PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COVALENTLY LINKED ENZYME-ANTIBODY CONJUGATES AND THEIR USE IN MEASURING MINUTE QUANTITIES OF PROTEIN ANTIGENS

The discovery and characterization of oncofetal proteins have led to significant advances in early cancer diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. These tumor-associated antigens are presently measured by sensitive, specific immunoassay techniques based on the detection of minute amounts of labeled antigen or antibody incorporated into immune complexes, which must be isolated from free antigen and antibody.^ Since there are several disadvantages with using radioisotopes, the most common immunolabel, one major objective was to prepare covalently coupled enzyme-antibody conjugates and evaluate their use as a practical alternative to radiolabeled immune reagents. An improved technique for the production of enzyme-antibody conjugates was developed that involves oxidizing the carbohydrate moieties on a glycoprotein enzyme, then introducing antibody in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Covalent enzyme-antibody conjugates involving alkaline phosphatase and amyloglucosidase were produced and characterized.^ In order to increase the sensitivity of detecting the amyloglucosidase-antibody conjugate, an enzyme cycling assay was developed that measures glucose, the product of maltose cleavage by amyloglucosidase, in the picomole range. The increased sensitivity obtained by combined usage of the amyloglucosidase-antibody conjugate and enzyme cycling assay was then compared to that of conventional enzyme immunoassay (EIA).^ For immune complex isolation, polystyrene tubes and protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated as solid phase matrices, upon which antibodies can be immobilized. A sandwich-type EIA, using antibody-coated S. aureus, was developed that measures human albumin (HSA) in the nanogram range. The assay, using an alkaline phosphatase-anti-HSA conjugate, was applied to the determination of HSA in human urine and evaluated extensively for its clinical applicability.^ Finally, in view of the clinical significance of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as an oncofetal antigen and the difficulty with its purification for use as an immunogen and assay standard, a chemical purification protocol was developed that resulted in a high yield of immunochemically pure AFP. ^

Global carbon budget 2013

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ± 1 σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003–2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr − 1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr − 1, S OCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, and S LAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr − 1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, 2.2 % above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr − 1, SOCEANwas 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1, and assuming an ELU Cof 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1 (based on the 2001–2010 average), SLAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr − 1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003–2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 con- centration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1 % (1.1–3.1 %) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61 % above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 535 ± 55 GtC for 1870–2013, about 70 % from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30 % from ELUC (145 ± 50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al., 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Reconciling Precipitation with Runoff: Observed Hydrological Change in the Midlatitudes

Century-long observed gridded land precipitation datasets are a cornerstone of hydrometeorological research. But recent work has suggested that observed Northern Hemisphere midlatitude (NHML) land mean precipitation does not show evidence of an expected negative response to mid-twentieth-century aerosol forcing. Utilizing observed river discharges, the observed runoff is calculated and compared with observed land precipitation. The results show a near-zero twentieth-century trendinobserved NHML landmean runoff,in contrast to the significant positive trend in observed NHML land mean precipitation. However, precipitation and runoff share common interannual and decadal variability. An obvious split, or breakpoint, is found in the NHML land mean runoff–precipitation relationship in the 1930s. Using runoff simulated by six land surface models (LSMs), which are driven by the observed precipitation dataset, such breakpoints are absent. These findings support previous hypotheses that inhomogeneities exist in the early-twentieth-century NHML land mean precipitation record. Adjusting the observed precipitation record according to the observed runoff record largely accounts for the departure of the observed precipitation response from that predicted given the real-world aerosol forcing estimate, more than halving the discrepancy from about 6 to around 2 W m 22. Consideration of complementary observed runoff adds support to the suggestion that NHML-wide early-twentieth-century precipitation observations are unsuitable for climate change studies. The agreement between precipitation and runoff over Europe, however, is excellent, supporting the use of whole-twentieth-century observed precipitation datasets here.

Zonal playfield attributes – A stochastic approach to subjective passing affordances in football

Introduction: According to the ecological view, coordination establishes byvirtueof social context. Affordances thought of as situational opportunities to interact are assumed to represent the guiding principles underlying decisions involved in interpersonal coordination. It’s generally agreed that affordances are not an objective part of the (social) environment but that they depend on the constructive perception of involved subjects. Theory and empirical data hold that cognitive operations enabling domain-specific efficacy beliefs are involved in the perception of affordances. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of these cognitive concepts in the subjective construction of local affordances and their influence on decision making in football. Methods: 71 football players (M = 24.3 years, SD = 3.3, 21 % women) from different divisions participated in the study. Participants were presented scenarios of offensive game situations. They were asked to take the perspective of the person on the ball and to indicate where they would pass the ball from within each situation. The participants stated their decisions in two conditions with different game score (1:0 vs. 0:1). The playing fields of all scenarios were then divided into ten zones. For each zone, participants were asked to rate their confidence in being able to pass the ball there (self-efficacy), the likelihood of the group staying in ball possession if the ball were passed into the zone (group-efficacy I), the likelihood of the ball being covered safely by a team member (pass control / group-efficacy II), and whether a pass would establish a better initial position to attack the opponents’ goal (offensive convenience). Answers were reported on visual analog scales ranging from 1 to 10. Data were analyzed specifying general linear models for binomially distributed data (Mplus). Maximum likelihood with non-normality robust standard errors was chosen to estimate parameters. Results: Analyses showed that zone- and domain-specific efficacy beliefs significantly affected passing decisions. Because of collinearity with self-efficacy and group-efficacy I, group-efficacy II was excluded from the models to ease interpretation of the results. Generally, zones with high values in the subjective ratings had a higher probability to be chosen as passing destination (βself-efficacy = 0.133, p < .001, OR = 1.142; βgroup-efficacy I = 0.128, p < .001, OR = 1.137; βoffensive convenience = 0.057, p < .01, OR = 1.059). There were, however, characteristic differences in the two score conditions. While group-efficacy I was the only significant predictor in condition 1 (βgroup-efficacy I = 0.379, p < .001), only self-efficacy and offensive convenience contributed to passing decisions in condition 2 (βself-efficacy = 0.135, p < .01; βoffensive convenience = 0.120, p < .001). Discussion: The results indicate that subjectively distinct attributes projected to playfield zones affect passing decisions. The study proposes a probabilistic alternative to Lewin’s (1951) hodological and deterministic field theory and enables insight into how dimensions of the psychological landscape afford passing behavior. Being part of a team, this psychological landscape is not only constituted by probabilities that refer to the potential and consequences of individual behavior, but also to that of the group system of which individuals are part of. Hence, in regulating action decisions in group settings, informers are extended to aspects referring to the group-level. References: Lewin, K. (1951). In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Field theory in social sciences: Selected theoretical papers by Kurt Lewin. New York: Harper & Brothers.

FUNCTIONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ADHESION DEFECTIVE CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS

Cell adhesion is an intricate process involving adhesion promoting ligands such as laminin and fibronectin, surface receptors for these ligands and a complex interplay of metabolic and cytoskeletal events (Geiger, BBA 737:305, 1983). Although considerable effort has been directed towards studying adhesion molecules such as fibronectin (Fn), very little is known about the mechanisms regulating the complex process of adhesion.^ I chose to use a CHO adhesion variant clone called AD('v)F11 as a tool to study the various steps which may be involved in adhesion. AD('v)F11 cells unlike wild type (WT), do not adhere to Fn-coated substrata, but will adhere to substrata coated with other extracellular components (Harper and Juliano, J Cell Biol. 91:647, 1981). I have found that although AD('v)F11 cells can bind Fn-coated latex beads to the same extent as WT cells, AD('v)F11 cells also differed from WT cells in that they did not aggregate in the presence of Fn-beads nor internalize Fn-beads. The defect in bead induced cell aggregation and internalization seem to be specific to Fn since lectin coated beads could aggregate AD('v)F11 cells as well as WT cells, and AD('v)F11 cells can also readily internalize lectins. These observations suggest that the defect associated with AD('v)F11 cells is distal to the initial binding to Fn to its cell surface receptor. To further investigate the biochemical defect associated with AD('v)F11 cells, a panel of compounds were examined for their ability to correct the non-adhesive phenotype of AD('v)F11 cells. Among the compounds tested, only those known to increase intracellular cAMP levels were found to be effective in correcting the adhesion defect of F11CA11 cells, a subclone of AD('v)F11 cells.^ Since cAMP effects in eukaryotic cells are mediated through phosphorylation events by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAdPK) system, the phosphorylation pattern and cAdPK system of the F11CA11 cells were analyzed. Comparison between the phosphorylation pattern of intact untreated F11CA11 and WT cells, revealed the presence of a 50 kd phosphoprotein(s) in WT cells but not in F11CA11 cells. Results presented in this dissertation strongly indicate that the adhesion defect in F11CA11 is associated to an altered type I cAdPK that can be corrected by raising intracellular cAMP levels. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) ^

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 19 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Alfred Haas (p. I 10, 1-250)

20 Briefe zwischen Alfred Haas und Max Horkheimer, 1935-1941; 2 Briefe von Willy Haas an Max Horkheimer, 1938; 3 Briefe zwischen Virginia Haber und Max Horkheimer, 12.09.1945, August 1945; 7 Briefe zwischen Hugo Hahn und Max Horkheimer, 1942-1946; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Charles G. Haines, 23.10.1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Hall, 02.07.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen H. Duncan Hall und Max Horkheimer, 04.08.1939, 24.07.1939; 2 Briefe zwsichen Herbert Berkerath und Max Horkheimer, 10.10.1939, 09.10.1939; 23 Briefe zwischen Wolfgang Hallgarten und Max Horkheimer, 1937-1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an die American Philosophic Society Philadelphia, 15.04.1940; 2 Briefe zwischen Betty Drury und Max Horkheimer, 29.02.1940, 20.02.1940; 6 Briefe zwischen Nina Almond und Max Horkheimer, 1939; 1 Brief von Ruth E. Hollander an Max Horkheimer, 08.09.1938; 1 Brief von dem Brooklyn College an Wolfgang Hallgarten, 29.04.1938; 4 briefe zwischen dem Brooklyn College und Max Horkheimer, 18.05.1938, 17.05.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Robert Maynard Hutchins und Max Horkheimer, 02.11.1937, 28.10.1937; 2 Briefe zwsichen Hardt und Max Horkheimer, 01.10.1943; 4 Briefe zwischen Gertrude Hardt und Max Horkheimer, 1947-1948; 4 Briefe zwischen den Harper & Brothers New York und Max Horkheimer, 24.10.1950, 1950; 1 Brief von Friedrich Pollock an Margot von Mendelssohn, 13.09.1950; 1 Brief von Hartoch an Max Horkheimer, 09.06.1937; 4 Briefe zwischen dem Harvard College Cambridge Massachusetts und Max Horkheimer, 1939-1940; 3 Briefe zwischen Felix Hase und Max Horkheimer, 1936, 13.03.1936; 1 Brief von Freda E. Hecht an Max Horkheimer, 01.03.1947; 1 Brief von Ernest S. Hediger an Max Horkheimer, 02.09.1940; 2 Briefe zwischen Agnes Heilbut und Max Horkheimer, 18.07.1938,; 7 Briefe zwischen Eduard Heimann und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1939; 1 Brief von Fritz Hein an Max Horkheimer, 14.06.1949; 2 Briefe zwischen Walter Heinemann und Max Horkheimer, 15.02.1945, 12.03.1945; 2 Briefe zwischen Philipp Heller und Max Horkheimer, 16.09.1944, 09.10.1944; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Hellmann, 23.03.1939; 4 Briefe zwischen L. E. Hellmann und Max Horkheimer, 1939; 4 Briefe zwischen P. A. Hemerijk und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1937, 03.02.1936; 5 Briefe zwischen Carl G. Hempel und Max Horkheimer, 1939-1941; 1 Lebenslauf von Hans Henning; 1 Brief von Else Henschke an Max Horkheimer, 24.07.1940; 1 Briefe von Isi Hepner an Max Horkheimer, 23.01.1941; 1 Brief von Leo Löwenthal an Isi Hepner, 03.02.1941; 1 Brief von Gertrude E. Herman anMax Horkheimer, 10.12.1949; 1 Brief von Wilhelm G. Hertz an Max Horkheimer, 29.09.1938; 2 Briefe zwischen Wieland Herzfelde und der National City Bank of New York, 28.11.1939, 30.11.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Karl Hess und Max Horkheimer, 14.08.1935, 25.10.1934; 4 Briefe zwischen Karl Heymann und Max Horkheimer, 1947, 1949; 19 Briefe zwischen Robert Hilb und Max Horkheimer, 1937-1941; 2 Briefe zwischen Joseph Rosenthal und Max Horkheimer, 12.11.1940, 25.10.1940; 2 Briefe zwischen Henry Church und Max Horkheimer, 14.12.1940, 18.12.1940; 1 Brief von Ellen Hilb an Max Horkheimer, 11.03.1938; 1 Brief von Emil Hilb an Max Horkheimer, 15.04.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Yoshitaro Hirano und Max Horkheimer, 1936, 23.01.1936; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Hirsch, 1938; 1 Brief von Arnold Hirsch an Max Horkheimer, 14.07.1949; 4 Briefe zwischen Charles Hirsch und Max Horkheimer, 1937, 1938; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Ernst Hirsch, Oktober 1938; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Julius Hirsch, 24.02.1942;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 669 - "Research Project on Anti-Semitism" u.a. (p. IX 121-IX 123)

American Jewish Committee: Meetings of the Advisory Council to Dr. Horkheimer, Sitzungsprotokolle Januar - April 1945, als Typoskripte vervielfältigt, 17 Blatt; Institute of Social Research: "Studies in Antisemitism. A Report on the cooperative project for the study of antisemitism for the year ending March 15, 1944, jointly sponsored by the American Jewish Committee and the Institute of Social Research" (August 1944), a) Typoskript, gebunden, 144 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 144 Blatt; "Report on the Scientific Department of the American Jewish Committee - Dr. Max Horkheimer, Chairman" (January 5, 1945) [1989 von: Hoover Institution, Stanford]: 1. Report, Typoskript (Kopie), 7 Blatt; 2. "Condensed Version of Report for Leidesdorf", Typoskript (Kopie) mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; 3. Memorandum 5.12.1943, Typoskript (Kopie), 1 Blatt; "Meeting of Psychiatrists and Psychoanalysts for Consideration of a Research Project on the Psychology of Antisemitism" Protokoll des Trefffens am 19.4.1945, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 7 Blatt; "Synopsis of a proposed article on Researches in Antisemitism" (1945): 1. Aufsatz-Entwurd, Typoskript, 8 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 6 Blatt, c) Typoskript, 7 Blatt, d) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 7 Blatt, e) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 6 Blatt, f) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen und Manuskript, 8 Blatt; 2. L. Sussman: Entwurf, 22.3.1945, Typoskript mit "handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 3 Blatt; 3. "Notes for Dr. Klein re: article in 'Harpers'", Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 4. Harper's Magazine: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, New York, 8.6.1945, 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer, ohne Ort, 22.5.1945, 2 Blatt;

Food advertisements during children's television programming in 2007: Comparison with ads in 1994 and the 2005 dietary recommendations

Childhood overweight and obesity are two major public health problems that are of economic and medical concern in the world today (Lobstein, Baur, & Uauy, 2004). Overweight conditions in childhood are important because they are widely prevalent, serious, and carry lifetime consequences for health and well being (Lobstein et al., 2004). Several studies have shown an association between television viewing and obesity in all age groups (Caroli, Argentieri, Cardone, & Masi, 2004; Harper, 2006; Vandewater & Huang, 2006; Wiecha et al., 2006). One mechanism that potentially links television viewing to childhood obesity is food advertising (Story, 2003). ^ The purpose of this study was to examine the types of foods advertised on children's television programming and to determine if there have been any changes in the number and types of commercials over the last 13 years. In addition, the food content of the advertisements was compared to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines to determine if the foods targeted were consistent with the current recommendations. Finally, each television network was analyzed individually to determine any differences between advertising on cable and regular programming. ^ A descriptive analysis was conducted on the most commonly advertised commercials during children's television programming on Saturday morning from 7 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. A total of 10 major television networks were viewed on three different Saturday mornings during June and July 2007. Commercial advertising accounted for approximately 19% of children's total viewing time. Of the 3,185 commercials, 28.5% were for foods, 67.7% were for non-food items, and 3.8% were PSAs. On average, there were 30 commercial advertisements and PSAs per hour, of which approximately nine were for food. ^ Of the 907 food advertisements, 72.0% were for foods classified in the fats, oils, and sugar group. The next largest group (17.3%) was for restaurant food of which 15.3% were for unhealthy/fast food restaurant fare. The most frequently advertised food product on Saturday morning television was regular cereal, accounting for 43.9% of all food advertisements. ^ Cable and regular programming stations varied slightly in the amount, length, and category of commercials. Cable television had about 50% less commercials and PSAs (1098) than regular programming (2087), but only had approximately 150 minutes less total commercial and PSA time; therefore, cable, in general, had longer commercials than regular programming. Overall, cable programming had more advertisements encouraging increased physical activity and positive nutrition behavior with less commercials focusing on the fats, oils, and sugar groups, compared to regular programming. ^ During the last 13 years, food advertisements have not improved, despite the recent IOM report on marketing foods to children (Institute of Medicine-Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth, 2005), although the frequency of food advertisements has improved slightly. Children are now viewing an average of one food advertisement every 7 minutes, compared to one food advertisement every 5 minutes in 1994 (Kotz & Story, 1994). Therefore, manufacturers are putting a greater emphasis on advertising other products to children. Despite the recent attention to the issue of marketing unhealthy foods to children through television advertisements, not much progress has been noted since 1994. Further advocacy and regulatory issues concerning the content of advertisements during Saturday morning TV need to be explored. ^

Youth empowerment evaluation to improve afterschool programming

Community-based participatory research necessitates that community members act as partners in decision making and mutual learning and discovery. In the same light, for programs/issues involving youth, youth should be partners in knowledge sharing and evaluation (Checkoway & Richards-Schuster, 2004). This study is a youth-focused empowerment evaluation for the Successful Youth program. Successful Youth is a multi-component youth development after-school program for Latino middle school youth, created with the goal of reducing teen pregnancy. An empowerment evaluation is collaborative and participatory (Balcazar and Harper 2003). The three steps of an empowerment evaluation are: (1) defining mission, (2) taking stock, and (3) planning for the future (Fetterman 2001).^ In a program where youth are developing leadership skills, making choices, and learning how to self reflect and evaluate, the empowerment evaluation could not be more aligned with promoting and enhancing these skills. In addition, an empowerment evaluation is designed to "foster improvement and self-determination" and "build capacity" (Fetterman 2001). Four empowerment groups were conducted with approximately 6-9 Latino 7th grade students per group. All participants were enrolled in the Successful Youth program. Results indicate points where students' perceptions of the program were aligned with the program's mission and where gaps were identified. Students offered recommendations for program improvements. Additionally, students enjoyed expressing their feelings about the program and appreciated that their opinions were valued. Youth recommendations will be brought to program staff; and, where possible, gaps will be addressed. Empowerment evaluations with youth will continue during the duration of the program so that youth involvement and input remains integral in the evaluation and to ascertain whether the program's goals are being met. ^

Advance provision of emergency contraception for pregnancy prevention (Review)

Background Emergency contraception can prevent pregnancy when taken after unprotected intercourse.Obtaining emergency contraception within the recommended time frame is difficult for many women. Advance provision could circumvent some obstacles to timely use. Objectives To summarize randomized controlled trials evaluating advance provision of emergency contraception to explore effects on pregnancy rates, sexually transmitted infections, and sexual and contraceptive behaviors. Search strategy In November 2009, we searched CENTRAL, EMBASE, POPLINE,MEDLINE via PubMed, and a specialized emergency contraception article database. We also searched reference lists and contacted experts to identify additional published or unpublished trials. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials comparing advance provision and standard access (i.e., counseling whichmay ormay not have included information about emergency contraception, or provision of emergency contraception on request at a clinic or pharmacy). Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed study quality. We entered and analyzed data using RevMan 5.0.23. Main results Eleven randomized controlled trials met our criteria for inclusion, representing 7695 patients in the United States, China, India and Sweden. Advance provision did not decrease pregnancy rates (odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 1.25 in studies for which we included twelve-month follow-up data; OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.29 in a study with seven-month follow-up data; OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.20 in studies for which we included six-month follow-up data; OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.74 in a study with three-month follow-up data), despite reported increased use (single use: OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.80 to 3.40; multiple use: OR 4.13, 95% CI 1.77 to 9.63) and faster use (weighted mean difference (WMD) -12.98 hours, 95% CI -16.66 to -9.31 hours). Advance provision did not lead to increased rates of sexually transmitted infections (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.37), increased frequency of unprotected intercourse, or changes in contraceptive methods.Women who received emergency contraception in advance were equally likely to use condoms as other women. Authors’ conclusions Advance provision of emergency contraception did not reduce pregnancy rates when compared to conventional provision. Results from primary analyses suggest that advance provision does not negatively impact sexual and reproductive health behaviors and outcomes. Women should have easy access to emergency contraception, because it can decrease the chance of pregnancy.However, the interventions tested thus far have not reduced overall pregnancy rates in the populations studied.

Evaluación de la personalidad en la carrera de psicología de la UNLP : 1958-1982

Se analizan historiográficamente los cursos dedicados a la evaluación de la personalidad (psicometría, orientación y selección profesional, psicodiagnóstico, teoría e interpretación de los tests mentales, técnicas proyectivas) de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata durante el período inicial: 1957 - 1982. Se partió de un trabajo empírico (documental, testimonial) que implicó rastreo de los programas de la carreras en el período propuesto, construcción de una base de datos, vaciado en ella de las referencias bibliográficas de los cursos para el análisis socio bibliométrico, y cruce de datos con otras bases construidas con anterioridad alpresente estudio destinadas a rastrear los docentes de las carreras de psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Universidad Nacional de San Luis y Universidad Nacional de Córdoba durante 1957 y 1982, y sus publicaciones. Se describe el modelo psicométrico y el clínico de evaluación de la personalidad ubicándolos en sus contextos de emergencia, mostrándose las superposiciones y desplazamientos de los mismos, y su vinculación con la incidencia del mercado editorial nacional en la carrera de psicología. Se da cuenta de diversas perspectivas en la enseñanza de la evaluación de la personalidad en los cursos cuyos programas encontramos, a partir de las denominaciones de las asignaturas, los contenidos y las referencias bibliográficas de las mismas. Se caracterizan las referencias bibliográficas por país, idioma, y tendencia de autores y editoriales. Entre los autores extranjeros se destacaron Anderson, Cronbach, Rappaport, Mallart, Anastasi, Anzieu y Bell. Entre las obras más difundidas por los programas analizados, Cronbach (1963). Fundamentos de la Exploración Psicológica. Madrid: Nueva fue la más citada. Las obras: Anderson y Anderson (1966). Las pruebas proyectivas de diagnóstico psicológico. Madrid: RIALP; Bellack y Abt (s/f). Psicología Proyectiva. Buenos Aires:Paidós; Rappaport (1959). Tests de diagnóstico psicológico. Buenos Aires: Paidós, Anzieu (1966). Los métodos proyectivos. Buenos Aires: Kapelusz recibieron numerosas citaciones pero concentradas en uno o dos años. En cambio, Bell (1956). Técnicas Proyectivas. Buenos Aires: Paidós; Bingham y Moore (1960). Cómoentrevistar. Madrid: RIALP, y Nahoum (1961). La Entrevista Psicológica. Buenos Aires: Kapelusz, con algo menos de frecuencia decitación se mantuvieron en casi todos los programas. Se hace especial mención a la referencia de publicaciones de docentes de la UNLP y UBA del período que estudiamos: García de Onrubia, Pizarro, Portas, Tavella, Ucha; Bernstein, Bleger y Reca. Se pone en evidencia que si bien la investigación de docentes nacionales en el campo de la evaluación de la personalidad durante el período estudiado en la UNLP no dejó de estar presente, sin embargo -a excepción de Tavella-, no tuvo significativa incidencia en el conjunto de las citaciones. Aunque en este aspecto habría que señalar que si bien no hubo demasiados textos de Bernstein citados (en su mayoría prólogos de libros publicados por Paidós), el impacto de su trabajo en la currícula ha sido ejercido por el trabajo editorial de Paidós que pudo imponer en el mercado numerosas traducciones que hemos registrado citadas. Se destaca la incidencia de colecciones editoriales extranjeras sobre las nacionales, sobre todo españolas (RIALP) y norteamericanas (McGraw Hill, Harper). Se muestra el papel de las editoriales nacionales con publicaciones más citadas: Paidós, Kapelusz en la programación de los contenidos de los cursos. Se concluye que si bien en los últimos años se evidencia un aumento de la incidencia de la colección Paidós con un sesgo más bien clínico, en el conjunto de cursos del período 1957 y 1982, la formación del psicólogo en la UNLP en el área evaluación de la personalidad aportaba una visión amplia que incluía de un modo más o menos integrado los abordajes psicométrico y clínico, con aportes de diversas nacionalidades y pluralidad de vertientes teóricas

Macroinvertebrate abundance and proportion of trait categories in river biotopes across England and Wales

There is a long tradition of river monitoring using macroinvertebrate communities to assess environmental quality in Europe. A promising alternative is the use of species life-history traits. Both methods, however, have relied on the time-consuming identification of taxa. River biotopes, 1-100 m**2 'habitats' with associated species assemblages, have long been seen as a useful and meaningful way of linking the ecology of macroinvertebrates and river hydro-morphology and can be used to assess hydro-morphological degradation in rivers. Taxonomic differences, however, between different rivers had prevented a general test of this concept until now. The species trait approach may overcome this obstacle across broad geographical areas, using biotopes as the hydro-morphological units which have characteristic species trait assemblages. We collected macroinvertebrate data from 512 discrete patches, comprising 13 river biotopes, from seven rivers in England and Wales. The aim was to test whether river biotopes were better predictors of macroinvertebrate trait profiles than taxonomic composition (genera, families, orders) in rivers, independently of the phylogenetic effects and catchment scale characteristics (i.e. hydrology, geography and land cover). We also tested whether species richness and diversity were better related to biotopes than to rivers. River biotopes explained 40% of the variance in macroinvertebrate trait profiles across the rivers, largely independently of catchment characteristics. There was a strong phylogenetic signature, however. River biotopes were about 50% better at predicting macroinvertebrate trait profiles than taxonomic composition across rivers, no matter which taxonomic resolution was used. River biotopes were better than river identity at explaining the variability in taxonomic richness and diversity (40% and <=10%, respectively). Detailed trait-biotope associations agreed with independent a priori predictions relating trait categories to near river bed flows. Hence, species traits provided a much needed mechanistic understanding and predictive ability across a broad geographical area. We show that integration of the multiple biological trait approach with river biotopes at the interface between ecology and hydro-morphology provides a wealth of new information and potential applications for river science and management.

Evaluación de la personalidad en la carrera de psicología de la UNLP : 1958-1982

Se analizan historiográficamente los cursos dedicados a la evaluación de la personalidad (psicometría, orientación y selección profesional, psicodiagnóstico, teoría e interpretación de los tests mentales, técnicas proyectivas) de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata durante el período inicial: 1957 - 1982. Se partió de un trabajo empírico (documental, testimonial) que implicó rastreo de los programas de la carreras en el período propuesto, construcción de una base de datos, vaciado en ella de las referencias bibliográficas de los cursos para el análisis socio bibliométrico, y cruce de datos con otras bases construidas con anterioridad alpresente estudio destinadas a rastrear los docentes de las carreras de psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Universidad Nacional de San Luis y Universidad Nacional de Córdoba durante 1957 y 1982, y sus publicaciones. Se describe el modelo psicométrico y el clínico de evaluación de la personalidad ubicándolos en sus contextos de emergencia, mostrándose las superposiciones y desplazamientos de los mismos, y su vinculación con la incidencia del mercado editorial nacional en la carrera de psicología. Se da cuenta de diversas perspectivas en la enseñanza de la evaluación de la personalidad en los cursos cuyos programas encontramos, a partir de las denominaciones de las asignaturas, los contenidos y las referencias bibliográficas de las mismas. Se caracterizan las referencias bibliográficas por país, idioma, y tendencia de autores y editoriales. Entre los autores extranjeros se destacaron Anderson, Cronbach, Rappaport, Mallart, Anastasi, Anzieu y Bell. Entre las obras más difundidas por los programas analizados, Cronbach (1963). Fundamentos de la Exploración Psicológica. Madrid: Nueva fue la más citada. Las obras: Anderson y Anderson (1966). Las pruebas proyectivas de diagnóstico psicológico. Madrid: RIALP; Bellack y Abt (s/f). Psicología Proyectiva. Buenos Aires:Paidós; Rappaport (1959). Tests de diagnóstico psicológico. Buenos Aires: Paidós, Anzieu (1966). Los métodos proyectivos. Buenos Aires: Kapelusz recibieron numerosas citaciones pero concentradas en uno o dos años. En cambio, Bell (1956). Técnicas Proyectivas. Buenos Aires: Paidós; Bingham y Moore (1960). Cómoentrevistar. Madrid: RIALP, y Nahoum (1961). La Entrevista Psicológica. Buenos Aires: Kapelusz, con algo menos de frecuencia decitación se mantuvieron en casi todos los programas. Se hace especial mención a la referencia de publicaciones de docentes de la UNLP y UBA del período que estudiamos: García de Onrubia, Pizarro, Portas, Tavella, Ucha; Bernstein, Bleger y Reca. Se pone en evidencia que si bien la investigación de docentes nacionales en el campo de la evaluación de la personalidad durante el período estudiado en la UNLP no dejó de estar presente, sin embargo -a excepción de Tavella-, no tuvo significativa incidencia en el conjunto de las citaciones. Aunque en este aspecto habría que señalar que si bien no hubo demasiados textos de Bernstein citados (en su mayoría prólogos de libros publicados por Paidós), el impacto de su trabajo en la currícula ha sido ejercido por el trabajo editorial de Paidós que pudo imponer en el mercado numerosas traducciones que hemos registrado citadas. Se destaca la incidencia de colecciones editoriales extranjeras sobre las nacionales, sobre todo españolas (RIALP) y norteamericanas (McGraw Hill, Harper). Se muestra el papel de las editoriales nacionales con publicaciones más citadas: Paidós, Kapelusz en la programación de los contenidos de los cursos. Se concluye que si bien en los últimos años se evidencia un aumento de la incidencia de la colección Paidós con un sesgo más bien clínico, en el conjunto de cursos del período 1957 y 1982, la formación del psicólogo en la UNLP en el área evaluación de la personalidad aportaba una visión amplia que incluía de un modo más o menos integrado los abordajes psicométrico y clínico, con aportes de diversas nacionalidades y pluralidad de vertientes teóricas

Evaluación de la personalidad en la carrera de psicología de la UNLP : 1958-1982

Se analizan historiográficamente los cursos dedicados a la evaluación de la personalidad (psicometría, orientación y selección profesional, psicodiagnóstico, teoría e interpretación de los tests mentales, técnicas proyectivas) de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata durante el período inicial: 1957 - 1982. Se partió de un trabajo empírico (documental, testimonial) que implicó rastreo de los programas de la carreras en el período propuesto, construcción de una base de datos, vaciado en ella de las referencias bibliográficas de los cursos para el análisis socio bibliométrico, y cruce de datos con otras bases construidas con anterioridad alpresente estudio destinadas a rastrear los docentes de las carreras de psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo / Universidad Nacional de San Luis y Universidad Nacional de Córdoba durante 1957 y 1982, y sus publicaciones. Se describe el modelo psicométrico y el clínico de evaluación de la personalidad ubicándolos en sus contextos de emergencia, mostrándose las superposiciones y desplazamientos de los mismos, y su vinculación con la incidencia del mercado editorial nacional en la carrera de psicología. Se da cuenta de diversas perspectivas en la enseñanza de la evaluación de la personalidad en los cursos cuyos programas encontramos, a partir de las denominaciones de las asignaturas, los contenidos y las referencias bibliográficas de las mismas. Se caracterizan las referencias bibliográficas por país, idioma, y tendencia de autores y editoriales. Entre los autores extranjeros se destacaron Anderson, Cronbach, Rappaport, Mallart, Anastasi, Anzieu y Bell. Entre las obras más difundidas por los programas analizados, Cronbach (1963). Fundamentos de la Exploración Psicológica. Madrid: Nueva fue la más citada. Las obras: Anderson y Anderson (1966). Las pruebas proyectivas de diagnóstico psicológico. Madrid: RIALP; Bellack y Abt (s/f). Psicología Proyectiva. Buenos Aires:Paidós; Rappaport (1959). Tests de diagnóstico psicológico. Buenos Aires: Paidós, Anzieu (1966). Los métodos proyectivos. Buenos Aires: Kapelusz recibieron numerosas citaciones pero concentradas en uno o dos años. En cambio, Bell (1956). Técnicas Proyectivas. Buenos Aires: Paidós; Bingham y Moore (1960). Cómoentrevistar. Madrid: RIALP, y Nahoum (1961). La Entrevista Psicológica. Buenos Aires: Kapelusz, con algo menos de frecuencia decitación se mantuvieron en casi todos los programas. Se hace especial mención a la referencia de publicaciones de docentes de la UNLP y UBA del período que estudiamos: García de Onrubia, Pizarro, Portas, Tavella, Ucha; Bernstein, Bleger y Reca. Se pone en evidencia que si bien la investigación de docentes nacionales en el campo de la evaluación de la personalidad durante el período estudiado en la UNLP no dejó de estar presente, sin embargo -a excepción de Tavella-, no tuvo significativa incidencia en el conjunto de las citaciones. Aunque en este aspecto habría que señalar que si bien no hubo demasiados textos de Bernstein citados (en su mayoría prólogos de libros publicados por Paidós), el impacto de su trabajo en la currícula ha sido ejercido por el trabajo editorial de Paidós que pudo imponer en el mercado numerosas traducciones que hemos registrado citadas. Se destaca la incidencia de colecciones editoriales extranjeras sobre las nacionales, sobre todo españolas (RIALP) y norteamericanas (McGraw Hill, Harper). Se muestra el papel de las editoriales nacionales con publicaciones más citadas: Paidós, Kapelusz en la programación de los contenidos de los cursos. Se concluye que si bien en los últimos años se evidencia un aumento de la incidencia de la colección Paidós con un sesgo más bien clínico, en el conjunto de cursos del período 1957 y 1982, la formación del psicólogo en la UNLP en el área evaluación de la personalidad aportaba una visión amplia que incluía de un modo más o menos integrado los abordajes psicométrico y clínico, con aportes de diversas nacionalidades y pluralidad de vertientes teóricas