Effects of speaking rate on EMA-derived lingual kinematics: a preliminary investigation

Electromagnetic articulography (EMA) was used to investigate how tongue movement characteristics (i.e., velocity, acceleration, duration, distance) change with. or indeed affect, increased rates of speech. Eight young adult males repeated /ta/ and /ka/ syllables first at a moderate rate that had been modelled at three syllables per second, and then 'as fast as possible'. Distance travelled by the tongue appeared to be the principal lingual kinematic feature manipulated by the group of speakers in producing increased syllable repetition rates, with velocity found to increase, decrease or remain unchanged. Acceleration remained unchanged, except in the case of increased velocity. One participant formed an exception in terms of manipulating distance by exhibiting marginally increased lingual velocities rather than distance changes. This preliminary study serves to direct future EMA-based studies of speech rate control as to the speech tasks that should be employed and the possible underlying anatomical and acoustic bases or constraints that could possibly influence the kinematic strategies employed to increase speech rate.

High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients

Background Wide testing of the aldosterone: renin ratio among hypertensive individuals has revealed primary aldosteronism to be common, with most patients normokalaemic. Some investigators, however, have reported aldosterone-producing adenoma to be rare among patients so detected. Objective To test the hypothesis that differences among reported studies in the rate of detection of aldosterone-producing adenoma (as opposed to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia) reflect differences in the procedures used for diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, and the methods used to identify aldosterone-producing adenomas. Methods In the newly established Princess Alexandra Hospital Hypertension Unit (PAHHU), we used procedures developed by Greenslopes Hospital Hypertension Unit (which reports that more than 30% of patients with primary aldosteronism have aldosterone-producing adenomas) to diagnose primary aldosteronism and determine the subtype. All patients with an increased aldosterone: renin ratio (measured after correction for hypokalaemia and while the patient was not receiving interfering medications) underwent fludrocortisone suppression testing to confirm or exclude primary aldosteronism; if they were positive, they underwent genetic testing to exclude glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism before adrenal venous sampling was used to differentiate lateralizing from bilateral primary aldosteronism. Results This approach allowed PAHHU to diagnose, within 2 years, 54 patients [only seven (13%) hypokalaemic] with primary aldosteronism. All tested negative for glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. Aldosterone production was lateralized to one adrenal in 15 patients (31%; only six hypokalaemic) and was bilateral in 34 (69%; all normokalaemic) of 49 patients who underwent adrenal venous sampling. Among patients with lateralizing adrenal hyperplasia, computed tomography revealed an ipsilateral mass in only six and a contralateral lesion in one. Fourteen patients underwent unilateral adrenalectomy, which cured the hypertension in seven and improved it in the remainder. In patients with bilateral primary aldlosteronism, hypertension responded to spironolactone (112.5-50 mg/ day) or amiloride (2.5-10 mg/day). Conclusion When performed with careful regard to confounding factors, measurement of the aldosterone: renin ratio in all hypertensive individuals, followed by fludrocortisone suppression testing to confirm or exclude primary aldosteronism and adrenal venous sampling to determine the subtype, can result in the detection of significant numbers of patients with specifically treatable or potentially curable hypertension. (C) 2003 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

The effect of pretreatments on the drying rate and quality of dried bananas

The effects that four pretreatments (blanching, chilling, freezing, and combined blanching and freezing), used prior to drying, had on the drying rate and quality of bananas were investigated. An untreated sample was used as a control. The bananas were dried at 50 degreesC in a heat pump dehumidifier dryer, using an air velocity of 3.1 m s(-1), until a final moisture content of approximately 25% dry weight basis was attained. While the initial drying rate was highest for the blanched treatment, the two pretreatments involving freezing resulted in the shortest drying times. The blanched sample was most preferred in terms of colour while the frozen samples exhibited extensive browning. The texture and flavour was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in all samples that involved blanching and/or freezing.

Genotype and environment effects on dynamics of harvest index during grain filling in sorghum

An approach based on a linear rate of increase in harvest index (141) with time after anthesis has been used as a simple means-to predict grain growth and yield in many crop simulation models. When applied to diverse situations, however, this approach has been found to introduce significant error in grain yield predictions. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to examine the stability of the HI approach for yield prediction in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Four field experiments were conducted under nonlimiting water. and N conditions. The experiments were sown at times that ensured a broad range in temperature and radiation conditions. Treatments consisted of two population densities and three genotypes varying in maturity. Frequent sequential harvests were used to monitor crop growth, yield, and the dynamics of 111. Experiments varied greatly in yield and final HI. There was also a tendency for lower HI with later maturity. Harvest index dynamics also varied among experiments and, to a lesser extent, among treatments within experiments. The variation was associated mostly with the linear rate of increase in HI and timing of cessation of that increase. The average rate of HI increase was 0.0198 d(-1), but this was reduced considerably (0.0147) in one experiment that matured in cool conditions. The variations found in IN dynamics could be largely explained by differences in assimilation during grain filling and remobilization of preanthesis assimilate. We concluded that this level of variation in HI dynamics limited the general applicability of the HI approach in yield prediction and suggested a potential alternative for testing.

Simultaneous FT-NIR and ESR analyses to yield propagation rate coefficients for polymerization of methyl methacrylate based monomers

A hyphenated instrumental approach has been used to obtain reliable values for the propagation rate coefficients as a function of conversion for polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and a mixture of MMA and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with a 1:1 concentration of double bonds, from near the onset of the Trommsdorf region into the glass region. ESR spectroscopy was used to measure the radical concentration while FT-NIR fibre-optic spectroscopy was employed to measure instantaneously the double-bond concentration within the temperature-controlled cavity of the ESR instrument during polymerization. The advantage of this approach to the measurement of the rate coefficient is that it is equally applicable to branching and linear polymerizations. For the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, the values of the rate coefficient at the lowest conversions at which reliable values could be obtained were in agreement with recently reported values obtained by the PLP-SEC method. For the lowest conversions, the values obtained were 403 1 mol(-1) s(-1) at 306 K for MMA and 5201 mol(-1) s(-1) at 310 K for a 1:1 mixture of MMA and EGDMA. (C) 2003 Society of Chemical Industry.

Educa????o do campo no Estado de S??o Paulo: an??lise do n??vel de ruralidade das escolas no desempenho escolar

Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar a influ??ncia da localiza????o da escola e da origem dos alunos (rural e urbano) na taxa de evas??o, na taxa de aprova????o/reprova????o, no desempenho obtido no Ideb e na Prova Brasil. Para tanto, foram considerados os alunos do 5?? ano (quarta s??rie) do ensino fundamental das redes municipais e estaduais do Estado de S??o Paulo. A tipologia do IBGE para classifica????o das escolas em rurais e urbanas e o local de moradia dos alunos foram utilizados como forma de caracterizar o n??vel de ruralidade das escolas. O trabalho organiza um diagn??stico das pol??ticas em andamento; aponta algumas diretrizes para o aperfei??oamento das futuras interven????es na ??rea espec??fica de atua????o governamental; e mostra que, em v??rias situa????es, o desempenho das escolas ???rurais???, considerando os itens analisados, ?? inferior ao desempenho das escolas urbanas

O impacto da exposição a experiências adversas na infância na ocorrência de dor crônica e depressão na vida adulta

A associação entre experiências adversas na infância e o desencadeamento de depressão ou dor crônica na vida adulta tem sido documentada, assim como a relação entre os sintomas de dor crônica e depressão. No entanto, há poucos estudos avaliando o papel da exposição a experiências adversas na infância na ocorrência dessa comorbidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da exposição a experiências adversas na infância na ocorrência de dor crônica, de depressão e na comorbidade dor crônica e depressão na vida adulta, em uma amostra da população geral adulta (maiores de 18 anos) residente na Região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados são resultantes do Estudo Epidemiológicos dos Transtornos Mentais São Paulo Megacity. Os respondentes foram avaliados usando a versão desenvolvida para o Estudo Mundial de Saúde Mental do Composite International Diagnostic Interview da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WMH-CIDI), que é composto por módulos clínicos e nãoclínicos provendo diagnósticos de acordo com os critérios do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico dos Transtornos Mentais 4ª edição (DSM-IV). Um total de 5.037 indivíduos foi entrevistado, com uma taxa global de resposta de 81,3%. Foram realizadas análises descritivas para médias e proporções, e associações (Razões de Chances – OR) entre experiências adversas na infância, dor crônica e depressão através de regressão logística. Todas as análises foram realizadas através do programa estatístico Data Analysis and Statistical Software versão 12.0 (STATA 12.0), com testes bi-caudais com nível de significância de 5%. Uma elevada taxa de prevalência de dor crônica (31%, Erro Padrão [ER]=0.8) foi encontrada, Dor Crônica esteve associada aos transtornos de ansiedade (OR=2,3; 95% IC=1,9 – 3,0), transtornos de humor (OR=3,3; IC=2,6 – 4,4) em qualquer transtorno mental (OR=2,7; 95% IC=2,3 – 3,3). As adversidades na infância estiveram fortemente associadas aos respondentes com dor crônica e depressão concomitante, principalmente quanto ao abuso físico (OR=2,7; 95% IC=2,1 – 3,5) e sexual (OR=7,4; 95% IC=3,4 – 16,1).

Coorte retrospectiva de crianças e adolescentes, infectados pelo HIV por transmissão vertical, no Espírito Santo : comorbidades, mortalidade e sobrevida

INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico e terapia antirretroviral precoce em lactentes, infectados pelo HIV por transmissão vertical, reduz a progressão do HIV e comorbidades que podem levar ao óbito. OBJETIVO GERAL: Avaliar o perfil clínico e epidemiológico em uma coorte de crianças e adolescentes com aids, infectados por transmissão vertical do HIV, por um período de onze anos, atendidos em hospital estadual de referência, no Estado do Espírito Santo. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: 1. Descrever a frequência das comorbidades diagnosticadas após o diagnóstico de HIV e verificar sua distribuição, segundo dados demográficos, epidemiológicos e clínicos, e segundo a classificação dos casos em uma coorte de crianças e adolescentes com aids. 2. Avaliar os fatores preditores de risco de progressão para aids e óbito e causas de morte. 3. Estimar a taxa de sobrevida. MÉTODOS: Coorte retrospectiva de crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV, por transmissão vertical (TV), atendidas no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado (SAE) do Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória (HINSG), de janeiro 2001 a dezembro 2011, em Vitória – ES/Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada em protocolo específico padronizado, e dados sobre as comorbidades, mortalidade e sua causa básica foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos, da Declaração de Óbito e do banco de dados SIM (Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade). O diagnóstico de aids e comorbidades foi de acordo com CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)/1994. RESULTADOS: Foi arrolado um total de 177 pacientes, sendo 97 (55%) do sexo feminino; 60 (34%) eram menores de1ano, 67 (38%) tinham de 1 a 5 anos e 50 (28%) tinham6 anos ou mais de idade no ingresso ao serviço. A mediana das idades na admissão foi de 30 meses (Intervalo Interquartis (IIQ) 25-75%: 5-72 meses). Em relação à classificação clínico-imunológica, 146 pacientes (82,5%) apresentavam a forma moderada/grave no momento do ingresso no Serviço e 26 (14,7%) foram a óbito. Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes foram hepatomegalia (81,62%), esplenomegalia (63,8%), linfadenopatia (68,4%) e febre persistente (32,8%). As comorbidades mais frequentes foram anemia (67,2%), pneumonia/sepses/meningite - primeiro episódio (64,2%), OMA/sinusite recorrente (55,4%), infecções bacterianas graves recorrentes (47,4%) e dermatites (43,1%). Encontrou-se associação entre classificação clínico-imunológica grave e ingresso no serviço com menos de um ano de idade com algumas comorbidades (p<0,001). O tempo total do acompanhamento dos pacientes foi de 11 anos, com mediana de cinco anos (IIQ: 2-8 anos). No final do período estudado, 132 (74,6%) pacientes estavam em acompanhamento, 11 (6,2%) foram transferidos para outros serviços eem oito (4,5%) houve perda de seguimento. Quanto ao óbito, observou-se uma redução de casos ao longo do tempo. A maioria dos pacientes que foram a óbito deu entrada no serviço com classificação clínica imunológica grave (77%-20/26), apresentava anemia moderada/grave e estava em uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) por mais de 3 meses (17/24-71%).Os principais fatores de risco para o óbito foram: faixa etária < 1 ano (p=0,005), pneumonia por P. jirovecii (p=0,010), percentual de linfócito T CD4+ nadir <15% (p=0,012), anemia crônica (p=0,012), estágio clínico imunológico grave (p=0,003), infecções bacterianas graves recorrentes(p=0,003) e tuberculose (p=0,037). Ter iniciado TARV antes dos 6 meses de vida (diagnóstico e tratamento precoces) foi associado à sobrevida(OR 2,86, [Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,12-7,25] p=0,027).O principal diagnóstico registrado para os óbitos foram infecções bacterianas graves (12/21-57%). Foi encontrada uma elevada taxa de sobrevida, com 85,3% de probabilidade de sobrevivência por mais de 10 anos (IC 95% 9,6-10,7). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das crianças teve diagnóstico tardio da infecção pelo HIV aumentando o risco de progressão para aids e óbito por falta de tratamento precoce. A tendência de mortalidade das crianças infectadas pelo HIV se mostrou uma constante com queda nos dois últimos anos do estudo, e ainda persistem as infecções bacterianas como maior causa de óbito. Portanto, melhoria no cuidado pré-natal e acompanhamento pediátrico com vista ao diagnóstico precoce das crianças infectadas verticalmente devem fazer parte do cuidado integral à criança com aids, o que poderia reduzir a mortalidade destas crianças.

Towards Emotional Interaction: Using Movies to Automatically Learn Users' Emotional States

The HCI community is actively seeking novel methodologies to gain insight into the user’s experience during interaction with both the application and the content. We propose an emotional recognition engine capable of automatically recognizing a set of human emotional states using psychophysiological measures of the autonomous nervous system, including galvanic skin response, respiration, and heart rate. A novel pattern recognition system, based on discriminant analysis and support vector machine classifiers is trained using movies’ scenes selected to induce emotions ranging from the positive to the negative valence dimension, including happiness, anger, disgust, sadness, and fear. In this paper we introduce an emotion recognition system and evaluate its accuracy by presenting the results of an experiment conducted with three physiologic sensors.

Error bounds for low-rank approximations of the first exponential integral kernel

A hierarchical matrix is an efficient data-sparse representation of a matrix, especially useful for large dimensional problems. It consists of low-rank subblocks leading to low memory requirements as well as inexpensive computational costs. In this work, we discuss the use of the hierarchical matrix technique in the numerical solution of a large scale eigenvalue problem arising from a finite rank discretization of an integral operator. The operator is of convolution type, it is defined through the first exponential-integral function and, hence, it is weakly singular. We develop analytical expressions for the approximate degenerate kernels and deduce error upper bounds for these approximations. Some computational results illustrating the efficiency and robustness of the approach are presented.

Using different satellite imagery and classification techniques to assess the contribution of trees outside forests in the municipality of Maringá, Brazil

Forest cover of the Maringá municipality, located in northern Parana State, was mapped in this study. Mapping was carried out by using high-resolution HRC sensor imagery and medium resolution CCD sensor imagery from the CBERS satellite. Images were georeferenced and forest vegetation patches (TOFs - trees outside forests) were classified using two methods of digital classification: reflectance-based or the digital number of each pixel, and object-oriented. The areas of each polygon were calculated, which allowed each polygon to be segregated into size classes. Thematic maps were built from the resulting polygon size classes and summary statistics generated from each size class for each area. It was found that most forest fragments in Maringá were smaller than 500 m². There was also a difference of 58.44% in the amount of vegetation between the high-resolution imagery and medium resolution imagery due to the distinct spatial resolution of the sensors. It was concluded that high-resolution geotechnology is essential to provide reliable information on urban greens and forest cover under highly human-perturbed landscapes.

Comparative analysis between statistical and artificial intelligence models in business failure prediction

A growing number of predicting corporate failure models has emerged since 60s. Economic and social consequences of business failure can be dramatic, thus it is not surprise that the issue has been of growing interest in academic research as well as in business context. The main purpose of this study is to compare the predictive ability of five developed models based on three statistical techniques (Discriminant Analysis, Logit and Probit) and two models based on Artificial Intelligence (Neural Networks and Rough Sets). The five models were employed to a dataset of 420 non-bankrupt firms and 125 bankrupt firms belonging to the textile and clothing industry, over the period 2003–09. Results show that all the models performed well, with an overall correct classification level higher than 90%, and a type II error always less than 2%. The type I error increases as we move away from the year prior to failure. Our models contribute to the discussion of corporate financial distress causes. Moreover it can be used to assist decisions of creditors, investors and auditors. Additionally, this research can be of great contribution to devisers of national economic policies that aim to reduce industrial unemployment.

Comparative Analysis between Statistical and Artificial Intelligence Models in Business Failure Prediction

A growing number of predicting corporate failure models has emerged since 60s. Economic and social consequences of business failure can be dramatic, thus it is not surprise that the issue has been of growing interest in academic research as well as in business context. The main purpose of this study is to compare the predictive ability of five developed models based on three statistical techniques (Discriminant Analysis, Logit and Probit) and two models based on Artificial Intelligence (Neural Networks and Rough Sets). The five models were employed to a dataset of 420 non-bankrupt firms and 125 bankrupt firms belonging to the textile and clothing industry, over the period 2003–09. Results show that all the models performed well, with an overall correct classification level higher than 90%, and a type II error always less than 2%. The type I error increases as we move away from the year prior to failure. Our models contribute to the discussion of corporate financial distress causes. Moreover it can be used to assist decisions of creditors, investors and auditors. Additionally, this research can be of great contribution to devisers of national economic policies that aim to reduce industrial unemployment.

Use efficiency of variable rate of nitrogen prescribed by optical sensor in corn

ABSTRACT The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in corn is usually low, negatively affecting plant nutrition, the economic return, and the environment. In this context, a variable rate of nitrogen, prescribed by crop sensors, has been proposed as an alternative to the uniform rate of nitrogen traditionally used by farmers. This study tested the hypothesis that variable rate of nitrogen, prescribed by optical sensor, increases the nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield as compared to uniform rate of nitrogen. The following treatments were evaluated: 0; 70; 140; and 210 kg ha-1 under uniform rate of nitrogen, and 140 kg ha -1 under variable rate of nitrogen. The nitrogen source was urea applied on the soil surface using a distributor equipped with the crop sensor. In this study, the grain yield ranged from 10.2 to 15.5 Mg ha-1, with linear response to nitrogen rates. The variable rate of nitrogen increased by 11.8 and 32.6% the nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency, respectively, compared to the uniform rate of nitrogen. However, no significant increase in grain yield was observed, indicating that the major benefit of the variable rate of nitrogen was reducing the risk of environmental impact of fertilizer.