Combustion synthesized tetragonal ZrO2: Eu3+ nanophosphors: Structural and photoluminescence studies

Novel crystalline tetragonal ZrO2: Eu3+ phosphors were prepared by a facile and efficient low temperature solution combustion method at 400 +/- 10 degrees C using oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH) as fuel. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns and Rietveld confinement of as formed ZrO2: Eu3+ (1-11 mol%) confirmed the presence of body centered tetragonal phase. The crystallite size estimated from Scherrer's and W-H plots was found to be in the range of 7-17 nm. These results were in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy studies. The calculated microstrain in most of the planes indicated the presence of tensile stress along various planes of the particles. The observed space group (P4(2)/nmc) revealed the presence of cations in the 2b positions (0.75, 0.25, 0.25) and the anions in the 4d positions (0.25, 0.25, 0.45). The optical band gap energies estimated from Wood and Tauc's relation was found to be in the range 4.3-4.7 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) emission was recorded under 394 and 464 nm excitation shows an intense emission peak at 605 nm along with other emission peaks at 537, 592, 605 and 713 nm. These emission peaks were attributed to the transition of D-5(0) -> F-7(J) (J = 0, 1, 2, 3) of Eu3+ ions. The high ratio of Intensity of (D-5(0) -> F-7(2)) and (D-5(0) -> F-7(1)) infers that Eu3+ occupies sites with a low symmetry and without an inversion center. CIE color coordinates indicated the red regions which could meet the needs of illumination devices. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluación comparativa de concentrados pre-iniciadores comerciales vs. ración convencional para cerdos en etapa de iniciación

En las instalaciones de Porcina Gallo Solo S.A. ubicadas en el Departamento de León, se efectuó una prueba de alimentación durante el periodo comprendido del 31 de Enero al 21 de Abril, para verificar la calidad de tres concentrados comerciales (A,B,C), al compararlos con una ración convencional (D), en cerdos en etapa de iniciación. El experimento comprendió 2 etapas. Inicialmente se utilizaron las camadas provenientes de 24 cerdas, distribuidas al azar en 4 grupos, a las cuales se llevo registro de peso semanal y consumo de alimentos, hasta los 42 días, fecha de destete. El diseño utilizado fue completamente azarizado. Como segunda etapa se seleccionaron 72 cerdos de 7-8 semanas de edad, se desparasitaron y fueron distribuidos en 4 tratamientos, y continuaron recibiendo sus respectivos concentrados pre-iniciadores durante 3 semanas, hasta alcanzar aproximadamente 23 kilogramos de peso vivo. El numero de cerdos destetados por camada fue sometido a análisis de varianza; y las ganancias de peso vivo en ambos periodos analizados fueron sometidos a análisis de covarianza y prueba de Duncan. La ganancia de peso vivo, de 5.45 kilogramos obtenida por los lechones en el tratamiento "D", durante el periodo de lactancia, fue similar a la de los tratamientos "A" y "C", pero significativamente diferente P(.05), con la lograda por el tratamiento "B", de 3.78 kilogramos. La mayor ganancia de peso vivo, durante el periodo post-destete, se obtuvo con los cerdos que recibian la racion comercial "B" (9.59 kgs), la que fue similar a la del tratamiento "D"; siendo diferentes de las obtenidas con los tratamientos "A" (6.09 kgs.) y "C" (7.52 kgs.). El mayor promedio, de 8.66 lechones destetados por camada, se obtuvo con el tratamiento "C". Sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias significativas al compararlo con los resultados obtenidos con los tratamientos A, B y D respectivamente. El tratamiento "B" resulto ser la ración comercial mas económica, revelando un costo unitario de C$ 3.. por kilogramo de cerdo producido durante el periodo post-destete. Los costos unitarios obtenidos con los tratamientos "A" (C$ 3.93) y "C" (3.88) fueron mayores a los obtenidos con el testigo "D" (3.36).

Flood of September 20-23, 1969 in the Gadsden County area, Florida

The center of low pressure of a tropical disturbance which moved northward in the Gulf of Mexico, reached land between Panama City and Port St. Joe, Florida, on September 20, 1969. This system was nearly stationary for 48 hours producing heavy rainfall in the Quincy-Havana area, 70-80 miles northeast of the center. Rainfall associated with the tropical disturbance exceeded 20 inches over a part of Gadsden County, Florida, during September 20 through 23, 1969, and the maximum rainfall of record occurred at Quincy with 10.87 inches during a 6-hour period on September 21. The 48-hour maximum of 17.71 inches exceeded the 1 in 100-year probability of 16 inches for a 7-day period. The previous maximum rainfall of record at Quincy (more than 12 inches) was on September 14-15, 1924. The characteristics of this historical storm were similar in path and effect to the September 1969 tropical disturbance. Peak runoff from a 1.4-square mile area near Midway, Florida, was 1,540 cfs (cubic feet per second) per square mile. A peak discharge of 45,600 cfs on September 22 at the gaging station on the Little River near Quincy exceeded the previous peak of 25,400 cfs which occurred on December 4, 1964. The peak discharge of 89,400 cfs at Ochlockonee River near Bloxham exceeded the April 1948 peak of 50,200 cfs, which was the previous maximum of record, by 1.8 times. Many flood-measurement sites had peak discharges in excess of that of a 50-year flood. Nearly $200,000 was spent on emergency repairs to roads. An additional $520,000 in contractual work was required to replace four bridges that were destroyed. Agricultural losses were estimated at $1,000,000. (44 page document)

NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP): Guidance for Regional Implementation

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The Coastal Change Analysis Programl (C-CAP) is developing a nationally standardized database on landcover and habitat change in the coastal regions of the United States. C-CAP is part of the Estuarine Habitat Program (EHP) of NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program (COP). C-CAP inventories coastal submersed habitats, wetland habitats, and adjacent uplands and monitors changes in these habitats on a one- to five-year cycle. This type of information and frequency of detection are required to improve scientific understanding of the linkages of coastal and submersed wetland habitats with adjacent uplands and with the distribution, abundance, and health of living marine resources. The monitoring cycle will vary according to the rate and magnitude of change in each geographic region. Satellite imagery (primarily Landsat Thematic Mapper), aerial photography, and field data are interpreted, classified, analyzed, and integrated with other digital data in a geographic information system (GIS). The resulting landcover change databases are disseminated in digital form for use by anyone wishing to conduct geographic analysis in the completed regions. C-CAP spatial information on coastal change will be input to EHP conceptual and predictive models to support coastal resource policy planning and analysis. CCAP products will include 1) spatially registered digital databases and images, 2) tabular summaries by state, county, and hydrologic unit, and 3) documentation. Aggregations to larger areas (representing habitats, wildlife refuges, or management districts) will be provided on a case-by-case basis. Ongoing C-CAP research will continue to explore techniques for remote determination of biomass, productivity, and functional status of wetlands and will evaluate new technologies (e.g. remote sensor systems, global positioning systems, image processing algorithms) as they become available. Selected hardcopy land-cover change maps will be produced at local (1:24,000) to regional scales (1:500,000) for distribution. Digital land-cover change data will be provided to users for the cost of reproduction. Much of the guidance contained in this document was developed through a series of professional workshops and interagency meetings that focused on a) coastal wetlands and uplands; b) coastal submersed habitat including aquatic beds; c) user needs; d) regional issues; e) classification schemes; f) change detection techniques; and g) data quality. Invited participants included technical and regional experts and representatives of key State and Federal organizations. Coastal habitat managers and researchers were given an opportunity for review and comment. This document summarizes C-CAP protocols and procedures that are to be used by scientists throughout the United States to develop consistent and reliable coastal change information for input to the C-CAP nationwide database. It also provides useful guidelines for contributors working on related projects. It is considered a working document subject to periodic review and revision.(PDF file contains 104 pages.)

Reactions of oxygen containing ligands in the coordination sphere of permethylhafnocene and permethyltantalocene

A series of terl-butylperoxide complexes of hafnium, Cp*₂Hf(R)(OOCMe₃) (Cp* = ((η⁵-C₅Me₅); R = Cl, H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CHMe₂, CH=CHCMe₃, C₆H₅, meta-C₆H₃(CH₂)2) and Cp*(η⁵-C₅(CH₃)₄CH₂CH₂CH₂)Hf(OOCMe₃), has been synthesized. One example has been structurally characterized, Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃)CH₂CH₃ crystallizes in space group P2₁/c, with a = 19.890(7)Å, b = 8.746(4)Å, c = 17.532(6)Å, β = 124.987(24)°, V = 2498(2)ų, Z = 4 and R_F = 0.054 (2222 reflections, I > 0). Despite the coordinative unsaturation of the hafnium center, the terl-butylperoxide ligand is coordinated in a mono-dentate ligand. The mode of decomposition of these species is highly dependent on the substituent R. For R = H, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CHMe₂ a clean first order conversion to Cp*₂Hf(OCMe₃)(OR) is observed (for R CH₂CH₃, ΔHǂ = 19.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -13 e.u.). These results are discussed in terms of a two step mechanism involving η²-coordination of the terl-butylperoxide ligand. Homolytic O-O bond cleavage is observed upon heating of Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃) R (R = C₆H₆, meta-C₆H₃(CH₃)₂). In the presence of excess 9,10-dihydroanthracene thermolysis of Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃)C₆H₆ cleanly affords Cp*₂Hf(C₆H₆)OH and HOCMe₃ (ΔHǂ = 22.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -9 e.u.). The O-O bond strength in these complexes is thus estimated to be 22 kcal•mol^-1.

Cp*₂Ta(CH₂)H, Cp*₂Ta(CHC₆H₅)H, Cp*₂Ta(C₆H₄)H, Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CH₂)H and Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CHMe)H react, presumably through Cp*₂Ta-R intermediates, with H₂O to give Cp*₂Ta(O)H and alkane. Cp*₂Ta(O)H was structurally characterized: space group P2₁/n, a= 13.073(3)Å, b = 19.337(4)Å, c = 16.002(3)Å, β = 108.66(2)°, V = 3832(1)ų, Z = 8 and R_F = 0.0672 (6730 reflections). Reaction of terlbutylhydroperoxide with these same starting materials ultimately yields Cp*₂Ta(O)R and HOCMe₃. Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CHR)OH species are proposed as intermediates in the olefin hydride reactions. Cp*₂Ta(O₂)R species can be generated from the reaction of the same starting materials and O₂. Lewis acids have been shown to promote oxygen insertion in these complexes.

Zirconocenes as models for homogeneous Ziegler-Natta olefin polymerization catalysts

Using density functional theory, we studied the fundamental steps of olefin polymerization for zwitterionic and cationic Group IV ansa-zirconocenes and a neutral ansa- yttrocene. Complexes [H₂E(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]ⁿ (n = 0: E = BH₂ (1), BF₂ (2), AlH₂(3); n = +: E = CH₂(4), SiH₂(5)) and H₂Si(C₅H₄)₂YMe were used as computational models. The largest differences among these three classes of compounds were the strength of olefin binding and the stability of the β-agostic alkyl intermediate towards β-hydrogen elimination. We investigated the effect of solvent on the reaction energetics for land 5. We found that in benzene the energetics became very similar except that a higher olefin insertion barrier was calculated for 1. The calculated anion affinity of [CH₃BF₃]^- was weaker towards 1 than 5. The calculated olefin binding depended primarily on the charge of the ansa linker, and the olefin insertion barrier was found to decrease steadily in the following order: [H₂C(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]⁺ > [F₂B(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe] ≈ [H₂B(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe] > [H₂Si(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe]⁺ > [H₂Al(C₅H₄)₂ZrMe].

We prepared ansa-zirconocene dicarbonyl complexes Me₂ECp₂Zr(CO)₂ (E = Si, C), and t-butyl substituted complexes (t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂, Me₂E(t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂ (E = Si, C), (Me₂Si)₂(t-BuCp)₂Zr(CO)₂ as well as analogous zirconocene complexes. Both the reduction potentials and carbonyl stretching frequencies follow the same order: Me₂SiCp₂ZrCl₂> Me₂CCp₂ZrCl₂> Cp₂ZrCl₂> (Me₂Si)₂Cp₂ZrCl₂. This ordering is a result of both the donating abilities of the cyclopentadienyl substituents and the orientation of the cyclopentadiene rings. Additionally, we prepared a series of analogous cationic zirconocene complexes [LZrOCMe₃][MeB(C₆F₅)₃] (L = CP₂, Me₂SiCp₂, Me₂CCP₂, (Me₂Si)₂Cp₂) and studied the kinetics of anion dissociation. We found that the enthalpy of anion dissociation increased from 10.3 kcal•mol^-1 to 17.6 kcal•mol^-1 as exposure of the zirconium center increased.

We also prepared series of zirconocene complexes bearing 2,2-dimethyl-2-sila-4-pentenyl substituents (and methyl-substituted olefin variants). Methide abstraction with B(C₆F₅) results in reversible coordination of the tethered olefin to the cationic zirconium center. The kinetics of olefin dissociation have been examined using NMR methods, and the effects of ligand variation for unlinked, singly [SiMe₂]-linked and doubly [SiMe₂]-linked bis(cyclopentadienyl) arrangements has been compared (ΔG‡ for olefin dissociation varies from 12.8 to 15.6 kcal•mol^-1). Methide abstraction from 1,2-(SiMe₂)₂(η⁵-C₅H₃)₂Zr(CH₃)-(CH₂CMe₂CH₂CH = CH₂) results in rapid β-allyl elimination with loss of isobutene yielding the allyl cation [{1,2-(SiMe₂)₂(η⁵-C₅H₃)₂Zr(η³-CH₂CH=CH₂)]⁺.

Experimental study study of antiproton-proton annihilation into a pair of charged Pi-Mesons or K-Mesons for incident antiproton mementa in the range from 0.72 GeV/c to 2.62 GeV/c

The cross sections for the two antiproton-proton annihilation-in-flight modes,

ˉp + p → π⁺ + π^-

ˉp + p → k⁺ + k^-

were measured for fifteen laboratory antiproton beam momenta ranging from 0.72 to 2.62 GeV/c. No magnets were used to determine the charges in the final state. As a result, the angular distributions were obtained in the form [dσ/dΩ (Θ_C.M.) + dσ/dΩ (π – Θ_C.M.)] for 45 ≲ Θ_C.M. ≲ 135°.

A hodoscope-counter system was used to discriminate against events with final states having more than two particles and antiproton-proton elastic scattering events. One spark chamber was used to record the track of each of the two charged final particles. A total of about 40,000 pictures were taken. The events were analyzed by measuring the laboratory angle of the track in each chamber. The value of the square of the mass of the final particles was calculated for each event assuming the reaction

ˉp + p → a pair of particles with equal masses.

About 20,000 events were found to be either annihilation into π ^±-pair or k ^±-pair events. The two different charged meson pair modes were also distinctly separated.

The average differential cross section of ˉp + p → π⁺ + π^- varied from ~ 25 µb/sr at antiproton beam momentum 0.72 GeV/c (total energy in center-of-mass system, √s = 2.0 GeV) to ~ 2 µb/sr at beam momentum 2.62 GeV/c (√s = 2.64 GeV). The most striking feature in the angular distribution was a peak at Θ_C.M. = 90° (cos Θ_C.M. = 0) which increased with √s and reached a maximum at √s ~ 2.1 GeV (beam momentum ~ 1.1 GeV/c). Then it diminished and seemed to disappear completely at √s ~ 2.5 GeV (beam momentum ~ 2.13 GeV/c). A valley in the angular distribution occurred at cos Θ_C.M. ≈ 0.4. The differential cross section then increased as cos Θ_C.M. approached 1.

The average differential cross section for ˉp + p → k⁺ + k^- was about one third of that of the π^±-pair mode throughout the energy range of this experiment. At the lower energies, the angular distribution, unlike that of the π^±-pair mode, was quite isotropic. However, a peak at Θ_C.M. = 90° seemed to develop at √s ~ 2.37 GeV (antiproton beam momentum ~ 1.82 GeV/c). No observable change was seen at that energy in the π^±-pair cross section.

The possible connection of these features with the observed meson resonances at 2.2 GeV and 2.38 GeV, and its implications, were discussed.

Variantes no gene MBL2 codificador da Lectina Ligante de Manose (MBL): implicações na leishmaniose visceral humana

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar é uma doença endêmica, crônica, grave e de alta letalidade se não tratada. Os estudos apontam a proteína Lectina Ligante de Manose (MBL), codificada pelo gene MBL2, como uma peça-chave na imunidade inata, dada a sua função no reconhecimento microbiano, na eliminação, inflamação e morte celular. Neste trabalho realizamos um estudo do tipo caso-controle que teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre variantes no gene MBL2 e a suscetibilidade à LV em indivíduos residentes em áreas endêmicas da Ilha de São Luís-MA. A amostra foi constituída por 322 indivíduos, sendo 161 casos com LV, não aparentados, de ambos os sexos, residentes em áreas endêmicas da doença na Ilha de São Luís e 161 controles saud��veis, não infectados e não aparentados da mesma região. A identificação dos casos de LV se deu por meio do contato constante com os principais hospitais e ambulatórios de referência para a doença na cidade. Também foram feitas buscas de pacientes com LV em ambiente domiciliar, a partir de registros da FUNASA-MA. A análise molecular consistiu na genotipagem de 6 variantes localizadas na região promotora [posições -550 (C>G), -221(G>C), +4(C>T)] e codificadora [códons 52 (C>T), 54 (G>A) e 57 (G>A)] do gene MBL2, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase e sequenciamento automático. A dosagem da proteína MBL no soro foi realizada pelo teste de ELISA. Verificamos que os fenótipos MBL dependem do conjunto de alelos presentes no gene MBL2, sendo nítido o efeito que as variantes defectivas causam nos níveis da proteína. Não encontramos diferença significativa entre casos e controles em relação à distribuição dos genótipos MBL2 e dos níveis séricos de MBL. As frequências alélicas das variantes exônicas na amostra total mostram que o alelo A é o mais comum (74,8%) e que os alelos defectivos (B, C e D) se encontram principalmente em heterozigose (36,6%), o que reforça a ideia de que alelos MBL2 defectivos são mantidos na população por conferirem vantagem seletiva aos heterozigotos. Em relação aos 3 principais polimorfismos existentes na região promotora, verificamos ser a variante -221G (Y) a mais frequente (88%) seguida de +4C (P) (73%) e de -550C (L) (67%). Identificamos oito haplótipos em MBL2 num total de 644 cromossomos avaliados, em 30 combinações diferentes, sendo HYPA e LYQA os mais frequentes e HYPD e HYPB os mais raros. Todos os portadores de combinações de haplótipos homozigotos para alelos defectivos apresentaram níveis séricos de MBL indetectáveis. Os genótipos LYQA/LYQA e HYPA/HYPA apresentaram as maiores concentrações médias de MBL no soro. A combinação entre SNPs no éxon 1 e na região promotora do gene MBL2 resulta em grande variação nas concentrações de MBL em indivíduos saud��veis. Consideramos que o conjunto de dados gerados é uma contribuição valiosa que poderá ser expandida para outros cenários.

Complexo Burkholderia cepacia em pacientes com fibrose cística: caracterização das espécies, avaliação do perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos e da diversidade genética

O Complexo Burkholderia cepacia (CBc) é um grupo de 17 espécies intimamente relacionadas que estão associadas à deterioração pulmonar e aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com Fibrose Cística (FC). Essas espécies variam entre si em relação à prevalência, quadros clínicos e virulência. Pouco é conhecido em relação ao perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos. Uma vez estabelecida a infecção, a abordagem terapêutica e as medidas de controle atualmente adotadas são baseadas no CBc, sem considerar cada espécie em particular. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência das espécies do CBc em pacientes atendidos em dois centros de referência no Rio de Janeiro, bem como estabelecer perfis de resistência a antimicrobianos e avaliar a diversidade molecular entre as espécies. Cem amostras do CBc isoladas de 38 pacientes com FC no período de janeiro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2012 foram identificadas por métodos fenotípicos e pelo sequenciamento do gene recA. As CIMs para amicacina, aztreonam, ceftazidima, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol e tobramicina foram determinadas por microdiluição e a genotipagem das espécies foi realizada por PFGE com a enzima SpeI. B. vietnamiensis (44%) foi a espécie mais prevalente, seguida de B. cenocepacia IIIA (36%), B. multivorans (10%), B. cenocepacia IIIB (1%) e B. stabilis (1%). Cinco por cento das amostras não foram identificadas. B. vietnamiensis foi identificada em mais da metade dos pacientes (58,3%). Foram observadas diferenças no perfil de susceptibilidade entre as espécies do CBc. B. cenocepacia IIIA foi a espécie que apresentou as maiores taxas de resistência aos antimicrobianos, sobretudo para trimetoprim/ sulfametoxazol (80,5%), principal antimicrobiano utilizado no tratamento de infecções causadas pelo CBc. Amostras com perfis MDR ocorreram em todas as espécies, destacando-se o perfil A, resistente simultaneamente aos cinco antimicrobianos, observado em 58,8% das amostras de B.cenocepacia IIIA. A análise do polimorfismo genético mostrou que, apesar de B. vietnamiensis ter sido a espécie mais prevalente, a ocorrência de nove grupos clonais sugere que a aquisição dessas cepas tenha se dado a partir de uma fonte ambiental comum. Para B. cenocepacia IIIA, 52,9% das amostras foram atribuídas a um mesmo grupo clonal (BcA), compartilhado entre nove pacientes atendidos em um mesmo centro de referência. Oitenta por cento dessas amostras apresentaram ainda resistência a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Os dados mostram que, mesmo com o emprego de técnicas moleculares, é difícil a identificação do CBc em nível de espécie; que B. cenocepacia IIIA é caracterizada por índices de resistência superiores às outras espécies e que a transmissão cruzada entre os indivíduos aponta para a necessidade do estabelecimento de medidas de vigilância do CBc nos centros de referência.

西北干旱区多种植物地理分布与气候的相关性及其可能潜在分布预测

　　作为西部大开发的关键地区，西北干旱区由于地理位置和环境条件的独特性、生态系统的脆弱性以及人类活动的长期干扰，对其周边乃至全国的生态环境有较大的影响，在这一地区研究植物种分布与气候的关系，并模拟预测其可能的潜在分布范围，具有理论上和实践上的重要意义。 　　通过广泛收集了西北干旱区优势种和常见种的地理分布资料，共选择128个植物种，利用Holdridge的生命地带分类系统，计算各植物种的生物温度(BT)、可能蒸散(PE)、降水量(P)及可能蒸散率(PER)，分析植物种与气候的相互关系，并将所有植物种进行经验归纳分类。随后，对这砦植物种及其气候信息进行TWINSPAN定量分类，并与经验分类结果相比较，得出西北干旱区128种植物的生态气候分类，分属于以下几大类型：高寒草甸、森林一草原过渡带、草原（典型草原、荒漠草原）、荒漠（草原化荒漠、荒漠、高寒荒漠）。具体来说，包括以下17个生态气候类型： 1)高寒草甸：异针茅。 2)森林一草原过渡带：牛尾蒿、鬼箭锦鸡儿、沙棘。 3)草原a：沙蒿。 4)草原b：长芒草、百里香（变种）、多叶隐子草、贝加尔针茅、大针茅。 5)草原c：羊茅、小叶锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿、线叶菊、华北岩黄芪、廿青针茅、碱蒿、内蒙古沙蒿、裂叶蒿、狭叶锦鸡儿、山竹岩黄芪、女蒿、小蓬、两伯利亚杏、沙地柏、角果碱篷、霸王、糙隐子草。 6)草原d：紫狐茅、紫花针茅。 7)草原一荒漠草原a：包括沙竹、琵琶柴、吉尔吉斯针茅。 8)草原一荒漠草原b：华北米蒿、差巴嘎蒿、星星草、长芒针茅、铁竿蒿、柠条锦鸡儿。 9)荒漠草原：沙生冰草、蒙古冰草、羊草、冷蒿、中亚紫菀木、刺旋花、老瓜头、木贼麻黄、西伯利亚白刺、唐古特白刺、戈壁针茅、石生针茅、盐地碱蓬、冰草、蓍状亚菊、油蒿、木蓼、刺针枝蓼、长枝木蓼、中间锦鸡儿、尖叶盐爪爪、黄花琵琶柴、松叶猪毛菜、珍珠猪毛菜、东方针茅、囊果碱蓬、四合木、白滨藜、短脚锦鸡儿。 10)草原化荒漠，荒漠a：川青锦鸡儿、优若藜、苦艾蒿、无芒隐子草、沙冬青、籽蒿、地白蒿、菭草、齿叶白刺、绵刺、盐角草、多枝柽柳、盐生假木贼。 11)草原化荒漠．荒漠b：蒿叶猪毛菜、短花针茅、芨芨草、灌木亚菊、博乐蒿、小蒿、喀什蒿、南山短花菊、盐爪爪、木本猪毛菜、针茅、细枝盐爪爪。 12)草原化荒漠．荒漠c：白梭梭、白羊草、无叶假木贼。 13）干旱荒漠a：戈壁短花菊、荒漠细柄茅、刺蓬、沙生针茅、多花柽柳、细枝柽柳。 14)干旱荒漠b：梭梭柴、铃铛刺、天山猪毛菜、帕米尔麻黄、座花针茅、旱蒿、克氏狐茅、短叶假木贼、准格尔沙蒿、长穗柽柳、刚毛柽柳。 15)高寒荒漠植被：匍生优若藜。 16)干旱荒漠c：粉花蒿、白杆沙拐枣、膜果麻黄、花花柴、灌木紫菀木、裸果木、合头草、塔里木沙拐枣。 17)超干旱荒漠植被：沙拐枣、胡杨、盐穗木、灰杨、盐节木、圆叶盐爪爪。 　　综合分类结果表明：多数植物种的生态气候类型与实际生境相符，但也有少数植物种有明显偏差，主要原因有三点：首先，某些种的分布范围超出了西北干旱区，在东北、华北、甚至全国范围内分布，所计算的植物种的气候范围本身存在局限性;其次，西北干旱区的研究资料如植物种的分布范围、分布点的气象资料等有许多缺失：最后，由于文献中对某些植物种分布范围的描述比较笼统，无法确定其精确的地理分布界限，使得植物种所对应的分类结果与其真正所属的植 被类型有一些偏差。 　　本文还进一步在这128种植物中选取了10种分布明确、资料齐备的代表性植被类型的优势种，根据它们的降水和生物温度指标，模拟预测了它们的可能潜在分布区，包括其主要中心分布区和最大可能分布区，并与实际分布范围进行比较。结果表明．其潜在分布区的分布范围与实际调查所得资料所处范围基本一致，特别是中心分布区的预测图，而最大可能分布区与实际有一定误差。

Effects of animal and plant protein diets on growth of Indian major carp (Labeo rohita Ham.) fingerlings

An experiment was conducted with Labeo rohita fingerlings in an indoor static fish rearing water system of glass made aquaria. Five experimental diets A, B, C, D and E were formulated containing 33% dietary protein level in five treatments each having two replicates containing 12 fingerlings of mean total initial weight of 13.00±0.2g. Sixty days of feeding trial in this experiment showed that fish fed on diet 'A' containing fish meal and diet 'E' containing mixed plant sources protein had significantly highest and lowest growth respectively. However, no significant difference of growth was found in fish fed on diets C and D containing meat and bone meal, and mix of animal protein source diets respectively. The result showed that the apparent protein digestibility (APD) of diets 'A' and 'E' had significantly best and least values respectively. Food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) ranged between 1.37 to 2.17 and 1.38 to 2.18 respectively. On the basis of observed FCR and PER diets 'A' and 'E' produced significantly highest and lowest growth respectively.

三种萝藦科植物中C21甾类成分的研究

　　本实验对三种萝藦科植物通光散(Marsdenia tenacissima)、黑水藤（Biondia insignis Tsiang）和徐长卿（Cynanchum Paniculatum）中的C21甾体化合物进行了研究。从通光散藤茎乙酸乙酯提取物的水解产物中，分离得到两类八个C21甾类甙元。经光谱鉴定，它们的结构分别为11α-O-(2-甲基)-丁酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰通光藤甙元乙（1），11α-O-乙酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙（2），11α-O-（2-甲基）-丁酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(3), 11α-O-苯甲酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙(4)， 11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元乙（5）11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元乙（6），12β-O-乙酰基通光藤甙元甲（7）和12β-O-顺芷酰基通光藤甙元甲（8）。其中，化合物2和8为新化合物。从黑水藤乙醇提取物的水解产物中，分离得到了两个C21甾体化合物。经1D、2D NMR技术鉴定，分别为（3β，14β，15β，17β）-3, 14-二羟基-15，16-裂-孕甾-5-烯-15-醛-16-半缩醛-20-酮（1）和白前甙元C（2）。其中1为15，16-裂环的新骨架类型的C21甾体化合物，命名为黑水藤甙元甲。从采购于昆明、浙江、湖南三地药材市场的徐长卿的根及根茎中，分离得到了18个化合物（其中昆明徐长卿6个，浙江徐长卿9个，湖南徐长卿3个）。经光谱数据分析，这些化合物被鉴定为：cynapanoside-C (1), cynapanoside-A (2), 白前甙元B 3-O-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(3)，白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹吡喃糖甙（4），白前甙元C3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（5），白前甙元C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（6），cynatratoside-B (7)，cynatratoside-C (8);glaucoside A(9)，新白薇甙元B 3-O-β-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（10），白前甙元 A 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（11），白前甙元 B 3-O-α-L-磁糖基吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(12)，白前甙元D 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（13），白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-L-2-脱氧洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（14），白前甙元 C 3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖甙（15），白前甙元 B 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-（1 → 4）-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（16），白前甙元 D 3-O-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙(17)，白前甙元月B 3-O-α-L-磁嘛吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-洋地黄吡喃糖基-(1 → 4)-β-D-磁嘛吡喃糖甙（18）。其中，化合物3-6，10-18为新化合物，10的甙元为一个新甙元，命名为新白薇甙无B。

Interplay between s-d exchange interaction and Rashba effect: Spin-polarized transport

The authors investigate the spin-polarized transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas in a n-type diluted magnetic narrow gap semiconductor quantum well subjected to perpendicular magnetic and electric fields. Interesting beating patterns in the magnetoresistance are found which can be tuned significantly by varying the electric field. A resonant enhancement of spin-polarized current is found which is induced by the competition between the s-d exchange interaction and the Rashba effect [Y. A. Bychkov and E. I. Rashba, J. Phys. C 17, 6039 (1984)]. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

InAs self-assembled quantum dots grown on an InP (311)B substrate by molecular beam epitaxy

Self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) have been grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy on a (311)B InP substrate. Transmission electron microscopy clearly shows that a high density of smaller InAs islands can be obtained by using such a high index substrate. After introducing a lattice-matched underlying In0.52Al0.24Ga0.24As layer, the InAs QDs are much more uniform in size and form two-dimensional well ordered arrays. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra also confirm that the InAs QDs grown on underlying In0.52Al0.24Ga0.24As have a better quality than those grown in the In0.52Al0.48As matrix. A simple calculation indicates that the redshift of the PL peak energy mainly results from InAs QDs on underlying In0.52Al0.24Ga0.24As of large size. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

在辉光放电中八氟环丁烷聚合的研究

I 理论部分：对未知结构聚合物的ESCA谱进行表征，一是利用已知结构小分子化合物的ESCA谱中结合能值进行标定，二是运用电荷电位模型经量子化学计算对谱峰进行归属。由于所处化学环境不同，用小分子化合物的ESCA谱峰位对象合物标定不够准确，量子化学计算又太复杂。本工作提出了电负性经验公式，可计算ESCA谱中C_(1S)结合能位移值，与实测值作对照即可判断聚合物结构，方法简便，准确可靠。电负性经验公式表达如下：聚合物分子链上某碳原子1S电子结合能位移ΔEc可看作该碳原子与相邻基团间电负性差值和的函数，即ΔEc = K_c ∑ from i=1 to 4 1/(n_i) (X_i - 2.5) + b。聚合物分子链上各碳原子的实际电负性为X_c = (∑ form j=1 to 4 1/(n_j) X_j/∑ form j=1 to 4 1/(n_j) + 2.5)/2运用电负性经验公式计算了九个模型化合物中C_(1S)的ΔEc，推导出F作为α、β、γ位碳上的取代基的对α位碳上1s电子结合能位移影响产生的效应值，即，对于ΔEc = aα + bβ + cγ，有α = 3.018 (±0.007)，β = 0.2513 (±0.0007) γ = 0.0176 (±0.003)。此结果与ESCA谱实测值相符。本工作设计了十六种化合物模型，模型中具有含氟等离子体聚合物中可能存在的大部分基团，通过电负性经验公式计算求得化学环境不同的C_(1S)结合能位移值，把ESCA谱的实测值和计算值进行对照，可对象合物的求知结构作出大致判断。II 在辉光放电中八氟环丁烷的聚合与刻蚀反应：在碳氧化合物的辉光放电中同时存在聚合与刻蚀两种相反的过程，聚合与刻蚀竞争的结果对聚合速率，产物结构都有很大影响。本工作通过测定聚合速率、IR谱、ESCA谱研究了反应条件对八氟环丁烷等离子体聚合与刻蚀的影响，得到了一致的和半定量的结果。实验证实，随着功率的增大或压力的减小，刻蚀有增强的趋势，不同的等离子气体对聚合与刻蚀的竞争过程有不同的影响，刻蚀强弱的顺序为Ar>N_2>H_2>He，增加等离子气体对单体的比率，引起刻蚀增加。聚合速率不随功率的改变而变化的状态是由聚合与刻蚀间的平衡引起的。随着功率增大或压力减少，聚合产物支化程度增加，线性程度减小，F/C比相应减小。同样随等离子气体种类不同，聚合物支化程度大小的顺序是Ar>N_2>H_2>He，F/C比相应变化。总之，聚合产物支化程度的变化和聚合与刻蚀的竞争结果相一致。对等离子体聚合与刻蚀竞争过程的定量描述未见文献报导。III 八氟环丁烷等离子体聚合物的结构和表征：用IR和ESR谱测得OFCB等离子体聚合物中存在五种元素：C、F、O、N、Si，并对可能存在于结构中的基因作了分析。通过NaHSO_3的亲核双键加成反应，用IR和ESR谱证实了等离子体聚合物中存在的双键及其类型。类似工作未见文献报导。用CuSO_4·5H_2作标样，测出PPOFCB中的自由基浓度为10~(19)自旋数/克。在80、100、120、140 ℃考察PPOFCB中俘获自由基的衰减过程，证实此过程涉及两类不同的反应，一是自由基的复合反应，二是自由基的氧气的终止反应。对上述两类反应进行动力学处理，求出了自由基复合反应在不同温度时的速度常数，并得到反应治化能为374焦耳/摩尔或8.869千卡/摩尔。氧和自由基的终止反应中，氧气的扩散过程是决定反应速度的步骤，反应速度常数就是扩散速度常数，K = 5.3 * 10~(-23)自旋数~(-1)、克分~(-1)。根据VPO测出的PPOFCB的分子量和自由基浓度，算出每4.5个分子中有一个自由基。类似工作未见文献报导。PPOFCB的分子量随反应条件不同而变化，用VPO测出，在80W和40W功率，在Ar存在下制备的OFCB等离子体聚合物的分子量分别为2736和2003。用~(19)F-NMR谱对PPOFCB中的基团进行定量计算，得出在一个90W，He气中制备的聚合物分子中，CF_3-CF_2为6.1，CF_2为13.5，CF_3-CF为7.9，CF为17.5，CF_3-C为6.1，C为13.5。在用上述方法进行结构表征的基础上，提出了OFCB等离子体聚合物的结构模型。IV 八氟环丁烷等离子体聚合的反应历程：以Ar、N_2、H_2、He为等离子气体，分别对OFCB等离子体聚合的气体冷凝物进行GC-Mg、~(19)F-NMR和ESR测试，观察到在气相中，OFCB经历了等离子态反应。单体被打断的程度，和高能电子浓度有关。体系中电子浓度依赖于气体的第一电离势和气相内的化学反应类型。初级粒子二氟卡宾：CF_2和中间体六氟丙烯是气相中的主要产物。~(19)F-NMR证实气相中存在支化产物，表明聚合物在气相中发生了重排。ESR谱测得，在气相产物中存在高浓度的由二种以上组分混合而成的自由基，自由基间的复合反应是生成聚合物的主要增长过程，气相产物的分子量随放电功率的升高而增大。根据聚合物中存在的高含量CF_3基团，分析了CF_3基团对聚合过程的影响。CF_3基团产生了屏蔽效应，它既保护了聚合物不致被降解，也限制了生成高分子量产物。实验证实，CF_3基团的生长来自F的重排，同时未自支化气相产物的非均相增长。OFCB等离子体聚合物中俘获自由基主要是由高能电子轰击聚合物表面产生的，同时来自被固相吸附的带有自由基的气相产物。在碳氟化合物的等离子体聚合中，吸附是和聚合同样重要的过程，气相产物被吸附后，可继续再引发、增长、刻蚀等反应过程、直到成为固相内层分子为止。ESR谱证实，高能粒子的轰击在辉光放电中起主导作用，紫外辐射对含氟聚合物引发和脱氟作用微弱。在气相和表面反应历程讨论的基础上，提出了OFCB等离子体聚合的反应历程模型，解释了碳氢和碳氟两个等离子体象合体系遵循不同反应历程的原因。本部分工作的实验和反应历程解释基本未见文献报导。