A test for strong hysteresis in international trade

The article suggests a new test for strong hysteresis in international trade. The variables that capture the effects of hysteresis are based on the model of Dixit (1989) with calibrations using a state-space model to determine the parameters for each point in time. These variables are then applied to a cointegration test with breaks, where it is possible to verify whether the hysteresis effect is essential in determining the long-term equilibrium.

Uma avaliação da economia convencional ou abandonando-se o trade off eficiência equidade

O objetivo desta proposta é discutir os limites da análise walrasiana convencional e apresentar uma alternativa a ela. Os limites daquela análise são o de supor custos zero de transação e normas e preferências dos agentes dados exogenamente. A visão alternativa considera que muitas e importantes transações no capitalismo, chamados relações contestadas, demandam custos de controle e monitoramento, e podem gerar endogenamente diferentes formas de comportamentos. Estas condições podem dar lugar a fundamentos alternativos para as análises micro e macroeconômicos bem como ver implicações importantes para as políticas de estabilização.

Atendimento ao cliente trade : um estudo de caso de atendimento ao cliente intermediário

Apresenta um estudo de caso de atendimento ao cliente intermediário em indústria farmacêutica. Considera as variáveis administração de vendas, relacionamento com o cliente interno e externo, o ambiente mercadológico, que influenciam no atendimento a este cliente

The Free Trade Area of the Americas : positive outcomes for Brazil and the global community

This document discusses Brazil and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Since the FTAA is only a proposed agreement and trade apparatus at the moment, NAFTA is used as a working model and its influence on and benefit for Mexico and that country’s economy.

Empirical evidence of trade credit uses of brazilian publicly-listed companies

This research provides empirical evidence on the use of trade credit as either a substitution or a complement to bank debt for listed companies in Brazil, controlling for the firms reputation, as stated by Alphonse, Ducret and Séverin (2006). The sample consists of 263 publicly-listed companies for 2006. Our findings support all three hypotheses. We provide evidence that trade credit may be used as a signal for the firm’s quality.

A oferta de trade credit pelas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto

O objetivo deste trabalho é testar os determinantes da oferta de trade credit por companhias brasileiras de capital aberto, no período entre os anos de 2005 e 2008. Estudos internacionais, teóricos e empíricos, documentam que os principais determinantes são o tamanho e nível de endividamento das firmas, ambos indicando a disponibilidade de recursos nas firmas como fatores significantes na oferta de trade credit. Adicionalmente, esta literatura confirma usos estratégicos para o trade credit, como discriminação de preços entre clientes. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, utilizando-se uma amostra de 157 empresas brasileiras, não suportam as primeiras hipóteses, mas endossam a oferta de trade credit como elemento estratégico para estas firmas. Foi ainda observada uma significativa queda na oferta de trade credit em 2008, ano marcado por uma aguda crise financeira internacional.

Carry trade em um modelo de carteira ótima de moedas

De todas as anomalias documentadas na literatura de finanças internacionais, a sistemática violação da Paridade Descoberta de Juros, ou como é mais conhecida – viés nas taxas futuras câmbio - é sem dúvida um assunto no campo de finanças internacionais que chamou muita atenção e gerou inúmeros estudos nos últimos 30 anos. A questão tratada neste trabalho é se estratégias designadas a explorar a violação da Paridade Descoberta de Juros são lucrativas o suficiente de forma a torná-las uma nova classe de ativos entre os investidores no mercado de câmbio, principalmente os especuladores. Segundo um relatório do Bank for International Settlements (BIS) de 2004, o mercado de moedas tornou-se uma nova classe de ativos por duas razões: violação sistemática da Paridade Descoberta de Juros e alterações macroeconômicas que geraram movimentos de valorização ou desvalorização de longa duração. Apresentamos primeiramente uma revisão da extensa literatura que trata da violação da Paridade Descoberta de Juros e posteriormente um estudo sobre tal violação para uma série de moedas escolhidas conforme sua relevância no volume de negociações médias diárias no mercado de câmbio internacional. Observamos que a violação, assim como já evidenciada em outros estudos, realmente existiu tanto para países desenvolvidos como para países em desenvolvimento. A parte final do trabalho mostrou que as operações destinadas a explorar tal violação não são lucrativas quando analisadas do ponto de vista de uma única moeda. Apesar disso, quando se utilizam modelos de otimização de carteiras, percebem-se não somente retornos comparáveis a outras classes de ativos comumente utilizadas pelos especuladores, mas também com uma relação risco retorno sensivelmente maior. Concluiu-se então que carteiras ótimas de moedas designadas a explorar a violação da hipótese de mercado eficiente são lucrativas, e tal prática pode realmente explicar o aumento nas negociações diárias de diversas moedas nos últimos anos.

Monetary equilibrium with decentralized trade and learning

This paper analyzes the stability of monetary regimes in an economy where fiat money is endogenously created by the government, information about its value is imperfect, and learning is decentralized. We show that monetary stability depends crucially on the speed of information transmission in the economy. Our model generates a dynamic on the acceptability of fiat money that resembles historical accounts of the rise and eventual collapse of overissued paper money. It also provides an explanation of the fact that, despite its obvious advantages, the widespread use of fiat money is only a recent development.

Trade in intermediate goods and total factor productivity

We develop and calibrate a model where differences in factor endowments lead countries to trade intermediate goods, and gains from trade reflect in total factor productivity. We perform several output and growth decompositions, to assess the impact that barriers to trade, as well as changes in terms of trade, have on measured TFP. We find that for very poor economies gains from trade are large, in some cases representing a doubling of GDP. Also, that an improvement in the terms of trade - by allowing the use of a better mix of intermediate inputs in the production process - translates into productivity growth.

New evidence on trade liberalization and productivity growth

Although the subject of a large number of studies, the debate on the links between trade reform and productivity growth is still unresolved and most studies at the micro level have not been able to establish a relationship between the two phenomena. Brazil provides a natural experiment to study this issue that is seldom available: it was one of the closest economies in the world until 1988, when trade reform was launched, and intra-industry data are available on an annual basis before, during and after liberalization. Using a panel of industry sectors this paper tests and measures the impact of trade reform on productivity growth. Results confirm the association between the former and the latter and show that the magnitude of the impact of tariff reduction on the growth rates of TFP and output per worker was substantial. Our data reveal large and widespread productivity improvement, so that the estimations in this paper are an indication that liberalization had an important effect on industrial performance in the country. Cross-sectional differences in protection are also investigated.

Trade liberalization and the evolution of skill earnings differentials in Brazil

Rio de Janeiro

Monopoly power, trade protection and growth: cross industry evidence

This paper investigates the impact of monopoly power on trade policy. Annual panel-databases of Brazilian industries for the years 1988 through 1994 were used. The regressions reported here are robust to openness indicator, concentration index, control variables and sample size, and suggest that industries with higher monopoly power are more protected than competitive sectors. In the period of study the country experienced a major trade liberalization, but the results in the paper show that the reduction in protection was smaller in sectors with higher monopoly power. We thus have evidence favoring recent growth literature which stresses that interest groups with control over creasing productivity. The results here confirm the first part of this argument and show that organized groups in fact are able to obtain policy advantages that reduce competition.

On the long run effects of barriers to trade

We study the macroeconomic effects of international trade policy by integrating a Hecksher-Ohlin trade model into an optimal-growth framework. The model predicts that a more open economy will have higher factor productivity. Furthermore, there is a "selective development trap," an additional steady state with low income, to which countries may or may not converge, depending on policy. Income at the development trap falls as trade barriers increase. Hence, cross-country differences in barriers to trade may help explain the dispersion of per-capita income observed across countries. The effects are quantified and we show that protectionism can explain a relevant fraction of TFP and long-run income differentials across countries.

Trade barriers and productivity growth: cross-industry evidence

This article investigates the impact of trade protection on the evolution of labor productivity and total factor productivity (TFP) of the Brazilian manufacturing sector. An annual panel-dataset of 16 industries for the years 1985 through 1997, a period that includes a major trade liberalization, was used. The regressions reported here are robust to openness indicator (nominal tari®s and e®ective protection rate were used), control variables and time period and suggest that barriers to trade negatively a®ects productivity growth at industry level: those sectors with lower barriers experienced higher growth. We were also able to link the observed increase of industry productivity growth after 1991 to the widespread reduction on exective protection experienced in the country in the nineties.