Hidrogenação de catalítica de acetileno sobre catalisadores de paládio e catalisadores bimetálicos de paládio e prata

Nesse estudo, prepararam-se catalisadores de paládio e catalisadores de paládio e prata que foram avaliados, juntamente com o catalisador comercial G58H para a reação de hidrogenação seletiva de acetileno. Foram preparados materiais com 0,03% e 0,1% de Pd depositados sobre α-Al2O3 e α-Al2O3 impregnada com 0,2% de Ag. A superfície dos catalisadores foi analisada por quimissorção de CO, TPR de H2 e medidas de área superficial pelo método BET. Os catalisadores de paládio e paládio/prata mostraram-se bastante ativos e seletivos para a reação de hidrogenação de acetileno. Os resultados dos ensaios de quimissorção de CO indicaram que os catalisadores monometálicos preparados a partir do precursor Pd(NO3)2 possuem maior dispersão e que esta diminui com o aumento do conteúdo metálico. A adição da prata diminui a dispersão do paládio nos catalisadores bimetálicos. As análises de redução a temperatura programada (TPR) indicaram que os catalisadores monometálicos de paládio preparados a partir do precursor Pd(NO3)2 apresentam um número maior de espécies redutíveis. No caso dos catalisadores bimetálicos, as análises de TPR permitiram a identificação de fases metálicas onde o paládio interage com a prata. prata. As medidas de área superficial sugeriram que a adição da fase metálica reduz a área superficial dos catalisadores. Os ensaios de atividade catalítica mostraram que os catalisadores mono e bimetálicos preparados a partir do precursor Pd(NO3)2 são mais ativos que os preparados a partir do complexo [Pd(acac)2]. A atividade aumenta com percentual de paládio, porém, as menores seletividades foram obtidas para os catalisadores com maior percentual de paládio. Os catalisadores bimetálicos de Pd/Ag mostraram-se menos ativos que os monometálicos de paládio, entretanto foram mais seletivos na formação de etileno.

Estudo da resistência química de poliestireno de alto impacto às gorduras

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as variáveis comj: Osicionaise estruturais que determinam a resistência ao ESC (ESCR) do HIPS às gorduras, bem como a influência do tipo e do teor de gordura no alimento, da temperatura e da tensão. Para tal, quatro amostras de HIPS comerciais foram submetidas ao ataque químico por alimentos gordurosos, sob diferentes tensões e temperaturas. Os alimentos gordurosos utilizados como agentes químicos foram: margarina de soja e de milho, creme vegetal à base de soja, manteiga, sorvete e uma mistura de azeite de oliva e ácido oleico. Com base no alongamento residual das amostras atacadas quimicamente e na análise de suas respectivas superfícies de fratura, foi proposta uma escala com valores de ESCR.A variação do módulo elástico foi simultaneamente monitorada. Nenhuma das amostras de HIPS testadas apresentou-se completamente apropriadapara o uso em embalagemde alimentosgordurosos. Observou-se que o nível de fragilização das amostras estudadas foi amplamente dependente à temperatura do teste. O início do processo de difusão das gorduras através do material é antecipado pelo aumento da temperatura e também da tensão. As amostras de HIPS apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados quando atacadas a 5 e a 23°C por razão da diferença no coeficiente de expansão térmica entre a borracha e o PS. Em temperaturas mais elevadas, ocorre uma maior compressão da borracha sobre a matriz de PS, contribuindo para a dissipação da tensão Com base nos resultados obtidos, sugere-se que um HIPS indicado para a embalagem de alimentos gordurosos, independentemente da temperatura de aplicação, deve apresentar as seguintes características: (a) tamanho de partícula de borracha próximo a 5 m; (b) massa molar j:Onderal da matriz de PS próxima a 200.000 g/mol; (c) conteúdo de fase gel próximo a 30%, com alto nível de entrecruzamento da borracha e (d) conteúdo de borracha entre 8 e 9%. O tipo de gordura, e não necessariamente a sua quantidade no alimento, foi o fator prej:Onderante para intensificar o ataque químico ao HIPS. As gorduras saturadas foram mais agressivas do que as gorduras mono e polinsaturadas.

Macroprolactinemia numa coorte de mulheres com hiperprolactinemia : associações com variáveis clínicas, hormonais e exames de imagem da hipófise

A prolactina (PRL) é um hormônio peptídico sintetizado e secretado, principalmente, pelas células lactotróficas da glândula hipófise anterior, tendo como principal função a indução e manutenção da lactação. Existem três formas moleculares de PRL na circulação: PRL monomérica (little prolactin) com massa molecular de cerca de 23KDa, PRL dimérica (big prolactin) com 45 a 50KDa, e macroprolactina (big big prolactin) maior do que 150KDa. Esta última está geralmente ligada a imunoglobulinas G. Em condições normais, ou em pacientes com hiperprolactinemia sintomática, predomina em circulação a forma monomérica. A hiperprolactinemia é uma das disfunções endócrinas hipotálamo-hipofisárias mais comuns em mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Ocorre mais freqüentemente por adenomas hipofisários (prolactinomas) e secundária ao uso de drogas com ação central. Na ausência de causas conhecidas, a hiperprolactinemia é considerada como idiopática. Finalmente, pode estar associada ao predomínio de macroprolactina no soro, sendo denominada macroprolactinemia. A suspeita de macroprolactinemia ocorre quando um paciente com hiperprolactinemia não apresenta os sintomas típicos e/ou não tem evidências radiográficas de tumor na hipófise, embora a macroprolactinemia possa estar ocasionalmente associada a prolactinomas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a freqüência de macroprolactinemia, através da precipitação com PEG, numa amostra de mulheres com hiperprolactinemia; descrever associações da macroprolactinemia com variáveis clínicas, hormonais e de imagem da hipófise; e caracterizar a evolução clínica e dos níveis de prolactina durante o seguimento desta coorte. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, onde foi estudada uma coorte de pacientes do sexo feminino (n = 32), consultando no HCPA de 1989 a 2005, com diagnóstico de hiperprolactinemia (>26ng/mL) e seguimento com agonistas da dopamina. Após um período de 3 meses sem tratamento (washout), as pacientes dosaram prolactina para investigação dos níveis séricos e presença de macroprolactina, e foram classificadas como aquelas que normalizaram os níveis séricos de prolactina durante estes anos de seguimento (Grupo Hprl prévia) e as que continuaram hiperprolactinêmicas. Estas foram reclassificadas como grupo de hiperprolactinêmicas cuja forma circulante predominante é a prolactina monomérica (Grupo Hprl mono) e o grupo de hiperprolactinêmicas com predominância de macroprolactina (Grupo Hprl macro). O percentual de macroprolactina foi calculado através dos valores de PRL totais obtidos das amostras íntegras em comparação com os níveis de PRL encontrados nas amostras precipitadas com PEG. Recuperações de prolactina monomérica > 50% classificaram a amostra como tendo predomínio de formas monoméricas, o percentual de recuperação  40% foi considerado como predomínio de formas de alto peso molecular (macroprolactinemia), e recuperação entre 40 e 50% indicou indefinição da forma predominante de PRL. A freqüência de macroprolactina foi de 28,1% (n = 32). Pacientes hiperprolactinêmicas com macroprolactinemia são significativamente mais jovens do que as hiperprolactinêmicas com a forma monomérica. Como esperado, tanto as pacientes do grupo Hprl macro como Hprl mono apresentam níveis de prolactina significativamente mais elevados que as pacientes Hprl prévia. Através do método de precipitação com PEG, identificou-se a forma predominante de prolactina na circulação em 71,8% dos casos (n = 32). Verificamos ainda que as pacientes com predominância de macroprolactina não apresentam os sintomas da síndrome hiperprolactinêmica, e na maioria dos casos, possuem exames de imagem por TC normal.

Crescimento urbano e ambiente : Um estudo exploratório sobre as transformações e o futuro da cidade

Crescimento espacial tem sido um dos importantes fenômenos observados nas cidades contemporâneas, sendo a identificação de processos e padrões, de suas causas e conseqüências, um desafio para a ciência. Nesse caminho, esta pesquisa propõe um modelo de simulação de crescimento urbano dedicado a realizar simulações, incluindo de modo integrado fatores urbanos, naturais e institucionais, promovendo simultaneidade entre crescimento externo e interno a um espaço urbano preexistente, representados e modelados utilizando integradamente grafos, autômato celular e geotecnologias. Experimentos com modos de crescimento (axial, polar e difuso) e com cenários alternativos estão implementados, bem como são investigadas questões urbanas de conversão de território, de distribuição dos estoques construídos, de formação de periferias e vazios, de obsolescência e revitalização, de mono e policentralidade, de abrangência de funções urbanas e de influência da distância, de renaturalização e preservação ambiental, de limites de crescimento e problemas ambientais intra-urbanos, de ponderação de atributos, de crescimento difuso, fragmentação e compacidade. Estão também incluídas possibilidades de compressão de dados e alternativas de visualização de resultados, alcançando estudos exploratórios sobre forma urbana e sustentabilidade. O trabalho está dedicado inicialmente a fundamentar, construir e apresentar o modelo de simulação de crescimento denominado SACI – Simulador do Ambiente da Cidade®, depois a realizar simulações num caso real, em Pelotas, RS, quando são demonstrados os procedimentos de calibração, terminando com experimentos escolhidos para avançar na discussão do fenômeno do crescimento urbano. Esforços estão realizados para oferecer um instrumento de simulação com possibilidade de uso para além dos interesses exclusivos desta investigação, particularmente no campo do ensino e da prática do planejamento urbano municipal. Sendo assim, este argumento se dedica simultaneamente a documentar a trajetória de construção de um modelo de simulação de crescimento urbano, a explicitar sua aplicabilidade em casos de cidades reais e a contribuir para a compreensão teórica da dinâmica urbana e ambiental na cidade.

Determinantes de spread de fundos de investimento em direitos creditórios

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar fatores que influenciam o spread de cotas seniores de Fundos de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios (FIDC). Trata-se de um estudo pioneiro no segmento de renda fixa, uma vez que os anteriores focaram o spread para debêntures. Entender componentes do spread em FIDCs é muito importante para as empresas que captam recursos no mercado de capitais por meio deste novo instrumento. A análise contemplou 113 ofertas públicas indexadas ao CDI entre 2002 e 2009 que tinham prazo determinado e pelo menos 02 investidores adquirentes das cotas. Foram elaboradas quatro regressões múltiplas pelo método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). A primeira visava identificar quais variáveis afetavam o rating. A segunda tinha como variável dependente o spread e as independentes eram todas, excluindo as que afetavam o rating. A terceira equação testou uma possível relação de não-linearidade entre spread e rating, enquanto a quarta testou o spread contra todas as demais variáveis, incluindo as que afetavam o rating. Os resultados apontaram que o rating é sim um bom determinante para o spread, assim como o volume da emissão, ambiente econômico e instituição financeira que faz a custódia do fundo. Da mesma forma, são fatores que explicam o rating: ambiente econômico, quem são o administrador e o custodiante do fundo, o número de investidores, volume, se o fundo é multi ou mono-cedente e se os ativos são performados ou não. Não há linearidade entre spread e rating em FIDCs. A maior contribuição deste estudo foi apresentar pela primeira vez variáveis que afetam um novo tipo de investimento em renda fixa, os FIDCs, tais como tipo de ativo, níveis de concentração e fundos mono e multi-cedentes. Tudo isto por meio de um cuidadoso tratamento da base de dados.

Purificação e caracterização parcial de uma B-D glicosidade de Artemia franciscana com ação sobre celobiose e lactose

-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is one of the most interesting glycosidases, especially for hydrolysis cellobiose releasing glucose, is last step degradation of cellulose. This function makes the -D-glucosidase is of great interest as a versatile industrial biocatalyst, being critical to various bio-treatment / biorefinery processes, such as bioethanol production. Hen in the report, a -D-glucosidase was extracts from protein extracted of the invertebrate marine Artemia franciscana was purified and characterized with a combination of precipitation with ammonium sulfate (0 - 30%, 30 to 50%, 50 to 80%), the fraction saturated in the range of 30 to 50% (called F-II) was applied in a molecular exclusion chromatography, in Sephacryl S-200, the fractions corresponding to the first peak of activity of -D-glucosidase were gathered and applied in a chromatography of ion exchange in Mono Q; the third peak this protein obtained chromatography, which coincides with the peak of activity of -D-glucosidase was held and applied in a gel filtration chromatography Superose 12 where the first peak protein, which has activity of -D-glucosidase was rechromatography on Superose 12. This enzyme is probably multimerica, consisting of three subunit molecular mass of 52.7 kDa (determined by SDS-PAGE) with native molecular mass of 157 kDa (determined by gel filtration chromatography on Superose 12 under the system FPLC). The enzyme was purified 44.09 times with a recovery of 1.01%. Using up p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside as substrate obtained a Km apparent of 0.229 mM and a Vmax of 1.109 mM.60min-1.mL-1mM. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of catalysis of the synthetic substrate were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The activity of the -D-glucosidase was strongly, inhibited by silver nitrate and N- etylmaleimide, this inhibition indicates the involvement of radical sulfidrila the hydrolysis of synthetic substrate. The -D-glucosidase of Artemia franciscana presented degradativa action on celobiose, lactose and on the synthetic substrate -nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside indicating potential use of this enzyme in the industry mainly for the production of bioethanol (production of alcohol from the participating cellulose), and production hydrolysate milk (devoid of milk lactose)

Obtenção de polímeros de LCC para aplicação como antioxidante de biodiesel de soja

Biodiesel is a fuel obtained from vegetable oils, such as soy, castorbean, among others. The monoester of fatty acid of these oils have chains with mono, di and tri double connections. The presence of these insaturations are susceptible to oxidization. Antioxidants are substances able to prevent oxidization from oils, fats, fat foods, as well as esters of Alquila( biodiesel). The objective of this work is to summarize a new antioxidant from the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) using the electrolysis technique. A current of 2 amperes was used in a single cell of only one group and two eletrodos of stainless steel 304 in a solution of methanol, together with the eletrolits: acetic acid, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide, for two hours of agitation. The electrolysis products are characterized by the techniques of cromatography in a thin layer, spectroscopy of infrared and gravimetric analysis. The material was submitted to tests of oxidative stability made by the techniques of spectropy of impendancy and Rancimat (EN 14112). The analyses of characterization suggest that the polimerization of the electrolytic material ocurred. The application results of these materials as antioxidants of soy biodiesel showed that the order of the oxidative stability was obtained by both techniques used

Analise estrutural do galactano acidico dos ovos de pomacea lineata e avaliacao de suas atividades proliferativa e antiinflamatoria

The acidic galactan (AG) was obtained by extraction and proteolysis by acetone precipitation of the eggs of the mollusc Pomacea lineata. Its structure was elucidated by a combination of chemical analysis, the intrinsic viscosity and NMR spectroscopy 1D and 2D. Biological aspects of AG were evaluated by in vivo testing of healing and peritonitis induced (anti-inflammatory activity) and in vitro assays of cytotoxicity (MTT). This polymer showed a simple structure without the presence of sulfate and uronic acids in its structure. Its intrinsic viscosity and relative were evaluated at 0.44 ± 0.05 and 1.744± 0.07 dl.g-1. Spectroscopy showed that the AG has a constitution composed predominantly of β-D-galactosis, and β-D-glucosamine-NAcetil that comes in a smaller proportion in chain. The character of this acidic polysaccharide is given by the presence of pyruvate in the molecule, forming a cyclic acetal of six states, located in β-D-galactosis. The involvement of AG in the healing process was evaluated and the histological analysis revealed that there was so early in the process of healing, a great stimulation of macrophages with granuloma formation. Suggesting that AG may have promoted the advance of biological events required for tissue healing. In the trial of the GA-induced peritonitis showed dose dependent, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effect at concentrations above 20 mg/kg, and confirming its inflammatory character and the concentration of 1mg/kg. In vitro tests used in the GA concentration of 1000 μg/mL showed proliferative activity by stimulating the growth of 3T3 cells, corroborating the findings in vivo and demonstrating the absence of cytotoxic activity

Avaliação do status de zinco e da expressão gênica de metalotioneínas em pacientes com aterosclerose tratados com rosuvastatina

The study had as objective to evaluate the zinc status by means of dietary intake, zinc in plasma and in erythrocytes and the metallothionein gene expression in patients with atherosclerosis in use of rosuvastatin. The research involved 27 adult and elderly patients of both genders with atherosclerosis that were treated with rosuvastatin (10mg/day) during 4 months. We performed the dosage of lipids, glucose, AST and ALT, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), plasmatic and erythrocyte zinc and 1 and 2 metallothionein gene expression. The assessment of body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference (AC) was performed, besides the analysis of dietary intake of patients. The majority of the evaluated patients presented overweight, before and after the treatment, with no significant difference between the times of the study. It was identified that the AC was significantly reduced in the group (p<0.05) after the intervention. The majority of the patients had intake below the recommendation of calories and fibers and above recommendation of proteins. The mono and polyunsaturated fats were adequate for the majority of the patients, however, the saturated fat and cholesterol were consumed in excess by a great part of the individuals. The intake of zinc was inadequate, being noticed an inadequacy of 100% in the male gender and of 84% in the female. After the treatment with rosuvastatin there was a significant reduction in the total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-c (p<0.01) and no alterations were observed in the HDL-c and triacylglycerols. It was also verified that the reduction of glycemia (p<0.05) and of hsCRP (p<0.01). The analysis did not demonstrate significant differences in the plasmatic and erythrocyte zinc concentration after the treatment. There was, after the treatment, reduction of the MT1F gene (p<0.05) without, however, occurring significant alterations in the MT2A gene. The treatment with rosuvastatin was effective in the reduction of TC and LDL-c, and promoted the reduction of inflammatory marker hsCRP. The zinc in the plasma and erythrocyte was not altered by the use of the medication and there was a reduction in the MT1F gene, possibly due to the reduction of inflammation. The majority of patients presented inadequate intake of zinc and this inadequacy did not have relation with the mineral parameters in plasma and erythrocytes or with the metallothionein gene expression

Asymmetric post-natal development of superior cervical ganglion of paca (Agouti paca)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developping the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. Its important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformers secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de controladores preditivos baseados em modelos biliares

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Estudo da influência de compostos recalcitrantes na remoção de matéria orgânica biodegradável no tratamento de efluente de refinarias de petróleo

Petroleum Refinery wastewaters (PRW) have hart-to-degrade compounds, such as: phenols, ammonia, cyanides, sulfides, oils and greases and the mono and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX), acenaphthene, nitrobenzene and naphtalene. It is known that the microrganisms activity can be reduced in the presence of certain substances, adversely affecting the biological process of wastewater treatment. This research was instigated due the small number of studies regarding to this specific topic in the avaiable literature. This body of work ims to evaluate the effect of toxic substances on the biodegradability of the organic material found in PRW. Glucose was chosen as the model substrate due to its biodegradable nature. This study was divided into three parts: i) a survey of recalcitants compounds and the removal of phenol by using both biological and photochemical-biological processes; ii) biomass aclimation and iii) evaluation of the inhibitory effect certain compounds have on glucose biodegradation. The phenol degradation experiments were carried out in an activity sludge system and in a photochemical reactor. The results showed the photochemical-biological process to be more effective on phenol degradation, suggesting the superioruty of a combined photochemical-biological treatment when compared with a simple biological process for phenol removal from industry wastewaters. For the acclimation step, was used an activated sludge from industrial wastewaters. A rapid biomass aclimation to a synthetic solution composed of the main inhibitory compouns fpund in a PRW was obtained using the following operation condition: (pH = 7,0; DO ≥ 2,0 mg/L; RS = 20 days e qH = 31,2 and 20,4 hours), The last part was consisted of using respirometry evaluation toxicity effects of selected compounds over oxygen uptake rate to adaptated and non adaptated biomass in the presence of inhibitory compounds. The adaptated sludge showed greater degration capacity, with lower sensibility to toxic effects. The respirometry has proved to be very practical, as the techiniques used were simple and rapid, such as: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS). Using the latter it is possible to perform sludge selection to beggingthe process; thus allowing its use for aerobic treatment system`s behacior prediction