Overwintering, soil distribution and phenology of Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) in Queensland sugarcane

In this study, the question of whether Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus (Britton) overwinters in the subsoil was addressed. Irrigated fields of sugarcane were sampled during a 2-year period near Bundaberg in southern Queensland. Antitrogus parvulus overwintered as second and third instars at each of three sites. During autumn and winter third instars of different allochronic (separated in age by 12 months) populations occurred together and could not be readily separated. Field-collected third instars were reared on ryegrass and separated into two age groups based on the date of pupation. Third instars in the first year of their life cycle (young third instars) remained at shallow depth (100-200 mm) and did not overwinter in the subsoil as once thought. Minimum temperatures during winter were 13-16degreesC and did not prevent young third instars from feeding and gaining weight. Third instars in their second and final year moved downwards from late summer and pupated in the subsoil at 293-425 mm in spring. General phenology was as previously reported with first instar larvae occurring from January until April, second instars from January until November and third instar larvae throughout the year. Prepupae and pupae were found between October and December and adults occurred in soil during November and January. Batches of eggs occurred at a mean depth of 350 mm. First and second instars occurred predominantly at relatively shallow (100-200 mm) depths in the soil profile. All stages tended to be most common under rows of sugarcane rather than in the interrow.

Identification of the enamelin (g.8344delG) mutation in a new kindred and presentation of a standardized ENAM nomenclature

The amelogenesis imperfectas (Al) area geneticatly heterogeneous group of diseases that result in defective development of tooth enamel. Although X-linked, autosomal. dominant and autosomal. recessive forms of Al have been clinically characterized, only two genes (AMELX and ENAM) have been associated with Al. To date, three enamelin (ENAM) mutations have been identified. These mutations cause phenotypically diverse forms of autosomal. dominant Al. Detailed phenotype-genotype correlations have not been performed for autosomal. dominant Al due to ENAM mutations. We identified a previously unreported kindred segregating for the ENAM mutation, g.8344delG. Light and electron microscopy analyses of unerupted permanent teeth show the enamel is markedly reduced in thickness, Lacks a prismatic structure and has a laminated appearance. Taken together these histological features support the enamelin protein as being critical for the development of a normal. enamel. thickness and that it Likely has a role in regulating c-axis crystallite growth. Because there is growing molecular and phenotypic diversity in the enamelin defects, it is critical to have a nomenclature and numbering system for characterizing these conditions. We present a standardized nomenclature for ENAM mutations that will allow consistent reporting and communication. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular assays for detection of human metapneumovirus

The recent description of the respiratory pathogen human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has highlighted a deficiency in current diagnostic techniques for viral agents associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections. We describe two novel approaches to the detection of viral RNA by use of reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The PCR products were identified after capture onto a solid-phase medium by hybridization with a sequence-specific, biotinylated oligonucleotide probe. The assay was applied to the screening of 329 nasopharyngeal aspirates sampled from patients suffering from respiratory tract disease. These samples were negative for other common microbial causes of respiratory tract disease. We were able to detect hMPV sequences in 32 (9.7%) samples collected from Australian patients during 2001. To further reduce result turnaround times we designed a fluorogenic TaqMan oligoprobe and combined it with the existing primers for use on the LightCycler platform. The real-time RT-PCR proved to be highly reproducible and detected hMPV in an additional 6 out of 62 samples (9.6%) tested during the comparison of the two diagnostic approaches. We found the real-time RT-PCR to be the test of choice for future investigation of samples for hMPV due to its speed, reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity.

Photosynthetic responses of the coral Montipora digitata to cold temperature stress

Coral bleaching events have become more frequent and widespread, largely due to elevated sea surface temperatures. Global climate change could lead to increased variability of sea surface temperatures, through influences on climate systems, e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Field observations in 1999, following a strong ENSO, revealed that corals bleached in winter after unusually cold weather. To explore the basis for these observations, the photosynthetic responses of the coral species Montipora digitata Studer were investigated in a series of temperature and light experiments. Small replicate coral colonies were exposed to ecologically relevant lower temperatures for varying durations and under light regimes that ranged from darkness to full sunlight. Photosynthetic efficiency was analyzed using a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer (F-0, F-m, F-v/F-m), and chlorophyll a (chl a) content and symbiotic dinoflagellate density were analyzed with spectrophotometry and microscopy, respectively. Cold temperature stress had a negative impact on M digitata colonies indicated by decreased photosynthetic efficiency (F-v/F-m), loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates and changes in photosynthetic pigment concentrations. Corals in higher light regimes were more susceptible to cold temperature stress, Moderate cold stress resulted in photoacclimatory responses, but severe cold stress resulted in photodamage, bleaching and increased mortality. Responses to cold temperature stress of M digitata appeared similar to that observed in corals exposed to warmer than normal temperatures, suggesting a common mechanism. The results of this study suggest that corals and coral reefs may also be impacted by exposure to cold as well as warm temperature extremes as climate change occurs.

A mathematical model of concentrate solids content for the wet drum magnetic separator

Low concentrate density from wet drum magnetic separators in dense medium circuits can cause operating difficulties due to inability to obtain the required circulating medium density and, indirectly, high medium solids losses. The literature is almost silent on the processes controlling concentrate density. However, the common name for the region through which concentrate is discharged-the squeeze pan gap-implies that some extrusion process is thought to be at work. There is no model of magnetics recovery in a wet drum magnetic separator, which includes as inputs all significant machine and operating variables. A series of trials, in both factorial experiments and in single variable experiments, was done using a purpose built rig which featured a small industrial scale (700 mm lip length, 900 turn diameter) wet drum magnetic separator. A substantial data set of 191 trials was generated in this work. The results of the factorial experiments were used to identify the variables having a significant effect on magnetics recovery. It is proposed, based both on the experimental observations of the present work and on observations reported in the literature, that the process controlling magnetic separator concentrate density is one of drainage. Such a process should be able to be defined by an initial moisture, a drainage rate and a drainage time, the latter being defined by the volumetric flowrate and the volume within the drainage zone. The magnetics can be characterised by an experimentally derived ultimate drainage moisture. A model based on these concepts and containing adjustable parameters was developed. This model was then fitted to a randomly chosen 80% of the data, and validated by application to the remaining 20%. The model is shown to be a good fit to data over concentrate solids content values from 40% solids to 80% solids and for both magnetite and ferrosilicon feeds. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Promiscuous CTL recognition of viral epitopes on multiple human leukocyte antigens: Biological validation of the proposed HLA A24 supertype

Multiple HLA class I alleles can bind peptides with common sequence motifs due to structural similarities in the peptide binding cleft, and these groups of alleles have been classified into supertypes. Nine major HLA supertypes have been proposed, including an A24 supertype that includes A*2301, A*2402, and A*3001. Evidence for this A24 supertype is limited to HLA sequence homology and/or similarity in peptide binding motifs for the alleles. To investigate the immunological relevance of this proposed supertype, we have examined two viral epitopes (from EBV and CMV) initially defined as HLA-A*2301-binding peptides. The data clearly demonstrate that each peptide could be recognized by CTL clones in the context of A*2301 or A*2402; thus validating the inclusion of these three alleles within an A24 supertype. Furthermore, CTL responses to the EBV epitope were detectable in both A*2301(+) and A*2402(+) individuals who had been previously exposed to this virus. These data substantiate the biological relevance of the A24 supertype, and the identification of viral epitopes with the capacity to bind promiscuously across this supertype could aid efforts to develop CTL-based vaccines or immunotherapy. The degeneracy in HLA restriction displayed by some T cells in this study also suggests that the dogma of self-MHC restriction needs some refinement to accommodate foreign peptide recognition in the context of multiple supertype alleles.

Linkage and Association Analysis of Radiation Damage Repair Genes XRCC3 and XRCC5 with Nevus Density in Adolescent Twins

Previous studies have shown that a deficiency in DNA damage repair is associated with increased cancer risk, and exposure to UV radiation is a major risk factor for the development of malignant melanoma. High density of common nevi (moles) is a major risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. A nevus may result from a mutation in a single UV-exposed melanocyte which failed to repair DNA damage in one or more critical genes. XRCC3 and XRCC5 may have an effect on nevus count through their function as components of DNA repair processes that may be involved directly or indirectly in the repair of DNA damage due to UV radiation. This study aims to test the hypothesis that the frequency of flat or raised moles is associated with polymorphism at or near these DNA repair genes, and that certain alleles are associated with less efficient DNA repair, and greater nevus density. Twins were recruited from schools in south eastern Queensland and were examined close to their 12th birthday. Nurses examined each individual and counted all moles on the entire body surface. A 10cM genome scan of 274 families (642 individuals) was performed and microsatellite polymorphisms in XRCC3 and adjacent to XRCC5 were also typed. Linkage and association of nevus count to these loci were tested simultaneously using a structural-equation modeling approach implemented in MX. There is weak evidence for linkage of XRCC5 to a QTL influencing raised mole count, and also weak association. There is also weak evidence for association between flat mole count and XRCC3. No tests were significant after correction for testing multiple alleles, nor were any of the tests for total association significant. If variation in XRCC3 or XRCC5 influences UV sensitivity, and indirectly affects nevus density, then the effects are small.

Lipid rafts and caveolae as portals for endocytosis: New insights and common mechanisms

Clathrin-coated pits and caveolae are two of the most recognizable features of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. While our understanding of the machinery regulating and driving clathrin-coated pit-mediated endocytosis has progressed dramatically, including the elucidation of the structure of individual components and partial in vitro reconstitution, the role of caveolae as alternative endocytic carriers still remains elusive 50 years after their discovery. However, recent work has started to provide new insights into endocytosis by caveolae and into apparently related pathways involving lipid raft domains. These pathways, distinguished by their exquisite sensitivity to cholesterol-sequestering agents, can involve caveolae but also exist in cells devoid of caveolins and caveolae. This review examines the current evidence for the involvement of rafts and caveolae in endocytosis and the molecular players involved in their regulation.

An advanced method for eliminating impacts from frequency deviations in power system signal processing

Frequency deviation is a common problem for power system signal processing. Many power system measurements are carried out in a fixed sampling rate assuming the system operates in its nominal frequency (50 or 60 Hz). However, the actual frequency may deviate from the normal value from time to time due to various reasons such as disturbances and subsequent system transients. Measurement of signals based on a fixed sampling rate may introduce errors under such situations. In order to achieve high precision signal measurement appropriate algorithms need to be employed to reduce the impact from frequency deviation in the power system data acquisition process. This paper proposes an advanced algorithm to enhance Fourier transform for power system signal processing. The algorithm is able to effectively correct frequency deviation under fixed sampling rate. Accurate measurement of power system signals is essential for the secure and reliable operation of power systems. The algorithm is readily applicable to such occasions where signal processing is affected by frequency deviation. Both mathematical proof and numerical simulation are given in this paper to illustrate robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A constru????o da Lei de Acesso ?? Informa????o P??blica no Brasil: desafios na implementa????o de seus princ??pios

Nos ??ltimos anos, diversos pa??ses t??m feito grandes modifica????es em suas legisla????es, na tentativa de proteger o direito de acesso ?? informa????o e adequar sua legisla????o interna ??s exig??ncias impostas por tratados internacionais. A Lei de Acesso ?? Informa????o brasileira (Lei n?? 12.527, de 2011) foi constru??da a partir dos par??metros internacionalmente reconhecidos. Esses par??metros incorporam novos conceitos que ampliam o entendimento comum sobre o princ??pio da publicidade e recomendam a ado????o do princ??pio da m??xima transpar??ncia. A nova lei ?? essencial para melhorar as condi????es de acesso ??s informa????es governamentais no Brasil, como ser?? mostrado na an??lise feita da experi??ncia dos Estados Unidos da Am??rica e do M??xico. Contudo, devido a dificuldades relacionadas especialmente ?? burocracia administrativa, o direito de acesso ?? informa????o tender?? a permanecer incompleto, enquanto n??o for incorporado a uma pol??tica p??blica capaz de traduzir esse direito em um conjunto de a????es governamentais que garantam sua efetividade.

ClC-5 chloride channel and kidney stones : what is the link?

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common diseases in the Western world. The disease manifests itself with intensive pain, sporadic infections, and, sometimes, renal failure. The symptoms are due to the appearance of urinary stones (calculi) which are formed mainly by calcium salts. These calcium salts precipitate in the renal papillae and/or within the collecting ducts. Inherited forms of nephrolithiasis related to chromosome X (X-linked hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis or XLN) have been recently described. Hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and male predominance are the major characteristics of these diseases. The gene responsible for the XLN forms of kidney stones was cloned and characterized as a chloride channel called ClC-5. The ClC-5 chloride channel belongs to a superfamily of voltage-gated chloride channels, whose physiological roles are not completely understood. The objective of the present review is to identify recent advances in the molecular pathology of nephrolithiasis, with emphasis on XLN. We also try to establish a link between a chloride channel like ClC-5, hypercalciuria, failure in urine acidification and protein endocytosis, which could explain the symptoms exhibited by XLN patients.

Variação na dieta da tartaruga verde, Chelonia mydas, e o impacto da ingestão de lixo ao longo da costa brasileira

Neste trabalho nós estudamos a dieta da tartaruga verde, Chelonia mydas, e os fatores envolvidos na variação de sua ecologia alimentar. Avaliamos também o impacto da ingestão de lixo, e os fatores que podem explicar a elevada ingestão destes resíduos entre os animais marinhos. No estudo da ecologia alimentar, nós avaliamos mais de 400 indivíduos, entre dados originais e da literatura, distribuídos ao longo de um gradiente latitudinal e diversos ambientes. As tartarugas se alimentaram majoritariamente de macroalgas, porém apresentaram uma grande plasticidade alimentar, tanto em relação à estratégia de forrageamento quanto à dieta. Nas regiões mais frias e com menor disponibilidade de algas, as tartarugas mudaram de uma dieta herbívora, para uma dieta baseada em matéria animal. Esta mudança de dieta acarretou também em uma mudança de estratégia de forrageamento, saindo da alimentação bentônica para uma alimentação pelágica. Estratégia esta que também foi encontrada nas áreas estuarinas. A plasticidade alimentar se deve à interação de fatores intrínsecos (restrições fisiológicas) e extrínsecos (regionais e locais). As diferenças nas estratégias de forragenamento acarretam também em diferenças na exposição a ameaças. Um exemplo disso é a ingestão de lixo, que apesar de ter sido registrada em mais de 70% das tartarugas (N = 265), representou uma ameaça maior aos animais com estratégia de forrageamento pelágica. O plástico foi o material mais ingerido, tendo como principal fonte itens relacionados à alimentação e sacolas plásticas. O estudo também mostrou que uma quantidade pequena de lixo (0,5 g) é suficiente para causar a morte. Este resultado revelou que o potencial de letalidade por ingestão de lixo é muito maior que a mortalidade observada. A verdadeira ameaça da ingestão de lixo está sendo mascarada pela elevada mortalidade relacionada às atividades pesqueiras. A ingestão de lixo é normalmente atribuída à confusão de um item alimentar específico com o resíduo, como águas-vivas e sacolas plásticas. Porém, nós mostramos que se trata de uma questão mais ampla, e usamos a tartaruga verde, aves marinhas e peixes para ressaltar a importância de outros fatores como: abundância do lixo no ambiente, estratégia de forrageamento, capacidade de detecção do resíduo e amplitude da dieta. Nós acreditamos que a ingestão de lixo ocorre devido a uma armadilha evolutiva muito mais ampla do que a previamente sugerida, e que deve afetar muito mais espécies que as que foram até hoje reportadas. Desarmar esta armadilha será particularmente difícil devido ao contínuo e crescente despejo de plástico no ambiente marinho e sua alta persistência no ambiente.