mucosal immunization. Intracellular uptake was confirmed by effective transfection of human macrophage cell lines.

Controle de crianças e adolescentes comunicantes de tuberculosos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

OBJETIVO: Detectar doença ou infecção tuberculosa em comunicantes de pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em centro municipal de saúde da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, com 184 crianças e adolescentes, de 0 a 15 anos de idade, comunicantes de tuberculosos, no período de março de 1995 a março de 1997. Os comunicantes foram submetidos à avaliação clínico-radiológica, teste tuberculínico e baciloscopia de escarro, quando possível. Os doentes foram submetidos à quimioterapia anti-tuberculose e os infectados à quimioprofilaxia. Foi pesquisada a viragem tuberculínica nos comunicantes não reatores ao teste tuberculínico por meio de um segundo teste realizado após oito semanas e, quando presente, a quimioprofilaxia era instituída. RESULTADOS: A casuística foi composta por 98 meninos e 86 meninas, com idades variando entre 0 e 15 anos. Segundo o critério de Gomez, 26,9% das crianças eram desnutridas. Em relação à fonte de infecção, 170 (92,4%) foram intradomiciliares, das quais 66,5% eram os pais. A vacinação BCG foi constatada em 98,4% crianças e 14,7% haviam sido revacinadas. O teste tuberculínico foi reator forte em 110/181 crianças. Consideraram-se infectadas pelo M. tuberculosis 76 (41,3%) crianças e detectaram-se 25 (13,6%) casos de tuberculose pulmonar, dos quais sete (28%) estavam assintomáticos. Houve maior adoecimento quando o comunicante convivia com mais de uma fonte de infecção (p=0,02). CONCLUSÕES: A detecção de doença e de infecção tuberculosa foi elevada na população estudada. O controle de comunicantes deve ser enfatizado, pois permite o diagnóstico de tuberculose em crianças ainda assintomáticas e identifica infectados, os quais podem se beneficiar da quimioprofilaxia.

Cellular uptake of BCG-loaded chitosan microparticles and in vivo evaluation of immune response following intranasal immunisation

Attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only currently available vaccine against tuberculosis. It is highly effective in pre-exposure immunisation against TB in children when administered by subcutaneous route to newborns. However, it does not provide permanent protection in adults. In this work, polymeric chitosan-alginate microparticles have been evaluated as potential nasal delivery systems and mucosal adjuvants for live attenuated BCG. Chitosan (CS) has been employed as adjuvant and mucosal permeation-enhancer, and, together with alginate (ALG), as additive to enhance BCG-loaded microparticles (MPs) cellular uptake in a human monocyte cell line, by particle surface modification. The most suitable particles were used for vaccine formulation and evaluation of immune response following intranasal immunisation of BALB/c mice.

Tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis in prison inmates

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalences of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis in inmates. METHODS: Observational study was carried out with inmates of a prison and a jail in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between March and December of 2008. Questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic and epidemiological data. Tuberculin skin testing was administered (PPD-RT23-2TU/0.1 mL), and the following laboratory tests were also performed: sputum smear examination, sputum culture, identification of strains isolated and drug susceptibility testing. The variables were compared using Pearson's chi-square (Χ2) association test, Fisher's exact test and the proportion test. RESULTS: Of the 2,435 inmates interviewed, 2,237 (91.9%) agreed to submit to tuberculin skin testing and of these, 73.0% had positive reactions. The prevalence of tuberculosis was 830.6 per 100,000 inmates. The coefficients of prevalence were 1,029.5/100,000 for inmates of the prison and 525.7/100,000 for inmates of the jail. The sociodemographic characteristics of the inmates in the two groups studied were similar; most of the inmates were young and single with little schooling. The epidemiological characteristics differed between the prison units, with the number of cases of previous tuberculosis and of previous contact with the disease greater in the prison and coughing, expectoration and smoking more common in the jail. Among the 20 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains identified, 95.0% were sensitive to anti-tuberculosis drugs, and 5.0% were resistant to streptomycin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalences of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis were higher in the incarcerated population than in the general population, and they were also higher in the prison than in the jail.

Design, synthesis and biologival evaluation of novel isoniazid derivatives with potente antitubercular activity

The disturbing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has been driving the scientific community to urgently search for new and efficient antitubercular drugs. Despite the various drugs currently under evaluation, isoniazid is still the key and most effective component in all multi-therapeutic regimens recommended by the WHO. This paper describes the QSAR-oriented design, synthesis and in vitro antitubercular activity of several potent isoniazid derivatives (isonicotinoyl hydrazones and isonicotinoyl hydrazides) against H37Rv and two resistant Mtb strains. QSAR studies entailed RFs and ASNNs classification models, as well as MLR models. Strict validation procedures were used to guarantee the models' robustness and predictive ability. Lipophilicity was shown not to be relevant to explain the activity of these derivatives, whereas shorter N-N distances and lengthy substituents lead to more active compounds. Compounds I, 2, 4, 5 and 6, showed measured activities against H37Rv higher than INH (i.e., MIC <= 0.28 mu M), while compound 9 exhibited a six fold decrease in MIC against the katG (S315T) mutated strain, by comparison with INH (Le., 6.9 vs. 43.8 mu M). All compounds were ineffective against H37Rv(INH) (Delta katG), a strain with a full deletion of the katG gene, thus corroborating the importance of KatG in the activation of INH-based compounds. The most potent compounds were also shown not to be cytotoxic up to a concentration 500 times higher than MIC. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Diagnóstico molecular da tuberculose bovina

Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Radiometric studies on the oxidation of (U-14C) L-amino acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria

A radiometric assay system has been used to study oxidation patterns of (U-14C) L-amino acids by drug-susceptible and drug-resistant mycobacteria. Drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis (H37Rv TMC 102 and Erdman) along with the drug-resistant organism M. tuberculosis (H37 Rv TMC 303), M. bovis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii and M. chelonei were used. The organisms were inoculated into a sterile reaction system with liquid 7H9 medium and one of the (U-14C) L-amino acids. Each organism displayed a different pattern of amino acid oxidation, but these patterns were not distinctive enough for identification of the organism. Complex amino acids such as proline, phenylalanine and tyrosine were of no use in identification of mycobacteria, since virtually all organisms failed to oxidize them. There was no combination of substrates able to separate susceptible from resistant organisms.

Approaches to tuberculosis mucosal vaccine development using nanoparticles and microparticles: a review

Next-generation vaccines for tuberculosis should be designed to prevent the infection and to achieve sterile eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mucosal vaccination is a needle-free vaccine strategy that provides protective immunity against pathogenic bacteria and viruses in both mucosal and systemic compartments, being a promising alternative to current tuberculosis vaccines. Micro and nanoparticles have shown great potential as delivery systems for mucosal vaccines. In this review, the immunological principles underlying mucosal vaccine development will be discussed, and the application of mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems to the enhancement of protective immune responses at mucosal surfaces will be reviewed, in particular those envisioned for oral and nasal routes of administration. An overview of the essential vaccine candidates for tuberculosis in clinical trials will be provided, with special emphasis on the potential different antigens and immunization regimens.

Noble metal nanoparticles - Au and Ag - for biodetection

Dissertation submitted for obtainment of the Master’s Degree in Biotechnology, by the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia