The combined influences of westerly phase of the quasi biennial oscillation and 11-year solar maximum conditions on the Northern Hemisphere extratropical winter circulation

The combined influences of the westerly phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO-W) and solar maximum (Smax) conditions on the Northern Hemisphere extratropical winter circulation are investigated using reanalysis data and Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies chemistry climate model (CCM) simulations. The composite analysis for the reanalysis data indicates strengthened polar vortex in December followed by weakened polar vortex in February–March for QBO-W during Smax (QBO-W/Smax) conditions. This relationship need not be specific to QBO-W/Smax conditions but may just require strengthened vortex in December, which is more likely under QBO-W/Smax. Both the reanalysis data and CCM simulations suggest that dynamical processes of planetary wave propagation and meridional circulation related to QBO-W around polar vortex in December are similar in character to those related to Smax; furthermore, both processes may work in concert to maintain stronger vortex during QBO-W/Smax. In the reanalysis data, the strengthened polar vortex in December is associated with the development of north–south dipole tropospheric anomaly in the Atlantic sector similar to the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) during December–January. The structure of the north–south dipole anomaly has zonal wavenumber 1 (WN1) component, where the longitude of anomalous ridge overlaps with that of climatological ridge in the North Atlantic in January. This implies amplification of the WN1 wave and results in the enhancement of the upward WN1 propagation from troposphere into stratosphere in January, leading to the weakened polar vortex in February–March. Although WN2 waves do not play a direct role in forcing the stratospheric vortex evolution, their tropospheric response to QBO-W/Smax conditions appears to be related to the maintenance of the NAO-like anomaly in the high-latitude troposphere in January. These results may provide a possible explanation for the mechanisms underlying the seasonal evolution of wintertime polar vortex anomalies during QBO-W/Smax conditions and the role of troposphere in this evolution.

Reconstructing paleosalinity from δ18O: coupled model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum, Last Interglacial and Late Holocene

Reconstructions of salinity are used to diagnose changes in the hydrological cycle and ocean circulation. A widely used method of determining past salinity uses oxygen isotope (δOw) residuals after the extraction of the global ice volume and temperature components. This method relies on a constant relationship between δOw and salinity throughout time. Here we use the isotope-enabled fully coupled General Circulation Model (GCM) HadCM3 to test the application of spatially and time-independent relationships in the reconstruction of past ocean salinity. Simulations of the Late Holocene (LH), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and Last Interglacial (LIG) climates are performed and benchmarked against existing compilations of stable oxygen isotopes in carbonates (δOc), which primarily reflect δOw and temperature. We find that HadCM3 produces an accurate representation of the surface ocean δOc distribution for the LH and LGM. Our simulations show considerable variability in spatial and temporal δOw-salinity relationships. Spatial gradients are generally shallower but within ∼50% of the actual simulated LH to LGM and LH to LIG temporal gradients and temporal gradients calculated from multi-decadal variability are generally shallower than both spatial and actual simulated gradients. The largest sources of uncertainty in salinity reconstructions are found to be caused by changes in regional freshwater budgets, ocean circulation, and sea ice regimes. These can cause errors in salinity estimates exceeding 4 psu. Our results suggest that paleosalinity reconstructions in the South Atlantic, Indian and Tropical Pacific Oceans should be most robust, since these regions exhibit relatively constant δOw-salinity relationships across spatial and temporal scales. Largest uncertainties will affect North Atlantic and high latitude paleosalinity reconstructions. Finally, the results show that it is difficult to generate reliable salinity estimates for regions of dynamic oceanography, such as the North Atlantic, without additional constraints.

Regional atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum and its links to precipitation

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) exhibits different large-scale atmospheric conditions compared to present-day climate due to altered boundary conditions. The regional atmospheric circulation and associated precipitation patterns over Europe are characterized for the first time with a weather typing approach (circulation weather types, CWT) for LGM paleoclimate simulations. The CWT approach is applied to four representative regions across Europe. While the CWTs over Western Europe are prevailing westerly for both present-day and LGM conditions, considerable differences are identified elsewhere: Southern Europe experienced more frequent westerly and cyclonic CWTs under LGM conditions, while Central and Eastern Europe was predominantly affected by southerly and easterly flow patterns. Under LGM conditions, rainfall is enhanced over Western Europe but is reduced over most of Central and Eastern Europe. These differences are explained by changing CWT frequencies and evaporation patterns over the North Atlantic Ocean. The regional differences of the CWTs and precipitation patterns are linked to the North Atlantic storm track, which was stronger over Europe in all considered models during the LGM, explaining the overall increase of the cyclonic CWT. Enhanced evaporation over the North Atlantic leads to higher moisture availability over the ocean. Despite the overall cooling during the LGM, this explains the enhanced precipitation over southwestern Europe, particularly Iberia. This study links large-scale atmospheric dynamics to the regional circulation and associated precipitation patterns and provides an improved regional assessment of the European climate under LGM conditions.

Sub-tropical urban environment affecting content and composition of non-structural carbohydrates of Lolium multiflorum ssp italicum cv. Lema

This study analyzed the relationship between environmental factors, especially air pollution and climatic conditions, and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in plants of Lolium multiflorum exposed during 10 consecutive periods of 28 days at a polluted site (Congonhas) and at a reference site in Sao Paulo city (Brazil). After exposure, NSC composition and leaf concentrations of Al, Fe. Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were measured. The seasonal pattern of NSC accumulation was quite similar in both sites, but plants at Congonhas showed higher concentrations of these compounds, especially fructans of low and medium degree of polymerization. Regression analysis showed that NSC in plants growing at the polluted site were explained by variations on temperature and leaf concentration of Fe (positive effect), as well as relative humidity and particulate material (negative effect). NSC in the standardized grass culture, in addition to heavy metal accumulation, may indicate stressing conditions in a sub-tropical polluted environment. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Texture analysis based on maximum contrast walker

Recently, the deterministic tourist walk has emerged as a novel approach for texture analysis. This method employs a traveler visiting image pixels using a deterministic walk rule. Resulting trajectories provide clues about pixel interaction in the image that can be used for image classification and identification tasks. This paper proposes a new walk rule for the tourist which is based on contrast direction of a neighborhood. The yielded results using this approach are comparable with those from traditional texture analysis methods in the classification of a set of Brodatz textures and their rotated versions, thus confirming the potential of the method as a feasible texture analysis methodology. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Algorithms for Maximum Independent Set in Convex Bipartite Graphs

A bipartite graph G = (V, W, E) is convex if there exists an ordering of the vertices of W such that, for each v. V, the neighbors of v are consecutive in W. We describe both a sequential and a BSP/CGM algorithm to find a maximum independent set in a convex bipartite graph. The sequential algorithm improves over the running time of the previously known algorithm and the BSP/CGM algorithm is a parallel version of the sequential one. The complexity of the algorithms does not depend on |W|.

Improved maximum likelihood estimators in a heteroskedastic errors-in-variables model

This paper develops a bias correction scheme for a multivariate heteroskedastic errors-in-variables model. The applicability of this model is justified in areas such as astrophysics, epidemiology and analytical chemistry, where the variables are subject to measurement errors and the variances vary with the observations. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the performance of the corrected estimators. The numerical results show that the bias correction scheme yields nearly unbiased estimates. We also give an application to a real data set.

A matrix formula for the skewness of maximum likelihood estimators

We give a general matrix formula for computing the second-order skewness of maximum likelihood estimators. The formula was firstly presented in a tensorial version by Bowman and Shenton (1998). Our matrix formulation has numerical advantages, since it requires only simple operations on matrices and vectors. We apply the second-order skewness formula to a normal model with a generalized parametrization and to an ARMA model. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Improved maximum-likelihood estimation in a regression model with general parametrization

We analyse the finite-sample behaviour of two second-order bias-corrected alternatives to the maximum-likelihood estimator of the parameters in a multivariate normal regression model with general parametrization proposed by Patriota and Lemonte [A. G. Patriota and A. J. Lemonte, Bias correction in a multivariate regression model with genereal parameterization, Stat. Prob. Lett. 79 (2009), pp. 1655-1662]. The two finite-sample corrections we consider are the conventional second-order bias-corrected estimator and the bootstrap bias correction. We present the numerical results comparing the performance of these estimators. Our results reveal that analytical bias correction outperforms numerical bias corrections obtained from bootstrapping schemes.

Adubação orgânica e mineral na produção, qualidade e composição química de sementes de abobrinha (Cucurbita pepo L. var. melopepo cv. Caserta)

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da adubação sobre os componentes do rendimento, no potencial de produção, qualidade e composição química das sementes de C. pepo L variedade melopepo (Caserta) conduziu-se dois Estudos no Centro Agrícola Demonstrativo da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre/CAD, e no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes do Departamento de Plantas forrageiras e Agrometeorologia da Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) nos períodos de 2000/01 e 2002/03. No primeiro estudo utilizou-se dois tipos de adubação uma orgânica (cama de aviário- 386g/cova), e outra mineral (fórmula 5-20-20). No segundo estudo, os tratamentos constaram de:T1= testemunha, T2= adubação mineral, e 4 doses de cama de aviário: T3= 63g/cova, T4= 125 g/cova, T5= 187g/cova, T6= 250g/cova. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com 4 e 3 repetições no primeiro e segundo estudos, respectivamente. Foram determinados: número de flores/planta, número de frutos/planta, peso médio de frutos, peso de sementes/fruto, número de sementes/fruto, peso de 1000 sementes, rendimento de sementes/área, germinação, emergência em campo, teste de frio, condutividade elétrica, comprimento de plântula, composição centesimal (Cinza, PB, EE, FB, ENN, NDT, EB, MO), macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, MG, S) e micronutrientes (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Na, B). No primeiro estudo, tanto a adubação mineral como a adubação orgânica não afetaram os componentes do rendimento, o rendimento/área, a qualidade e a composição química de sementes. No segundo estudo, a aplicação de cama de aviário aumentou o rendimento de sementes de abobrinha e os teores de nitrogênio e ferro nas sementes, porém não afetou a qualidade. A dose de cama de aviário que proporcionou o melhor resultado foi de 250g/cova (3,12 t/ha).

Poda, raleio de frutos e uso de fitorreguladores em tangerineiras (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) cv. Montenegrina

Com o propósito de estudar a poda, o raleio de frutos e o uso de fitorreguladores para quebrar a alternância de produção e melhorar a qualidade físico-química dos frutos de tangerineiras ‘Montenegrina’ (Citrus deliciosa Tenore), enxertadas sobre laranjeira ‘Caipira’, em um pomar comercial de 6 anos, situado no município de Butiá-RS, realizouse dois experimentos. No primeiro, foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: A) Testemunha com planta de carga excessiva; B) Testemunha com plantas sem carga; C) Raleio manual de 66% dos frutos de plantas com carga excessiva; D) Pulverização de plantas excessivamente carregadas com 200 mg.L-1 de etefon; E) Poda de plantas excessivamente carregadas; F) Idem “E” + raleio manual de 33 % dos frutos; G) Idem “E” + pulverização com 50 mg.L-1 de 2,4-DP; H) Poda de plantas em alternância de produção (sem carga); I) Idem “H” + pulverização com 15 mg.L-1 de AG3. No outro experimento, testou-se o efeito de pulverizações de etefon nas concentrações de 200, 300, 400 mg.L-1 e Testemunha. Avaliou-se o número de frutos retidos e seu crescimento; número, massa e massa média dos frutos produzidos; qualidade química dos frutos; classificação dos frutos em primeira, segunda e terceira categoria; diâmetro e cor dos frutos e teor de substâncias de reservas das raízes. Verificou-se que a poda melhora a qualidade dos frutos, diminui o consumo de substâncias de reservas pela planta e reduz a produção de frutos de má qualidade e a alternância de produção. O raleio de 66% dos frutos de plantas excessivamente carregadas diminui a produção de frutos de má qualidade, mas é insuficiente para quebrar a alternância de produção, que só é conseguida associando-se a poda com o raleio manual de 33% dos frutos. O etefon só exerce efeito de raleio de frutos em pulverizações com concentrações superiores a 200 mg.L-1, porém eventuais benefícios são neutralizados pela ação fitotóxica revelada pelo amarelecimento e abscisão foliar. Na concentração de 10 mg.L-1, o AG3 não inibe diferenciação de gemas florais e a concentração de 50 mg.L-1 2,4-DP não aumenta o tamanho dos frutos.