Análisis y proyecciones de la educación de adultos en Panamá.

El objetivo es realizar un análisis de la educación de adultos (EA) en Panamá que permita un replanteamiento y aplicación de los principios básicos sobre los cuales ha de sustentarse un modelo educativo para esta población y en especial para adultos de sectores marginales. Comienza con una aproximación teórica al concepto de EA en Panamá y establece semejanzas y diferencias entre ésta y la educación formal, la no formal, la informal, la compensatoria y la alfabetización. Expone la evolución histórica de la EA en Panamá desde la colonización hasta nuestros días, estudiando especialmente las tendencias y la realidad socioeconómica y educativa actual. Trata la EA en este país abarcando los siguientes aspectos: organismos que desarrollan programas de EA, oferta educativa del estado y de los organismos privados, valoración de los procedimientos y resultados de las acciones realizadas en la EA, y necesidad de una concertación nacional sobre EA. Elabora una propuesta de alfabetización dirigida a los mayores de 15 años para el área urbana y marginal de la región metropolitana, de las provincias de Panamá y Colón; la duración será de 5 años y una comisión nacional se ocupará de la administración; la metodología básica se ajustará a los postulados del modelo educativo de investigación-acción y de la educación liberadora; una comisión técnico-pedagógica llevará a cabo la evaluación y seguimiento.

Una persona nueva para un mundo nuevo en un contexto de mundialización.

Incluye la Declaración de Brasilia 2002 de la OIEC

El acceso y la comprensión de la información como factores básicos para la inclusión social.

Se presentan las principales líneas de actuación del Instituto brasileño de informação em ciência e tecnologia (IBICT), actuando como facilitador de oportunidades de redes de información en pro de la superación de las barreras socioeconómicas y culturales, y de la inserción digital. El IBICT desarrolla estrategias que faciliten a la sociedad brasileña el acceso universal a la información por medio de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Se muestran las bases del programa de inclusión social desarrollado por el IBICT, incluyendo una descripción de los proyectos de inclusión social y digital entro los que se incluyen: Mapa de inclusión digital en Brasil; Centro de referencia en inclusión digital (CENRID); Biblioteca Nacional de Brasilia; Corredor digital indígena; Corredor digital rural; Servicio brasileño de respuestas técnicas (SBRT); y Red de tecnología social (RTS).

IDEIAS, un modelo holístico de inclusión digital e informacional orientado a salud.

Se presenta el modelo de evaluación de la inclusión digital IDEIAS, realizado en colaboración entre la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y la Universidad de Brasilia, destinado a contribuir a la mejora de los procesos de inclusión digital en el Estado de Sergipe, en Brasil, mediante el denominado 'Projeto de Inclusão Digital Dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde no Sergipe', desarrollado en bibliotecas públicas. Se muestra el ámbito de aplicación del proyecto, el método de trabajo que se aplica, y un esbozo del funcionamiento del modelo.

Homenaje a Rafael Leoz.

Título anterior de la publicación : Boletín de la Comisión Española de la UNESCO

De un g??nero a otro : la did??ctica de la transformaci??n

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Modelling, control and supervision for a class of hybrid systems

The aim of this thesis is to narrow the gap between two different control techniques: the continuous control and the discrete event control techniques DES. This gap can be reduced by the study of Hybrid systems, and by interpreting as Hybrid systems the majority of large-scale systems. In particular, when looking deeply into a process, it is often possible to identify interaction between discrete and continuous signals. Hybrid systems are systems that have both continuous, and discrete signals. Continuous signals are generally supposed continuous and differentiable in time, since discrete signals are neither continuous nor differentiable in time due to their abrupt changes in time. Continuous signals often represent the measure of natural physical magnitudes such as temperature, pressure etc. The discrete signals are normally artificial signals, operated by human artefacts as current, voltage, light etc. Typical processes modelled as Hybrid systems are production systems, chemical process, or continuos production when time and continuous measures interacts with the transport, and stock inventory system. Complex systems as manufacturing lines are hybrid in a global sense. They can be decomposed into several subsystems, and their links. Another motivation for the study of Hybrid systems is the tools developed by other research domains. These tools benefit from the use of temporal logic for the analysis of several properties of Hybrid systems model, and use it to design systems and controllers, which satisfies physical or imposed restrictions. This thesis is focused in particular types of systems with discrete and continuous signals in interaction. That can be modelled hard non-linealities, such as hysteresis, jumps in the state, limit cycles, etc. and their possible non-deterministic future behaviour expressed by an interpretable model description. The Hybrid systems treated in this work are systems with several discrete states, always less than thirty states (it can arrive to NP hard problem), and continuous dynamics evolving with expression: with Ki ¡ Rn constant vectors or matrices for X components vector. In several states the continuous evolution can be several of them Ki = 0. In this formulation, the mathematics can express Time invariant linear system. By the use of this expression for a local part, the combination of several local linear models is possible to represent non-linear systems. And with the interaction with discrete events of the system the model can compose non-linear Hybrid systems. Especially multistage processes with high continuous dynamics are well represented by the proposed methodology. Sate vectors with more than two components, as third order models or higher is well approximated by the proposed approximation. Flexible belt transmission, chemical reactions with initial start-up and mobile robots with important friction are several physical systems, which profits from the benefits of proposed methodology (accuracy). The motivation of this thesis is to obtain a solution that can control and drive the Hybrid systems from the origin or starting point to the goal. How to obtain this solution, and which is the best solution in terms of one cost function subject to the physical restrictions and control actions is analysed. Hybrid systems that have several possible states, different ways to drive the system to the goal and different continuous control signals are problems that motivate this research. The requirements of the system on which we work is: a model that can represent the behaviour of the non-linear systems, and that possibilities the prediction of possible future behaviour for the model, in order to apply an supervisor which decides the optimal and secure action to drive the system toward the goal. Specific problems can be determined by the use of this kind of hybrid models are: - The unity of order. - Control the system along a reachable path. - Control the system in a safe path. - Optimise the cost function. - Modularity of control The proposed model solves the specified problems in the switching models problem, the initial condition calculus and the unity of the order models. Continuous and discrete phenomena are represented in Linear hybrid models, defined with defined eighth-tuple parameters to model different types of hybrid phenomena. Applying a transformation over the state vector : for LTI system we obtain from a two-dimensional SS a single parameter, alpha, which still maintains the dynamical information. Combining this parameter with the system output, a complete description of the system is obtained in a form of a graph in polar representation. Using Tagaki-Sugeno type III is a fuzzy model which include linear time invariant LTI models for each local model, the fuzzyfication of different LTI local model gives as a result a non-linear time invariant model. In our case the output and the alpha measure govern the membership function. Hybrid systems control is a huge task, the processes need to be guided from the Starting point to the desired End point, passing a through of different specific states and points in the trajectory. The system can be structured in different levels of abstraction and the control in three layers for the Hybrid systems from planning the process to produce the actions, these are the planning, the process and control layer. In this case the algorithms will be applied to robotics ¡V a domain where improvements are well accepted ¡V it is expected to find a simple repetitive processes for which the extra effort in complexity can be compensated by some cost reductions. It may be also interesting to implement some control optimisation to processes such as fuel injection, DC-DC converters etc. In order to apply the RW theory of discrete event systems on a Hybrid system, we must abstract the continuous signals and to project the events generated for these signals, to obtain new sets of observable and controllable events. Ramadge & Wonham¡¦s theory along with the TCT software give a Controllable Sublanguage of the legal language generated for a Discrete Event System (DES). Continuous abstraction transforms predicates over continuous variables into controllable or uncontrollable events, and modifies the set of uncontrollable, controllable observable and unobservable events. Continuous signals produce into the system virtual events, when this crosses the bound limits. If this event is deterministic, they can be projected. It is necessary to determine the controllability of this event, in order to assign this to the corresponding set, , controllable, uncontrollable, observable and unobservable set of events. Find optimal trajectories in order to minimise some cost function is the goal of the modelling procedure. Mathematical model for the system allows the user to apply mathematical techniques over this expression. These possibilities are, to minimise a specific cost function, to obtain optimal controllers and to approximate a specific trajectory. The combination of the Dynamic Programming with Bellman Principle of optimality, give us the procedure to solve the minimum time trajectory for Hybrid systems. The problem is greater when there exists interaction between adjacent states. In Hybrid systems the problem is to determine the partial set points to be applied at the local models. Optimal controller can be implemented in each local model in order to assure the minimisation of the local costs. The solution of this problem needs to give us the trajectory to follow the system. Trajectory marked by a set of set points to force the system to passing over them. Several ways are possible to drive the system from the Starting point Xi to the End point Xf. Different ways are interesting in: dynamic sense, minimum states, approximation at set points, etc. These ways need to be safe and viable and RchW. And only one of them must to be applied, normally the best, which minimises the proposed cost function. A Reachable Way, this means the controllable way and safe, will be evaluated in order to obtain which one minimises the cost function. Contribution of this work is a complete framework to work with the majority Hybrid systems, the procedures to model, control and supervise are defined and explained and its use is demonstrated. Also explained is the procedure to model the systems to be analysed for automatic verification. Great improvements were obtained by using this methodology in comparison to using other piecewise linear approximations. It is demonstrated in particular cases this methodology can provide best approximation. The most important contribution of this work, is the Alpha approximation for non-linear systems with high dynamics While this kind of process is not typical, but in this case the Alpha approximation is the best linear approximation to use, and give a compact representation.

Museus como pioneiros para a sustentabilidade ambiental

Este trabalho, que se insere nos estudos da Museologia, visa uma chamada de atenção através desta importante área disciplinar, para a preservação do meio ambiente enquanto património. Referimos a relação entre Museus e meio ambiente e alguns documentos internacionais que fundamentam a introdução das preocupações ambientais e a sua sustentabilidade no âmbito da museologia. Faremos referência a alguns tipos de Museus no que se refere à sua arquitetura e tipo de construção e, apontamos soluções técnicas disponíveis no mercado para as fontes energéticas que consideramos mais apropriadas, relativamente à inserção individual ou coletiva de equipamentos para a captação e produção de energias renováveis e limpas nestes equipamentos culturais.

Günter Strauss e a Colecção de Minerais do Museu Mineiro do Louzal

Günter Strauss is Ph.D. in geology from the University of Munich in 1965. He is a German living by long time in Spain. Naw he is a SAPEC High Advisser His doctoral thesis, submitted in 1965, with the title "About the Geology of the Province of pyrite Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula and its oil fields, especially in the pyrite mine Louzal - Portugal" Systematized the term" Iberian Pyrite Belt ", called for the deposits of iron ore cuprífera, rich in sulfur and other metallic minerals, which occurs between the rivers Sado and Guadalquivir, where they settled several mining complexes, of Louzal, Rio Tinto, through Castro Verde, Santo Domingo and Tharsis. Local mining tradition with an ancient where today seeks to preserve the legacy and memory of mining through measures to enhance equity. The result of work carried out Louzal then formed the basis of geological and documentary collection that has survived and has been proposed for cultural units under the activities of the mining museum Louzal. The richness and importance of this collection, consisting of several hundred documents, geological samples classified, minerals and cartography, comes from its presence Situ"In its state of preservation, that despite the various threats it is still within reach of their preservation, and the relative rarity of such collections, with the units of mining production. This communication aims to reveal the contribution of Mr Strauss for the formation of this collection and submit his proposal for cultural units, with the hope that those responsible for safeguarding them understand the need for its preservation and dissemination. So discuss the scientific and professional way Günter Strauss, a geologic formation of the estate of Mines Louzal, and the draft musealization proposition.

Ecuador y Perú: vecinos más cercanos (Tema Central)

El autor explica el cambio en la naturaleza y sentido de las relaciones entre ambas naciones, luego de la firma de los acuerdos de paz, en octubre de 1998 en Brasilia, culminando un proceso gestado en 1991. El artículo aborda las diversas acciones de cooperación e interdependencia que se han ido forjando entre ambos países y sugiere una agenda para profundizar la relación bilateral en los siguientes años, que incluye el impulso a iniciativas conjuntas en el marco de la política exterior común de la CAN.

La seguridad en la agenda de cooperación política sudamericana (Artículos Varios)

El artículo aborda el tema de la consolidación de la paz y la seguridad en la región andina como un objetivo central en la Política Exterior Común adoptada por la Comunidad Andina. Hace un análisis de cómo algunos textos e instrumentos manejaron el tema de la seguridad subregional, como por ejemplo el Comunicado de Brasilia, en el cual los presidentes sudamericanos acordaron el establecimiento de una Zona de Paz en el espacio sudamericano. En este contexto, se analiza las posibilidades de establecer dicha Zona Sudamericana de Paz a partir de los instrumentos comunitarios existentes sobre la materia tanto en la Comunidad Andina como en el MERCOSUR, así como las condiciones previas y los requisitos que ella debiera tener para alcanzar sus fines.

Comentario Internacional: revista del Centro Andino de Estudios Internacionales. 1 (Reseñas)

Presenta las siguientes reseñas: ALEXANDER WENDT, SOCIAL THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 67, 1999, 429 PP. -- INFORME MELTZER: EL DISEÑO NORTEAMERICANO DE LAS INSTITUCIONES FINANCIERAS INTERNACIONALES. -- DIEGO CORDOVEZ, NUESTRA PROPUESTA INCONCLUSA, ECUADOR-PERÚ: DEL INMOVILISMO AL ACUERDO DE BRASILIA, SERIE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES, QUITO, CENTRO ANDINO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA SIMÓN BOLÍVAR/CORPORACIÓN EDITORA NACIONAL, 2000, 272 PP.

De caminos y controversias: el MERCOSUR a diez años de la entrada en vigor del Protocolo de Olivos (Coyuntura)

The ten years since the Olivos Protocol entered into force represent a milestone in Mercosur’s dispute-resolution system. In this sense, this paper aims to analyze the antecedents of the present system (Annex III of Asuncion Treaty and Brasilia Protocol), and evaluate the present conflict-resolution mechanisms, with special reference to the innovations introduced in this respect and disputes resolved under the Olivos Protocol. Finally, the article analyzes some of the possible paths that the dispute-resolution system might take in the future.

Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 41 (SOLO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: María Fernanda Cartagena y Christian León. El museo desbordado: debates contemporáneos en torno a la musealidad. Quito: Abya-Yala, 2014, 120 pp. -- María Luisa Soux. Estudios sobre la Constitución, la ley y la justicia en Charcas, entre Colonia y República. Aproximaciones desde la historia del derecho. La Paz: AE CID /IE B, 2013, 124 pp. -- Luís Cláudio Villafañe G. Santos. A América do Sul no discurso diplomático brasileiro. Brasilia: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão (FUNAG ), 2014, 247 pp.

Convectively coupled equatorial waves: A new methodology for identifying wave structures in observational data

Convectively coupled equatorial waves are fundamental components of the interaction between the physics and dynamics of the tropical atmosphere. A new methodology, which isolates individual equatorial wave modes, has been developed and applied to observational data. The methodology assumes that the horizontal structures given by equatorial wave theory can be used to project upper- and lower-tropospheric data onto equatorial wave modes. The dynamical fields are first separated into eastward- and westward-moving components with a specified domain of frequency–zonal wavenumber. Each of the components for each field is then projected onto the different equatorial modes using the y structures of these modes given by the theory. The latitudinal scale yo of the modes is predetermined by data to fit the equatorial trapping in a suitable latitude belt y = ±Y. The extent to which the different dynamical fields are consistent with one another in their depiction of each equatorial wave structure determines the confidence in the reality of that structure. Comparison of the analyzed modes with the eastward- and westward-moving components in the convection field enables the identification of the dynamical structure and nature of convectively coupled equatorial waves. In a case study, the methodology is applied to two independent data sources, ECMWF Reanalysis and satellite-observed window brightness temperature (Tb) data for the summer of 1992. Various convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin, mixed Rossby–gravity, and Rossby waves have been detected. The results indicate a robust consistency between the two independent data sources. Different vertical structures for different wave modes and a significant Doppler shifting effect of the background zonal winds on wave structures are found and discussed. It is found that in addition to low-level convergence, anomalous fluxes induced by strong equatorial zonal winds associated with equatorial waves are important for inducing equatorial convection. There is evidence that equatorial convection associated with Rossby waves leads to a change in structure involving a horizontal structure similar to that of a Kelvin wave moving westward with it. The vertical structure may also be radically changed. The analysis method should make a very powerful diagnostic tool for investigating convectively coupled equatorial waves and the interaction of equatorial dynamics and physics in the real atmosphere. The results from application of the analysis method for a reanalysis dataset should provide a benchmark against which model studies can be compared.