Deux formes de naturalisme antique : la nature comme fondement d’éthiques contradictoires

Les éthiques de Calliclès et de Diogène de Sinope sont brièvement mises en parallèle. Elles sont radicalement contradictoires sur les questions du contrôle des désirs et de la relation avec autrui : la première est hédoniste et prône la domination ; la seconde défend à la fois une ascèse anti-hédoniste et une éthique de l’adaptation. Or, ces deux discours normatifs se ressemblent en ce qu’ils font tous deux appel à la nature pour fonder leurs thèses. De surcroît, Diogène et Calliclès défendent de véritables naturalismes au sens où leur recours à la nature n’est pas uniquement rhétorique, mais bien justificatif. Cela se manifeste, d’une part, par l’anticonventionnalisme des deux penseurs et, d’autre part, par l’inscription en faux de ces positions contre la vision antinaturaliste de Socrate. C’est dire que l’entreprise naturaliste antique fait face à de sérieux problèmes.

Les interprétations féministes du concept d'état de nature chez Hobbes : une clé de lecture

Pour comprendre l’origine des différentes interprétations féministes portant sur la famille et le patriarcat chez Hobbes, il faut avoir pour clé de lecture la double compréhension possible de l’état de nature. Une première lecture fait de l’état de nature un outil démonstratif dans un système logique, alors qu’une seconde lecture en fait une hypothèse historique sur la genèse de nos institutions. Comprendre la distinction entre une lecture purement logique et une lecture plus historisante de l’état de nature peut permettre une meilleure compréhension des différentes interprétations féministes. En effet, nous tenterons de démontrer que derrière ces positions polarisées se cache une lecture différente de l’état de nature chez Hobbes.

L’écocentrisme et ses appels normatifs à la nature : sont-ils nécessairement fallacieux ?

Cet article examine les appels normatifs à la nature tels qu’ils interviennent dans l’écocentrisme. Il expose d’abord la ressemblance entre ces appels à la nature tels qu’ils se présentent dans l’écocentrisme et dans les éthiques naturalistes plus traditionnelles. Il se penche ensuite sur deux objections auxquelles cette ressemblance rend apparemment l’écocentrisme vulnérable : l’objection du sophisme naturaliste et l’objection des maux naturels. L’article fait valoir que l’objection du sophisme naturaliste, lorsque soulevée contre l’écocentrisme et les éthiques naturalistes en général, confond une question d’éthique normative avec une question métaéthique. Ensuite, l’article expose diverses variantes de l’objection des maux naturels et montre que l’écocentrisme parvient à les éviter, d’une part, en distinguant deux manières d’accorder de la valeur à la nature, et d’autre part, en insistant sur les bienfaits qu’apporte la nature écologique à l’être humain. L’article conclut donc que ces deux objections échouent à présenter des problèmes sérieux pour l’écocentrisme.

Studies on the Nature and Chemistry of Sediments and Water of Periyar and Chalakudy Rivers, Kerala, India

The present study is an attempt to address issues related to sediment properties like texture, mineralogy and geochemistry as well as water quality of two important rivers of central Kerala-the Periyar and the Chalakudy rivers. The main objectives of the study are to investigate the textural and mineralogical characteristics as well as transportation and depositional mechanisms of the sediments of Periyar and Chalakudy rivers, to find out the geochemical variability of organic carbon, phosphorus and certain major (Na,K,Ca and Mg) and minor/trace(Mn,Pb,Ni,Cr, and Zn) elements in the bulk sediments and mud fraction of these rivers, to evaluate the status of heavy metal pollution registered in the sediments of these rivers, to assess the physico-chemical characteristics and water quality of Periyar and Chalakudy rivers and to estimate the dissolved nutrient flux through the Periyar and Chalakudy rivers into the receiving coastal waters. The granulometric characteristics as well as statistical parameters of the sediments of Periyar and Chalakudy rivers depend on the flow pattern controlled by the gradient of the terrain. Compared to Periyar, fluctuations in the dispersal of particles are more in Chalakudy river. In Periyar river, the P and Fe in bulk sediments show a positive correlation with C-org, while in Chalakudy river, both the elements are related to THM concentration. In general, C-org, Fe and P Shows an increasing trend downstream. In Periyar river, the P and Fe in bulk sediments show a positive correlation with C-org, while in Chalakudy river, both the elements are related to THM concentration. Among these two rivers, the pollution of water is several fold higher in Periyar river due to influx due to influx of considerable quantity of liquid and solid wastes of industrial/domestic/urban origin. Nutrient analysis reveals 2-3 times increase in N and P during monsoon season whereas SiO2-Si shows a decreasing trend.

Determination of the nature of the diperiodatocuprate(III) species in aqueous alkaline medium through a kinetic and mechanistic study on the oxidation of iodide ion

The nature of the diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC) species present in aqueous alkaline medium has been investigated by a kinetic and mechanistic study on the oxidation of iodide by DPC. The reaction kinetics were studied over the 1.0 ´ 10)3±0.1 mol dm)3 alkali range. The reaction order with respect to DPC, as well as iodide, was found to be unity when [DPC] [I)]. In the 1.0 ´ 10)3±1.0 ´ 10)2 mol dm)3 alkali region, the rate decreased with increase in the alkali concentration and a plot of the pseudo-®rst order rate constant, k versus 1/[OH)] was linear. Above 5.0 ´ 10)2 mol dm)3, a plot of k versus [OH)] was also linear with a non-zero intercept. An increase in ionic strength of the reaction mixtures showed no e ect on k at low alkali concentrations, whereas at high concentrations an increase in ionic strength leads to an increase in k. A plot of 1/k versus [periodate] was linear with an intercept in both alkali ranges. Iodine was found to accelerate the reaction at the three di erent alkali concentrations employed. The observed results indicated the following equilibria for DPC.

Glucoamylase immobilized on montmorillonite: influence of nature of binding on surface properties of clay-support and activity of enzyme

Glucoamylase was immobilized on acid activated montmorillonite clay via two different procedures namely adsorption and covalent binding. The immobilized enzymes were characterized by XRD, NMR and N2 adsorption measurements and the activity of immobilized glucoamylase for starch hydrolysis was determined in a batch reactor. XRD shows intercalation of enzyme into the clay matrix during both immobilization procedures. Intercalation occurs via the side chains of the amino acid residues, the entire polypeptide backbone being situated at the periphery of the clay matrix. 27Al NMR studies revealed the different nature of interaction of enzyme with the support for both immobilization techniques. N2 adsorption measurements indicated a sharp drop in surface area and pore volume for the covalently bound glucoamylase that suggested severe pore blockage. Activity studies were performed in a batch reactor. The adsorbed and covalently bound glucoamylase retained 49% and 66% activity of the free enzyme respectively. They showed enhanced pH and thermal stabilities. The immobilized enzymes also followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Km was greater than the free enzyme that was attributed to an effect of immobilization. The immobilized preparations demonstrated increased reusability as well as storage stability.

Existence of multiple attractors and the nature of bifurcations in a discontinuous logistic map

We present the analytical investigations on a logistic map with a discontinuity at the centre. An explanation for the bifurcation phenomenon in discontinuous systems is presented. We establish that whenever the elements of an n-cycle (n > 1) approach the discontinuities of the nth iterate of the map, a bifurcation other than the usual period-doubling one takes place. The periods of the cycles decrease in an arithmetic progression, as the control parameter is varied. The system also shows the presence of multiple attractors. Our results are verified by numerical experiments as well.

Martensitic transitions and the nature of ferromagnetism in the austenitic and martensitic states of Ni-Mn-Sn alloys

Structural and magnetic transformations in the Heusler-based system Ni0.50Mn0.50¿xSnx are studied by x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and magnetization. The structural transformations are of austenitic-martensitic character. The austenite state has an L21 structure, whereas the structures of the martensite can be 10M , 14M , or L10 depending on the Sn composition. For samples that undergo martensitic transformations below and around room temperature, it is observed that the magnetic exchange in both parent and product phases is ferromagnetic, but the ferromagnetic exchange, characteristic of each phase, is found to be of different strength. This gives rise to different Curie temperatures for the austenitic and martensitic states.

Reply to "Comment on 'Nature and entropy content of the ordering transitions in RCo2'"

In the previous Comment, Forker and co-workers claim that perturbed angular correlation (PAC) data leave no alternative to the conclusion that the spontaneous magnetization of PrCo2 and NdCo2 undergoes a discontinuous, first-order phase transition at TC. We show here that their claim is in clear contradiction with a wealth of experimental evidence, including our own. Finally, we propose a possible origin for the disagreement between their interpretation of the PAC results and the literature on this subject.

Nature and Ecological significance of Nutrient Regeneration in Different Prawn Culture Fields

The present work "Nature and Ecological Significance of Nutrient Regeneration in different Prawn Culture Fields" was undertaken to understand the seasonal variation of nutrients, nutrient cycling and primary productivity of the prawn culture systems. The main emphasis was to find the qualitative and quantitative estimates of distribution of total phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus, total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions in the water. The effect of nutrient cycling on primary productivity and concentration of metals also form one part of the study. The entire thesis comprise of only one major chapter with subchapters such as, Introduction (I), Review of Literature (2), Material and Methods (3), Results (14), Discussion (5), Executive Summary (6) and Biblio~ graphy (7)

Biochemical and molecular studies of cadmium resistance and metal biosorption in bacterial species isolated from cochin environment

Cochin, commercial capital of Kerala, located on the west-coast of South India has a large number of chemical and sea food industries. Earlier studies in the past indicated that these industries contribute to heavy metal pollution, particularly mercury, copper, and cadmium, in Cochin backwater. Hence, in the present study, it was desired to isolate cadmium resistant bacteria from effluent discharged by chemical industry with a view to develop an ideal bioremediation process for safe discharge of industrial effluent in to the nearby aquatic environment. Effluent from three industries, located in the industrial belt of Cochin, were collected from the discharge point and cadmium resistant bacteria were screened using standard microbiological techniques

Cahier d'activités : Sciences de la Nature. 3 ESO, 4 ESO. 'Cuaderno de actividades : Ciencias de la Naturaleza. 3 ESO, 4 ESO'.

Cuaderno de actividades dirigido a alumnos de tercero y cuarto curso de enseñanza secundaria obligatoria para el aprendizaje de las Ciencias Naturales y la Biología respectivamente. Está concebido para su utilización en las clases bilingües de español-francés. Cada actividad va acompañada de ejercicios que permite comprobar el grado de aprendizaje de los alumnos.