Chitosan/AuNPs Modified Graphene Electrochemical Sensor for Label-Free Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Detection

A new immunosensor is presented for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), made by electrodepositing chitosan/gold-nanoparticles over graphene screen-printed electrode (SPE). The antibody was covalently bound to CS via its Fc-terminal. The assembly was controlled by electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and followed by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR). The hCG-immunosensor displayed linear response against the logarithm-hCG concentration for 0.1–25 ng/mL with limit of detection of 0.016 ng/mL. High selectivity was observed in blank urine and successful detection of hCG was also achieved in spiked samples of real urine from pregnant woman. The immunosensor showed good detection capability, simplicity of fabrication, low-cost, high sensitivity and selectivity.

Haemoglobin smart plastic antibody material tailored with charged binding sites on silica nanoparticles: its application as an ionophore in potentiometric transduction

This work uses surface imprinting to design a novel smart plastic antibodymaterial (SPAM) for Haemoglobin (Hb). Charged binding sites are described here for the first time to tailor plastic antibody nanostructures for a large size protein such as Hb. Its application to design small, portable and low cost potentiometric devices is presented. The SPAM material was obtained by linking Hb to silica nanoparticles and allowing its ionic interaction with charged vinyl monomers. A neutral polymeric matrix was created around these and the imprinted protein removed. Additional materials were designed in parallel acting as a control: a neutral imprinted material (NSPAM), obtained by removing the charged monomers from the procedure, and the Non-Imprinted (NI) versions of SPAM and NSPAM by removing the template. SEM analysis confirmed the surface modification of the silica nanoparticles. All materials were mixed with PVC/plasticizer and applied as selective membranes in potentiometric transduction. Electromotive force (emf) variations were detected only for selective membranes having a lipophilic anionic additive in the membrane. The presence of Hb inside these membranes was evident and confirmed by FTIR, optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The best performance was found for SPAM-based selective membranes with an anionic lipophilic additive, at pH 5. The limits of detection were 43.8 mg mL 1 and linear responses were obtained down to 83.8 mg mL 1, with an average cationic slope of +40 mV per decade. Good selectivity was also observed against other coexisting biomolecules. The analytical application was conducted successfully, showing accurate and precise results.

A molecularly imprinted sensor for sensitive detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) oxidative stress biomarker

6th Graduate Student Symposium on Molecular Imprinting

New modified electrochemical conductive paper support for BSA detection

Chemical sensors and biosensors are widely used to detect various kinds of protein target biomolecules. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) have raised great interest in this area, because these act as antibody-like recognition materials, with high affinity to the template molecule. Compared to natural antibodies, these are also of lower cost and higher stability. There are different types of supports used to carry MIP materials, mostly of these made of gold, favourably assembled on a Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) strategy. For this work a new kind of support for the sensing layer was developed: conductive paper. This support was made by modifying first cellulose paper with paraffin wax (to make it waterproof), and casting a carbon-ink on it afterwards, to turn it conductive. The SPAM approach previously reported in1 was employed herein to assemble to MIP sensing material on the conductive paper. The selected charged monomers were (vinylbenzyl) trimethlammonium chloride (positive charge) or vinylbenzoic acid (negative charge), used to generate binding positions with single-type charge (positive or negative). The non-specific binding area of the MIP layer was assembled by chronoamperometry-assisted polymerization (at 1 V, for 60, 120 or 180 seconds) of vinylbenzoate, cross-linked with ethylene glycol vinyl ether. The BSA biomolecules lying within the polymeric matrix were removed by Proteinase K action. All preparation stages of the MIP assembly were followed by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and, electrochemical analysis. In general, the best results were obtained for longer polymerization times and positively charged binding sites (which was consistent with a negatively-charged protein under physiological pH, as BSA). Linear responses against BSA concentration ranged from 0.005 to 100 mg/mL, in PBS buffer standard solutions. The sensor was further calibrated in standard solutions that were prepared in synthetic or real urine, and the analytical response became more sensitive and stable. Compared to the literature, the detection capability of the developed device is better than most of the reported electrodes. Overall, the simplicity, low cost and good analytical performance of the BSA SPE device, prepared with positively charged binding positions, seems a suitable approach for practical application in clinical context. Further studies with real samples are required, as well as gathering with electronic-supporting devices to allow on-site readings.

Detection of cardiac biomarker proteins using a disposable based on a molecularly imprinted polymer grafted onto graphite

A low-cost disposable was developed for rapid detection of the protein biomarker myoglobin (Myo) as a model analyte. A screen printed electrode was modified with a molecularly imprinted material grafted on a graphite support and incorporated in a matrix composed of poly(vinyl chloride) and the plasticizer o-nitrophenyloctyl ether. The protein-imprinted material (PIM) was produced by growing a reticulated polymer around a protein template. This is followed by radical polymerization of 4-styrenesulfonic acid, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The polymeric layer was then covalently bound to the graphitic support, and Myo was added during the imprinting stage to act as a template. Non-imprinted control materials (CM) were also prepared by omitting the Myo template. Morphological and structural analysis of PIM and CM by FTIR, Raman, and SEM/EDC microscopies confirmed the modification of the graphite support. The analytical performance of the SPE was assessed by square wave voltammetry. The average limit of detection is 0.79 μg of Myo per mL, and the slope is −0.193 ± 0.006 μA per decade. The SPE-CM cannot detect such low levels of Myo but gives a linear response at above 7.2 μg · mL−1, with a slope of −0.719 ± 0.02 μA per decade. Interference studies with hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, creatinine, and sodium chloride demonstrated good selectivity for Myo. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Myo urine and is conceived to be a promising tool for screening Myo in point-of-care patients with ischemia.

Electrochemical biosensor based on biomimetic material for myoglobin detection

A novel reusable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) assembled on a polymeric layer of carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVCsingle bondCOOH) for myoglobin (Myo) detection was developed. This polymer was casted on the gold working area of a screen printed electrode (Au-SPE), creating a novel disposable device relying on plastic antibodies. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies confirmed the surface modification. The MIP/Au-SPE devices displayed a linear behaviour in EIS from 0.852 to 4.26 μg mL−1, of positive slope 6.50 ± 1.48 (kΩ mL μg−1). The limit of detection was 2.25 μg mL−1. Square wave voltammetric (SWV) assays were made in parallel and showed linear responses between 1.1 and 2.98 μg mL−1. A current decrease was observed against Myo concentration, producing average slopes of −0.28 ± 0.038 μA mL μg−1. MIP/Au-SPE also showed good results in terms of selectivity. The error% found for each interfering species were 7% for troponin T (TnT), 11% for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 2% for creatine kinase MB (CKMB), respectively. Overall, the technical modification over the Au-SPE was found a suitable approach for screening Myo in biological fluids.

Artificial antibodies for troponin T by its imprinting on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Its use as sensory surfaces

A novel artificial antibody for troponin T (TnT) was synthesized by molecular imprint (MI) on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). This was done by attaching TnT to the MWCNT surface, and filling the vacant spaces by polymerizing under mild conditions acrylamide (monomer) in N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (cross-linker) and ammonium persulphate (initiator). After removing the template, the obtained biomaterial was able to rebind TnT and discriminate it among other interfering species. Stereochemical recognition of TnT was confirmed by the non-rebinding ability displayed by non-imprinted (NI) materials, obtained by imprinting without a template. SEM and FTIR analysis confirmed the surface modification of the MWCNT. The ability of this biomaterial to rebind TnT was confirmed by including it as electroactive compound in a PVC/plasticizer mixture coating a wire of silver, gold or titanium. Anionic slopes of 50 mV decade−1 were obtained for the gold wire coated with MI-based membranes dipped in HEPES buffer of pH 7. The limit of detection was 0.16 μg mL−1. Neither the NI-MWCNT nor the MWCNT showed the ability to recognize the template. Good selectivity was observed against creatinine, sucrose, fructose, myoglobin, sodium glutamate, thiamine and urea. The sensor was tested successfully on serum samples. It is expected that this work opens new horizons on the design of new artificial antibodies for complex protein structures.

Uma abordagem a sistemas de crescimento celular apical: síntese de um sensor para iões citosólicos de potássio

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Bioorgânica

A new biomimetic sensor for detecting carnitine, a potential biomarker in ovarian cancer

1st ASPIC International Congress

The potential of molecular imprinting as a biosensing devices for monitoring the CEA cancer biomarker

6th Graduate Student Symposium on Molecular Imprinting

Dissecção Carotídea. Cinco Variações Sobre um Tema

A dissecção da artéria carótida interna é uma causa de AVC isquémico, particularmente em doentes jovens, sem aparentes factores de risco cérebro-vasculares. Métodos: Os autores descrevem o quadro clínico e achados imagiológicos (TAC, RMN e angiografia de subtracção digital) de cinco doentes internados consecutivamente na Unidade Cérebro-Vascular do Hospital de S. José, num período de dois meses, com o diagnóstico de oclusão da artéria carótida interna por provável dissecção. Discussão: O conjunto de casos clínicos apresentados salienta a heterogeneidade de formas de apresentação desta patologia, quer do ponto de vista clínico, quer imagiológico.

Estudo e optimização da técnica de fiação húmida para produção de microfibras de quitosano

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica

Mecanismos de degradação de compostos de relevância biológica por radicais oxidantes

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química, especialidade Química Orgânica

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de um primário anticorrosivo para metais

As tintas são amplamente utilizadas para a prevenção da corrosão principalmente devido a aspectos económicos e conveniência. As estratégias de protecção da corrosão com recurso a tintas podem ser de vários tipos mas usualmente são função da aderência da resina, das propriedades barreira que o filme apresenta, e das propriedades anti-corrosivas dos pigmentos utilizados (seja por protecção por inibição ou por protecção catódica). Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um primário anticorrosivo sem a utilização de pigmentos considerados tóxicos como o cromato de zinco. Assim, este primário é baseado em resinas de polivinil butiral (PVB) e pigmentos inibidores da corrosão não tóxicos. Foram caracterizadas as propriedades mecânicas e poliisocianato e também o efeito da concentração de ácido fosfórico no catalisador (fornecido em separado). Foram testados três pigmentos anticorrosivos: fosfato de zinco e ferro (ZF), fosfosilicato de estrôntico e cálcio (EC) e ortofosfato silicato hidratado de zinco, cálcio, estrôntico e alumínio (ZCEA). Avaliaram-se as propriedades anticorrosivas e mecânicas destes pigmentos a diferentes razões de Concentração Volumétrica de pigmentos (PVC) em função do seu valor crítico (CPVC) 80,60-1,15). Testaram-se inibidores de corrosão orgânicos juntamente com os pigmentos. As propriedades anticorrosivas foram avaliadas através das técnicas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) e nevoeiro salino. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que 2% de ácido fosfórico no catalisador não alteram a aderência mas permitem melhorar a dureza de primério. Esta percentagem permite um aumento da resistência química do produto final. nos testes com diferentes resinas a diferentes proporções, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a resina de poliisocianato com claras melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas. a avaliação dos diferentes pigmentos resultou na seguinte sequência decrescente das propriedades anticorrosivas ZCEA >EC>ZF. O ZCEA demonstrou uma menor sensibilidade à razão PVC/CPVC. A resistência à corrosão pode ainda ser melhorada com o inibidor de corrosão zinco-5-nitroisoftalato, tomando partido dos efeitos sinergéticos entre pigmento inorgânico e aditivos orgânicos. A comparação do primário formulado com o pigmento ZCEA a PVC/CPVC de 0,60 demonstrou melhores propriedades anticorrosivas do que os três produtos da concorrência testados.

Cerâmica Arqueológica, estudo comparativo da eficácia inicial de dois consolidantes – polímero acrílico e silicato de etilo

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro