993 resultados para Efeitos dinâmicos
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GPS active networks are more and more used in geodetic surveying and scientific experiments, as water vapor monitoring in the atmosphere and lithosphere plate movement. Among the methods of GPS positioning, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has provided very good results. A characteristic of PPP is related to the modeling and/or estimation of the errors involved in this method. The accuracy obtained for the coordinates can reach few millimeters. Seasonal effects can affect such accuracy if they are not consistent treated during the data processing. Coordinates time series analyses have been realized using Fourier or Harmonics spectral analyses, wavelets, least squares estimation among others. An approach is presented in this paper aiming to investigate the seasonal effects included in the stations coordinates time series. Experiments were carried out using data from stations Manaus (NAUS) and Fortaleza (BRFT) which belong to the Brazilian Continuous GPS Network (RBMC). The coordinates of these stations were estimated daily using PPP and were analyzed through wavelets for identification of the periods of the seasonal effects (annual and semi-annual) in each time series. These effects were removed by means of a filtering process applied in the series via the least squares adjustment (LSQ) of a periodic function. The results showed that the combination of these two mathematical tools, wavelets and LSQ, is an interesting and efficient technique for removal of seasonal effects in time series.
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O Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) transmite seus sinais em duas freqüências, o que permite eliminar matematicamente os efeitos de primeira ordem da ionosfera através da combinação linear ionosphere free. Porém, restam os efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem, os quais podem provocar erros da ordem de centímetros nas medidas GPS. Esses efeitos, geralmente, são negligenciados no processamento dos dados GPS. Os efeitos ionosféricos de primeira, segunda e terceira ordem são diretamente proporcionais ao TEC presente na ionosfera, porém, no caso dos efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem, comparecem também o campo magnético da Terra e a máxima densidade de elétrons, respectivamente. Nesse artigo, os efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem da ionosfera são investigados, sendo que foram levados em consideração no processamento de dados GPS na região brasileira para fins de posicionamento. Serão apresentados os modelos matemáticos associados a esses efeitos, as transformações envolvendo o campo magnético da Terra e a utilização do TEC advindo dos Mapas Globais da Ionosfera ou calculados a partir das observações GPS de pseudodistância. O processamento dos dados GPS foi realizado considerando o método relativo estático e cinemático e o posicionamento por ponto preciso (PPP). Os efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem foram analisados considerando períodos de alta e baixa atividade ionosférica. Os resultados mostraram que a não consideração desses efeitos no posicionamento por ponto preciso e no posicionamento relativo para linhas de base longas pode introduzir variações da ordem de poucos milímetros nas coordenadas das estações, além de variações diurnas em altitude da ordem de centímetros.
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In general, a land-based mobile mapping system is featured by a vehicle with a pair of video cameras mounted on the top and positioning and navigation sensors loaded in the vehicle. Considering the pair of video cameras mounted on the roof of the vehicle as a stereo camera pointing forward with both optical axes parallel to each other and orthogonal to the stereo base, whose length is 0.94 m, this paper aims at analyzing the interior and exterior camera orientation and the object point coordinates estimated by phototriangulation when the length constraint related to the stereo base is considered or not. The results show that the stereo base constraint has effect ouver the convergence estimation, but does it neither improves the object point coordinate estimation at significance level of 5% and nor it influences the interior orientation parameters. Finally, it has been noticed that the optical axes are not truly parallel to each other and orthogonal to the stereo base. Additionally, it has been observed that there is a convergence of approximately 0.5 degrees in the optical axes and they are not in the same plane (approximately 0.8 degrees deviation).
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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INTRODUÇÃO: a necessidade de reposição ao máximo das perdas hídricas tornou-se estabelecida e difundida nos consensos internacionais. Entretanto, permanece pouco compreendida a influência da reposição quando administrada, igualmente, durante e após o exercício sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. OBJETIVO: analisar os efeitos da reposição hidroeletrolítica na frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), saturação parcial de oxigênio (SpO2) e frequência respiratória (f) de jovens durante e após um exercício de longa duração. MÉTODOS: 31 jovens (21,55 ± 1,89 anos) realizaram três visitas ao laboratório (intervalo de 48 horas entre elas), sendo na primeira aplicado um teste incremental, para determinação da carga utilizada nas visitas seguintes, e nas duas últimas, denominadas protocolo controle (PC) e protocolo experimental (PE), os sujeitos foram submetidos a 10 min de repouso supino, 90 min de exercício em esteira ergométrica (60% do VO2pico) e 60 min de repouso supino. No PC não houve hidratação e no PE houve ingestão de solução isotônica. Os parâmetros FC, PAS, PAD, SpO2 e f foram mensurados no final do repouso; nos minutos 30, 60 e 90 do exercício, com exceção da f; e nos minutos 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 pós-exercício. Foi aplicado o teste t de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney e ANOVA para medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman seguidos de testes post hoc, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: a solução hidroeletrolítica proporcionou manutenção da PAS e da PAD, e menor incremento da FC durante o exercício; e promoveu retorno mais rápido da FC e conservou PAD, SpO2, PAS (a partir do 5º min) e f (a partir do 30º min) no período de recuperação. CONCLUSÃO: o protocolo de hidratação influenciou parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios de jovens durante e após a realização de atividade física submáxima de intensidade constante e longa duração.
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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
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Objective: To analyze the effect of arm bracing posture on respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).Methods: 20 patients with COPD (11 male; 67 +/- 8 years; BMI 24 +/- 3 Kg . m(-2)) were submitted to assessments of Maximal Inspiratory and Expiratory Pressures (MIP and MEP, respectively) and spirometry with and without arm bracing in a random order. The assessment with arm bracing was done on standing position and the height of the support was adjusted at the level of the ulnar styloid process with elbow flexion and trunk anterior inclination of 30 degrees promoting weight discharge in the upper limbs. Assessment without arm bracing was also performed on standing position, however with the arms relaxed alongside the body. The time interval between assessments was one week.Results: MIP, MEP and maximal voluntary ventilation (MW) were higher with arm bracing than without arm bracing (MIP 64 +/- 22 cmH(2)O versus 54 +/- 24 cmH(2)O, p = 0,00001; MEP 104 +/- 37 cmH(2)O versus 92 +/- 37 cmH(2)O, p = 0,00001 and MW 42 +/- 20 L/min versus 38 +/- 20 L/min, p = 0,003). Other variables did not show statistical significant difference.Conclusion: The arm bracing posture resulted in higher capacity to generate force and endurance of the respiratory muscles in patients with COPD. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. on behalf of Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. All rights reserved.
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Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as alterações histológicas, histoquímicas e morfométricas das fibras do músculo sóleo de ratos submetidos a um programa de natação, associado ou não à administração do esteróide anabólico decanoato de nandrolona. Foram utilizados 22 ratos Wistar machos, 12 dos quais receberam injeção intramuscular do esteróide (5mg/kg) e 10, óleo mineral (5mg/kg), duas vezes por semana. Os animais foram submetidos a 42 sessões de natação por nove semanas (de segunda a sexta-feira), com aumento progressivo de carga por meio do tempo de natação. Após o sacrifício, o músculo sóleo esquerdo foi retirado, imerso em n-hexana e acondicionado em nitrogênio líquido. Cortes do terço médio desse músculo foram feitos em micrótomo criostato (-20ºC) e corados pela técnica HE e pelo método histoquímico NADH-TR. Os animais submetidos a treinamento físico e a esteróide (TA) ou óleo mineral (TO) apresentaram fibras musculares com maior diâmetro, quando comparados com os animais-controle (NTA e NTO). Não houve diferença significativa entre as medidas das médias dos diâmetros das fibras dos grupos NTA e NTO e entre TA e TO. Nos grupos TA e NTA notou-se acentuado processo de fagocitose, arredondamento e hialinização das fibras musculares. Já nos grupos TA, TO e NTA observou-se perda da atividade enzimática oxidativa. Os resultados sugerem que a natação produz hipertrofia muscular de forma semelhante, tanto no grupo que recebeu esteróide como no que recebeu óleo mineral. No entanto, o grupo que recebeu esteróide apresentou sinais claros de maior degeneração muscular.
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As lesões musculares têm sido observadas como as mais frequentes nos esportes. Considerando a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio como um fator de risco para instalação de lesões e características antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias do ômega-3, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as alterações histológicas e morfométricas do músculo sóleo de ratos que realizaram natação, associado a uma dieta suplementada com ômega-3. Para sua realização foram utilizados 31 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos, sendo os grupos A e C suplementados com azeite de oliva e B e D com 3g/dia de ômega-3 por quatro semanas. Os grupos C e D foram submetidos à natação cinco dias/semana por 28 dias, com acréscimo de 5% do peso corporal a partir da segunda semana, enquanto que os grupos A e B não realizaram treinamento. Após este período os animais foram sacrificados, o músculo sóleo retirado e corado com Hematoxilina-eosina para avaliação morfológica. Análise de variância bifatorial, com nível de significância de 5%, foi utilizada para análise dos valores do menor diâmetro das fibras musculares. Os grupos A e B (sedentários) apresentaram padrões histológicos de normalidade. O grupo C apresentou aumento do tecido endomisial e do número de núcleos, presença de fibras fagocitadas e de contornos poligonais não mantidos, enquanto que o grupo D apresentou poucas fibras fagocitadas e de contornos poligonais preservados. Com relação à medida do menor diâmetro das fibras musculares, as análises mostraram diferenças para o fator treinamento, mas não para o fator suplementação e a interação entre eles. As alterações histológicas induzidas pelo exercício foram atenuadas no grupo suplementado com ômega-3, sugerindo um efeito protetor da suplementação, contudo, o aumento do diâmetro das fibras para os grupos expostos ao exercício está relacionado ao efeito do treinamento e não à suplementação.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Os fumantes sofrem redução da massa muscular e da resistência à fadiga e possivelmente a prática de atividade física contribua positivamente neste quadro. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as adaptações da musculatura esquelética frente à interação da prática de atividade física e exposição à fumaça de cigarro. MÉTODOS: 32 ratos machos foram divididos em grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro, exercitados (G1) e sedentários (G3), e não expostos à fumaça, exercitados (G2) e sedentários (G4). A exposição à fumaça foi realizada mediante combustão de 10 cigarros em uma câmara de inalação durante 30 minutos, duas vezes ao dia, cinco dias por semana, durante 15 dias; o exercício aeróbio foi composto por sessões diárias de 60 minutos de caminhada em esteira, cinco dias por semana. Após o sacrifício, o músculo sóleo foi coletado e seus cortes foram corados pela técnica de HE e submetidos ao método histoquímico NADH-TR. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1 apresentou maior quantidade de alterações musculares, bem como ausência de atividade enzimática, o mesmo ocorrendo no G3, porém com menor intensidade; no G2 foi observado padrão normal para fibras exercitadas, estando as fibras do G4 preservadas. Quanto à morfometria, houve diferença significante para o fator exercício (p = 0,007), enquanto não foram observadas diferenças significantes para o fator exposição à fumaça (p = 0,668) e para a interação exposição à fumaça e exercício (p = 0,077). CONCLUSÃO: A interação entre inalação de fumaça de cigarro e exercício, realizada durante 15 dias em ratos machos Wistar adultos, acentuou as alterações histológicas do músculo sóleo, levando a uma alteração da atividade enzimática e acarretando em aumento do diâmetro das fibras musculares
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This exploratory study aims to present some readings as Doyé (2003), Carrasco Perea (2003), Melo Araújo e Sá (2004), Chavagne (2009) and Alas-Martins (2010; 2011) which helped to confirm some ways for showing that a plurilingual environment can enable a trend in improving the understanding of written texts in the mother tongue, and can collaborate on a better perception of the world around a person with all their different nuances. The study describes the methodology and some results of our doctoral research that resulted in the insertion of the experimental discipline called Intercomprehension of Romanic Languages (ILR) in the curriculum in the city of Natal / RN / Brazil, and it was justified because of high functional illiteracy degree among young people up to 15 years old according to the educational data from IBGE research on 2010. The results were verified through an experimental action-research which was characterized by Lewin (1946); Nunan (1992); Thiollent (1994) and Trip (2005) in two schools: Professoara Terezinha Paulino de Lima (municipal school) and Professora Ana Julia de Carvalho Mousinho (State of Rio Grande do Norte), with 95 students from the final years of primary education. The corpus of this research was subjected to a series of condensed techniques like the nonparametric test from Kruskal and Wallis (1952) and the parametric test ANOVA as an effort to provide statistical significance to the analysis of the results indicated in the book of ILR activities. The research presented some skill views about reading comprehension of written texts according to perspective of Ringbow (1987), Giacobbe (1990), Alarcão (1991; 2009a and 2009b), Corder (1992), Castellotti (2001) and Degache (2003), and the possibilities of transfer these skills for learning Portuguese as pointed out by Meissner, Klein and Stegmann (2004); it indicates a positive trend towards the understanding of LM according to analyzing the scores of written tests and texts by participants in solving tasks
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The testimonial is a way of statement that demonstrates or admit the existence of a reality with which the enunciator has contacted. This is, thus, pushed to say what he saw, heard or touched. In this paper, we verified the effects of senses produced in the blog of Bishop Macedo, founder of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG), from a corpus which consists of nine testimonies of presumed believersselected among 64 statements distributed during the year, 2012. Instead of instantaneous testimonials, on a live presentation, these media narratives are underpinned by attributes such as hyperlinks, visuals, language translators, besides mechanisms of interaction and sharing in other spheres from mediatic slant. The problem of this analysis was born from the observation of regular points in the discursive architecture of these testimonials, when was identified the existing relation force between the sacred and the profane, everyday practices. During six months, analysis of the empirical material, we found some effects of the senses on the testimonials, as the dialectic structure and the need for denuding a precarious past, an engagement to shield the figure of Macedo and the UCKG towards society; a update of a crusade against other religions; and the presence of certain sensuality in self-deprecation of the deponents, and an unequal relation of forces (sacred and profane) in the construction of truth. In order of succeeding in this investigation, we used the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Analysis of French Discourse (AD), denouncing the qualitative nature of the research. As a methodological principle, we still use transdisciplinarity, which validated some of our dialogues, especially with philosophy. The conception of discourse modeled by a media support and transpassed by the subject(s) and story (ies) characterized the perspective of the research
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The objective of the present work is to verify the effects of Rural Social welfare in the family agriculture of the microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN. The study based on available bibliography on the theme, in secondary data and in a rising amostral accomplished in three municipal districts (Encanto, São Miguel and Riacho de Santana) of the microrregião. The universe of the study was the establishments of the family agriculture appeared in the Agricultural Census of 2006, in those municipal districts. The unit of considered analysis was the rural family, with the interviews being applied close to the farmers' families with and without retired rural. The sample was of 94 present families in the family establishments. The results demonstrate that the Rural Precaution reaches a significant covering degree in the rural area of the researched municipal districts, with an average of 1,57 beneficiaries for home in the families with retired. The data of the research attest that the family agriculture in the microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN it has few favorable conditions for his/her development, once, besides the shortage of lands and of the climatic factor of the area, the returned public politics the family farmers' totality - like PRONAF and PAA -, it has been unable to give effective answers for the improvement of the life conditions in the rural way, have seen the minimum amount of families reached by those politics, be in function of the drawing or of the atmosphere where they are done. In this context, he/she stands out the importance of the Rural Precaution that, in function of the application of the constitutional devices that you/they guaranteed his/her universalization, it has been the only relevant public politics that, in fact, it has been reaching her/it all their beneficiary potentials. Given the general situation of the family agriculture of the microrregião and of the specific characteristics of the researched family establishments, the hypothesis was corroborated that the rural retirement doesn't contribute directly to the increase / making possible of the family agriculture. In spite of 57,4% of the families with retired have declared to use resources of the retirement in the costing of the rural activity carried out by the family, the annual medium value of the expense just located around 7,02% of the annual value of the retirements gained by the families in the year of 2010. Data the low levels in that the social reproduction of the great majority of the family establishments of the microrregião, the maintenance of the families is operated represents the main destiny of the resources precautions. It was also confirmed the hypothesis that the Rural Precaution constitutes the main monetary contribution of the families with retired. For more than 93% of the families with retired, the retirements doing 50% or more of the total of the family monetary income, and in the composition of the rural income of the families with retired and pensioners, the originating from income the rural retirements are equal to 65,24% of the total of the annual income obtained by the families. It is ended, because, that the rural precaution, given to the adversities for the development of the family agriculture, of the operational inefficacy of the public politics and of the few opportunities of generation of existent income in the local savings, it is the main responsible for the reduction of the poverty and, consequently, for the improvements of the conditions of life of the families of and with seniors in the rural way of the microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN
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Water still represents, on its critical properties and phase transitions, a problem of current scientific interest, as a consequence of the countless open questions and of the inadequacy of the existent theoretical models, mainly related to the different solid and liquid phases that this substance possesses. For example, there are 13 known crystalline forms of water, and also amorphous phases. One of them, the amorphous ice of very high density (VHDA), was just recently observed. Other example is the anomalous behavior in the macroscopic density, which presents a maximum at the temperature of 277 K. In order to experimentally investigate the behavior of one of the liquid-solid phase transitions, the anomaly in its density and also the metastability, we used three different cooling techniques and, as comparison systems, we made use of the solvents: acetone and ethyl alcohol. The first studied cooling system employ a Peltier plate, a device recently developed, which makes use of small cubes made up of semiconductors to change heat among two surfaces; the second system is a commercial refrigerator, similar to the residential ones. Finally, the liquid nitrogen technique, which is used to refrigerate the samples in a container, in two ways: a very fast and other one, almost static. In those three systems, three Beckers of aluminum were used (with a volume of 80 ml, each), containing water, alcohol and acetone. They were closed and maintained at atmospheric pressure. Inside of each Becker were installed three thermocouples, disposed along the vertical axis of the Beckers, one close to the inferior surface, other to the medium level and the last one close the superior surface. A system of data acquisition was built via virtual instrumentation using as a central equipment a Data-Acquisition board. The temperature data were collected by the three thermocouples in the three Beckers, simultaneously, in function of freezing time. We will present the behavior of temperature versus freezing time for the three substances. The results show the characterization of the transitions of the liquid